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- 3D X-ray fluorescence analysis (1)
- 3D X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- 3D micro XRF (1)
- 3D-micro XRF (1)
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- Chlorine to bromine ratio (1)
The qualitative and quantitative investigation of historical iron-gall inks using micro-XRF spectrometry is a suitable method for analyzing composition fingerprints of different ink types. The quantitative analysis is based on a model that takes into account the inhomogeneity and the layer structure of archaeometric samples. Starting from these composition fingerprints, it is possible to characterize distinguishable inks of one artist to classify different chronological ink types and, further, to date unknown fragments that have not so far been integrated into the lifework of an artist. The first qualitative and quantitative investigations of the manuscript Faust I and II and of the music composition The Magic Flute demonstrate impressively the identification of J. W. v. Goethe's and W. A. Mozart's artistic work with modern scientific methods. Further investigations on A. v. Arnim's manuscript Studien zu Naturwissenschaften provide evidence that the diversity of various degradation mechanisms of iron-gall inks could be mainly caused by different inorganic compositions.
Naturwissenschaftliche Informationen, insbesondere die chemische Zusammensetzung der Objekte, können Hinweise auf die Hintergründe der Objektherstellung liefern, die der alleinigen kunsthistorischen Begutachtung verborgen blieben. Es können nicht nur Fragen nach dem Prozess, Zeitpunkt und Ort der Herstellung beantwortet werden. Die chemische Analyse gibt auch Hinweise auf Ereignisse und Veränderungen, die erst nach der Fertigstellung des Objektes erfolgten. So werden Alterungsphänomene oder historische Überarbeitungen und Restaurierungen aufgedeckt, aber auch Konservierungsstrategien zur Erhaltung der Kunstwerke unterstützt. Durch den technologischen Fortschritt im Bereich der röntgenanalytischen Methoden, die berührungsfrei, ohne Probennahme und ohne Schädigung für das Untersuchungsobjekt arbeiten, erschließen sich dem Analytiker erstmalig Möglichkeiten, auch sehr wertvolle und fragile Objekte zerstörungsfrei zu untersuchen.
Nowadays, micro-x-ray fluorescence analysis has become an established tool for the non-destructive investigation of art objects. However, as these types of sample often forms complex and inhomogeneous layer systems, the quantitative evaluation of the measurements is far from a standard routine. In this paper a fingerprint model is described, which we developed to discriminate between different iron-gall inks of historical manuscripts or compositions. Fundamental parameter methods are used to take self-attenuation, interference from the paper background and diffusion of the ink into the paper into account. The capability of the method to contribute to the solution of archaeometric problems is exemplified by the investigation of an ancient composition. Finally, the restrictions of the model and possible improvements are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
We studied the oxidation and migration processes of inorganic compounds in iron gall inks with a combination of micro X-ray fluorescence analysis (micro-XRF) and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (micro-XANES). With elemental mapping by micro-XRF, the correlation of the minor elements in the ink to the major element Fe was investigated. Along concentration profiles of Fe, micro-XANES measurements were carried out in order to determine the oxidation state and the local environment. With the help of model inks, we could show that Cu is a further important element in the paper degradation process due to iron gall ink corrosion.
A combination of 3D micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (3D micro-XRF) and micro-XRF was utilized for the investigation of a small collection of highly heterogeneous, partly degraded Dead Sea Scroll parchment samples from known excavation sites. The quantitative combination of the two techniques proves to be suitable for the identification of reliable marker elements which may be used for classification and provenance studies. With 3D micro-XRF, the three-dimensional nature, i.e. the depth-resolved elemental composition as well as density variations, of the samples was investigated and bromine could be identified as a suitable marker element. It is shown through a comparison of quantitative and semiquantitative values for the bromine content derived using both techniques that, for elements which are homogeneously distributed in the sample matrix, quantification with micro-XRF using a one-layer model is feasible. Thus, the possibility for routine provenance studies using portable micro-XRF instrumentation on a vast amount of samples, even on site, is obtained through this work.
In this study, we address the question of the
provenance and origin of the Dead Sea Scrolls manuscripts.
A characteristic low ratio of chlorine to bromine, corresponding
to that of the Dead Sea water, may serve as an indicator for
local production. For this aim we developed a non-destructive
procedure to determine the Cl/Br ratio in the parchment of
these manuscripts. Micro-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF) measurements
of a large number of parchment and leather
fragments from the Dead Sea Scrolls were analyzed with a
routine we developed based on fundamental parameter
quantification. This routine takes into account the absorption
of the collagen matrix and the influence of the different sample
thicknesses. To calculate the representative Cl/Br ratio for each
fragment, we investigated the lateral homogeneity and
determined the total mass deposition using the intensity of
the inelastically scattered, characteristic tube radiation. The
distribution of the Cl/Br ratios thus obtained from the µ-XRF
measurements make it possible to distinguish fragments
whose origin lies within the Dead Sea region from those
produced in other locations.
3D Micro X-ray fluorescence analysis was used for the investigation of reverse-glass paintings. The material-specific combination used in reverse-glass paintings leads to damage phenomena reinforced by glass corrosion. To elucidate the mechanism of corrosion processes taking place in the glass object depth profiles of mobile elements are of interest. In order to obtain elemental depth profiles of such kind of fragile objects the method of choice should be non-destructive. Our first results demonstrate the usefulness of the 3D Micro-XRF measurements for this kind of investigations. The assumption that certain binding media may initiate corrosion processes beginning at the interface glass/binding material could be confirmed.
Naturwissenschaftler arbeiten mit Archäologen, Kunsthistorikern und Restauratoren zusammen, um Materialinformationen über Kunstwerke mit den Erkenntnissen aus Altertumsforschung, Kunstgeschichte und Denkmalpflege zu verbinden. Röntgenfluoreszenz und Röntgenemission sind die Methoden der Wahl, wenn wertvolle und fragile Objekte zerstörungsfrei zu untersuchen sind.