A crystallographic constitutive model is developed, which accounts for both rate-sensitive and rate-insensitive flow. Single-crystal plasticity and viscoplasticity are the limiting cases of the model, so that it properly reflects the material response over a wide temperature range. A non-linear dynamic recovery is included to properly describe ratchetting. We provide a robust integration scheme based on generalization of the return-mapping algorithm and of the procedure for active set search.
The implicit integration and consistent tangent are implemented through the UMAT subroutine in the ABAQUS finite element program. The capability of the model to account for both high and low strain rates is demonstrated in numerical examples. Finally, the stability of integration scheme and quadratic convergence of the global NewtonRaphson equilibrium iterations are demonstrated on the example of a notched bar under tension.
Gas turbines are widely used for a variety of purposes including power generation, compression or as jet engines in aircrafts. The critical components of a gas turbine are the high-pressure turbine blades which operate under severe conditions. These include thermo-mechanical loadings over temperatures ranging from room temperature up to 1100°C.
While a large number of constitutive models for single crystals have been proposed, most applications are restricted to special loading scenarios, temperature range and deformation mechanisms. In particular, a number of models are focused on pure creep. Only a few papers consider application of both creep and fatigue. Applications of the constitutive models to long-term stress relaxation are even scarcer. The new model assumes deformation-induced softening and can properly reproduce the viscous behavior at different time scales.
The model has been calibrated with the uniaxial tests at 800°C and 950°C in [001], [011] and [111] specimens of a nickel-basis superalloy. The predicted creep, short- and long-term relaxation and cyclic tests are in reasonable agreement with the experimental observations.