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- Selbstentzündung (6)
- Self-ignition (6)
- Combustion (3)
- Numerical simulations (3)
- Bulk materials (2)
- Dust explosions (2)
- Konvektion (2)
- Modellierung (2)
- Numerical modelling (2)
- Smouldering fires (2)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
A numerical model is presented which consists of a set of partial differential equations for the transport of heat and mass fractions of eight chemical species to describe the onset of self-ignition and the propagation of smouldering fires in deposits of bulk materials or dust accumulations. The chemical reaction sub-model includes solid fuel decomposition and the combustion of char, carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
The model has been validated against lab-scale self-ignition and smouldering propagation experiments and then applied to predictions of fire scenarios in a lignite coal silo. Predicted reaction temperatures of 550 K and propagation velocities of the smouldering front of about 6 mm/h are in good agreement with experimental values derived from lab-scale experiments.
The current paper presents experimental investigations as well as numerical simulations on the influence of water and humidity on the self-ignition of combustible bulk materials.
It is well known, that bulk materials may undergo self-ignition if stored under specific conditions. In some cases, large amounts of these materials are exposed to a humid surrounding, e.g. dried coal in a moist atmosphere. Due to the effects of condensation and adsorption of water, additional heat is generated and transported into the bulk material. If the pile is stored slightly below its self-ignition temperature, the bulk material can become supercritical and an ignition occurs.
Experiments were carried out for German lignite coal sampled in two different particle size fractions. They showed, that subcritical deposits turned to supercritical behaviour if the relative humidity in the surrounding was suddenly increased or water was poured on the surface of the sample. Besides the experiments, a numerical model was established to describe the effects of self-heating until ignition of the deposit, including the transportation of moisture. Simulations with this model led to satisfying results when compared to the experiments.
Bewertungskriterien für die Selbstentzündung von Schüttgütern, Stäuben und porösen Feststoffen
(2004)
Zur Toxizität von Brandgasen insbesondere von organischen Stoffen liegen bisher noch unzureichende Erkenntnisse vor, obwohl diese für die Sicherheit der damit konfrontierten Personen oft von entscheidender Bedeutung sind. Ziel der hier dargestellten Untersuchungen ist es, die Zusammensetzung des Brandgases und die Menge der Brandgaskomponenten im Brandfall zu beurteilen und zu quantifizieren sowie entsprechende Prozeduren hierfür aufzuzeigen. Dazu wurden verschiedene Brandszenarien, die durch Verwendung von unterschiedlichen Arten von Prüföfen simuliert wurden, sowie Proben in den unterschiedlichen Größenmaßstäben untersucht. Durch den Einsatz eines mobilen FTIR-Gerätes (Fourier Transformations Infrarot Spektroskopie) ist es experimentell möglich, zeitaufgelöst quantitative Bestimmungen einzelner toxischer Brandgaskomponenten während der jeweiligen Brandszenarien zu ermitteln und somit eine Abschätzung der Toxizität vorzunehmen. Am Beispiel von Polyvinylchlorid (PVC) wird gezeigt, welche Auswirkungen die unterschiedlichen Brandszenarien auf die qualitative und quantitative Brandgaszusammensetzung haben.
Chemical-analytical investigation of fire products in intermediate storages of recycling materials
(2012)
Organic materials like paper, cardboard, textiles or plastics are mostly flammable. In intermediate storages for recycling products, these materials are stored in large amounts. If fire occurs in these stores, large emissions of smoke and other potentially harmful products are likely. In the present study, the gaseous products released from fires of such materials—for example, because of self-ignition—were investigated. Different fractions (paper/cardboard, textiles and plastics) were crushed at low temperatures (about 80 K) and subsequently allowed to smoulder at different temperatures using the German standard Deutsches Institut für Normung 53436. The gases produced were sampled and analysed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The chemical composition of these gases differed considerably depending on fuel type. For flammable materials without heteroatom, the gases consisted predominantly of toxic compounds like carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Smouldering of materials containing heteroatoms showed, in addition to carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water vapour, further toxic components containing the heteroatom. Materials containing chlorine produced hydrogen chloride, and materials containing nitrogen produced ammonia and hydrogen cyanide.
Einfluss der Konvektion auf das Selbstentzündungs- und Abbrandverhalten von Schüttgütern und Stäuben
(2005)
Selbstentzündung und Brandausbreitung von brennbaren Schüttgütern und Stäuben werden von mehreren Parametern beeinflusst. Verschiedene Einflussgrößen auf die Selbstentzündungstemperatur, wie Materialeigenschaften, Geometrie sowie Feuchtegehalt des Schüttgutes und seiner Umgebung sind bereits früher untersucht worden. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt experimentelle Ergebnisse zum Einfluss der Konvektion an den Oberflächen von Schüttgutablagerungen auf Selbstentzündung und Brandausbreitung vor. Die Versuche wurden mit Braunkohlenstaub und Korkmehl durchgeführt. Zusätzlich wurde der Einfluss des Neigungswinkels der Schüttung (bei konstantem Volumen-Oberflächenverhältnis) untersucht. Mit Hilfe eines numerischen Modells wurde außerdem ein in der Literatur beschriebener Großversuch an Kohlehalden simuliert und bewertet. Dabei wurde der Selbstentzündungsvorgang, gefolgt von einer Brandausbreitung, berechnet.
Many self-accelerating decomposition temperatures (SADTs) of solid organic peroxides and self-reactive substances have been determined with the UN test method H.4, which is a scaled down test in a small Dewar vessel. For solid organic peroxides and solid self-reactive substances Fierz has questioned this procedure in a recent paper. Fierz concluded that the Dewar test results should not be extrapolated to beyond 8 l packages, owing to the thermal insulation value of solids. On the other hand, long term experience with the test, with a great variety of solid organic peroxides and self-reactive substances show about equal critical temperatures in the small Dewar vessel and on 50 kg scale. In the present work, we first checked, by numerical simulations, the Dewar scale versus the larger scale, in a way comparable with Fierz method: both scales are simulated by spheres, consisting of a number of annular layers, for the large scale the usual external heat loss term is used but for the small scale the outside heat transfer is strongly limited. The outcome of these simulations, covering a variety of physical parameters, supports the concerns expressed by Fierz. After this, we performed accurate cooling and heating experiments with solid organic peroxide in the usual Dewar vessel, provided with a large set of thermocouples. The results of these experiments showed that the simulation model for the Dewar vessel has to be changed from a spherical analogue to a short cylinder of solid material with heat exchange mainly via its top (Utop 3.5 W/(m2 K), overall heat transfer coefficient) and some heat exchange (Uside 0.29 W/(m2 K)) through its cylindrical and bottom part. With this modified cylinder model (being neither an infinitely long cylinder nor a slab) of the Dewar vessel, we found that the UN method H.4 enables an accurate prediction of the SADT, with small deviations of 0 ± 2.5 °C. Further, by performing a truly three-dimensional (3D) finite element calculation in FEMLAB, the new heat characteristics of the Dewar vessel as well as a 50 kg package of dilauroyl peroxide, a solid organic peroxide, were checked. The outcome was compared with the critical ambient temperatures known for various package sizes, which agreed well.
Gaseous inhibitors are used in many industries for the explosion prevention of combustible dusts, mitigating the potential hazard to humans, properties and environments. This work experimentally and theoretically studied the inerting effect of gaseous inhibitors on the ignition process of dust clouds in O2/N2/CO2 atmospheres, with an emphasis on the role of the CO2/N2 ratio. 10 different combustible carbonaceous dusts were selected, including grain dust, biomass dust and coal dust. Experimental results showed that the inhibition effect of CO2/N2 is closely related to the ignition mechanism of dust clouds. Specifically, a higher ratio of CO2/N2 yields a stronger inhibition effect on the ignition process of dust samples with relatively low volatile matter contents predominated by heterogeneous ignition. In addition, two novel steady-state ignition mechanism models were developed to interpret the experimental observations. Maxwell-Stefan equations were used to describe the diffusivity in the ternary O2/N2/CO2 gas mixtures. The analytical results were in good agreement with the experimental data of the minimum ignition temperature of dust cloud (MITC) in oxygen-lean atmospheres. The mechanism modelling can be used to estimate the critical ignition temperature of all carbonaceous dust clouds with a wide range of volatile matter content under different inert atmospheres, which will provide a reference for the explosion hazard assessment of dust posed by a hot surface in the process industries.