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- 2018 (10) (entfernen)
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- Rheology (3)
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- Repair (2)
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- Acid resistance (1)
- Akaziengummi (1)
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- Alkali-activated slag mortar (1)
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- Bio-based concrete (1)
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- Chloride migration coefficient (1)
- Compaction grouting (1)
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- Cusum (1)
- Decision matrix analysis (1)
- Digital Image Correlation (DIC) (1)
- Energy (1)
- Fly ash (1)
- Grouted Connection (1)
- Material Point Method (MPM) (1)
- Metakaolin (1)
- Microsilica (1)
- Mix design (1)
- Mixed formulation (1)
- Mortar (1)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance (1)
- Offshore (1)
- Offshore pile foundation (1)
- One-part geopolymers (1)
- Polysaccharide (1)
- Polysaccharides (1)
- Rehabilitation (1)
- Rheologie (1)
- Robustness (1)
- Shrinkage (1)
- Superplasticizer (1)
- Supplementary cementitious materials (1)
- Triumfetta Pendrata A. Rich (1)
- Upscaling (1)
- Viscosity (1)
- Workability (1)
- Zusatzmittel (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (10)
- 7.4 Baustofftechnologie (10)
- 7.2 Ingenieurbau (4)
- 6 Materialchemie (1)
- 6.3 Strukturanalytik (1)
- 7.1 Baustoffe (1)
Alkali-activated slag materials are known for their high Chloride penetration resistance. This makes them potentially applicable as repair systems for damaged steel-reinforced concrete structures, which are exposed to chloride attack. For this purpose, the influence of the activator composition, i.e. the SiO2 and Na2O concentration of the alkaline solution on a) the compressive strength, b) shrinkage and mass change and c) the resistance against chloride penetration of four alkali-activated slag mortars (AASM) were studied. An ordinary Portland cement-based mortar was used as the reference sample. Increasing SiO2 and Na2O concentrations increased the strength, shrinkage and mass loss of the AASMs. The resistance of the mortars against chloride penetration was evaluated using the non-steady-state migration coefficient Dnssm obtained from NT BUILD 492. The results indicate that the Dnssm is related to differences in the pore solution of the AASMs rather than to differences in their microstructure. An upcoming study of the authors is going to evaluate this hypothesis by the accelerated chloride penetration (diffusion) test.
With ongoing innovation in process technology, the challenges of concrete technology are more and more focused on the rheological optimisation for these processes, since improper mixture stability or poor compaction ability negatively affect the concrete homogeneity and quality. However, along with the increasing complexity of today’s concrete mixture compositions, concrete becomes more prone to failure regarding the casting process. Variable properties of the raw materials typically cause changing workability. The reasons can be found among others in scattering water contents, physical or chemical properties of the cement or varying environmental temperatures. Robustness in the delicately adjusted rheology, however, is of utmost importance for modern and future process technology, from sprayed concrete over pumpable concrete towards 3D-printing, with regard to the long-term strength, the function and the durability. Typically, material induced changes cannot be identified easily due to the complex interactions of concrete constituents. Therefore, a precise and prompt counteraction is impossible. However, it is known that the yield stress can be controlled by addition of supplementary superplasticizer or stabilising agent. In combination with computerized process observation tools that can rapidly interpret and react on changes in the rheology, it is therefore thinkable, that only these two admixture types can adjust the rheology steadily and permanently, regardless of the actual root cause for observed macroscopic rheology change. The presentation will firstly give a comprehensive overview of effects at the interface between pore solution, particles and hydrates, which affect the rheology of fresh concrete. Secondly, ways are recommended how the rheology can be actively manipulated before eventually computerized methods are demonstrated that help to actively and rapidly assess and counteract performance scatter during steady casting processes.
In the last years flowable concrete has become increasingly important in applications such as, for systems with highly reinforced concrete with a complicated formwork, or sprayed concrete and 3D-printing of concrete. For all these applications it is necessary to have tailored rheological properties. Rheology can be described by values of yield stress and plastic viscosity, which can be determined for example by evaluation of rheometer measurements. But for different materials various rheometers with different geometries and stirrers are being used. To see the effects from paste in concrete, it is necessary to investigate mixes of paste, mortar and concrete, stepwise. But currently there exists no device, which is calibrated for these different systems at once. Due to this fact, conventional tests such as V-funnel efflux-time and flow diameter were determined, as well as rheometer data in different cell sizes and geometries.
In this study the assessment of rheological effects in the binder on the rheology of mortar and concrete was investigated by using combination of two rheometers.
Remediation of Cracks Formed in Grouted Connections of Offshore Energy Structures under Static Loads
(2018)
The future energy demand necessitates the exploration of all potential energy sources both onshore and offshore. Global trend has shifted towards offshore energy, which can be obtained from either carbon intensive or renewable options, hence requiring structures such as rigs, platforms, and monopiles. Most of these structures adopt easily installable construction techniques, where lower foundation need to be connected with the super structure by mean of grouted composite joints. Generally, these composite connections have exterior sleeve, interior pile and infill grout. Being located in remote offshore conditions, connections can experience considerable adverse loading during their lifetimes. Degradations were reported inside similar connections, which were installed in last three decades. Besides, grouting in the offshore sites may often be proven difficult, which eventually leads to reduced capacity of connections in the long run. Thus, repair and rehabilitation of such connections should be planned ahead to minimize operational delays and costs in the future. This study aims at characterizing the nature of crack generation in grouted connections and thereby identifying the potential of repair using suitable repair material. Scaled grouted joints were manufactured using a novel mold, and connections were loaded under static load to visualize the main failure pattern. The failure mechanism and loading capacity are found compatible to previous results from earlier literature. Grouted connection was then repaired using cementitious injectable grout. The effectiveness of the repair system is also discussed.
One-part alkali-activated (geopolymer) mortars based on three different silica-rich starting materials and sodium aluminate, with and without ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) addition, were tested regarding sulfuric acid resistance according to DIN 19573:2016-03 (70 days at pH = 1). Corresponding pastes were characterized by XRD, SEM, chemical analysis, 29Si MAS NMR and 1H-29Si CPMAS NMR after water storage and after acid exposure. The mortars exhibited a high resistance against sulfuric acid attack, with the best ones conforming to the requirements of DIN 19573:2016-03. The analytical results showed that this was due to precipitation of silica gel at the acid-mortar interface, which formed a mechanically stable layer that protected the subjacent mortar and thus inhibited further degradation. The addition of GGBFS decreased the acid resistance via formation of expansive calcium sulfate phases.
Während für die Bauwirtschaft in den meisten Ländern der nördlichen Halbkugel die Instandhaltung bestehender Strukturen und Infrastruktur im Vordergrund steht, geht es in vielen Ländern der Südhalbkugel in der Hauptsache um die Schaffung von Bauwerken und Infrastruktur zur Verwirklichung angemessener Lebensbedingungen, was wiederum das schnelle Wirtschaftswachstum weiter befeuert.
Beton ist als Massenbaustoff, trotz landläufig anderer Bewertung, aufgrund seines im Vergleich zu anderen Baustoffen günstigen CO2-Footprints und der globalen Verfügbarkeit hierbei aktuell ohne Alternative. Allerdings ist Beton nach Wasser das am zweithäufigsten genutzte Produkt auf Erden [1] und die globale Nachfrage und Produktion steigt dramatisch. Dies hat Konsequenzen für das globale Klima, denn gerade die als Bindemittel eingesetzten Portlandzemente verursachen bei ihrer Herstellung selbst unter modernsten Produktionsbedingungen große Mengen an CO2.
Deshalb müssen für zukünftige nachhaltigere Technologien neuartige Betone entwickelt werden, die bei gleicher oder verbesserter Leistungsfähigkeit, einen geringeren Bedarf an Portlandzement aufweisen.
Um den CO2-Ausstoß, der mit der Betonherstellung verbunden ist zu minimieren, müssen Anteile an Portlandzement im Bindemittel reduziert und durch nachhaltigere Ersatzstoffe ausgetauscht werden. Darüber hinaus muss das eingesetzte Bindemittel im Beton so effizient wie möglich ausgenutzt werden. Das heißt, ein Bauteil oder Bauwerk sollte gerade so viel Bindemittel enthalten, wie für die Tragfähigkeit und Dauerhaftigkeit erforderlich ist. Hierfür erscheint der Einsatz von leistungsfähigen bauchemischen Produkten unumgänglich. Diese können zum einen die veränderten Verarbeitungseigenschaften, die Zementersatzstoffe mit sich bringen, ausgleichen und gleichzeitig helfen, den Gesamtwassergehalt zu minimieren, so dass das Bindemittel seine maximale Leistungsfähigkeit erzielt. Fließmittel sind aktuell die wichtigsten Zusatzmittel für Beton. Sie reduzieren den Wasserbedarf und ermöglichen, Zement im Beton effizienter auszunutzen. Darüber hinaus sind Stabilisierer wichtig zur Erhöhung der Robustheit, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die bautechnischen Herausforderungen der Zukunft – vom Pumpen über weite Distanzen, dem Spritzen, dem Betonieren bei extremen Klimabedingungen bis hin zum 3D-Druck.
Repair is an indispensable part of the maintenance of structures over their lifetimes. Structural grouting is a widely used remediation technique for concrete components, trenches, mine subsidence, dam joints, restoration of masonry structures, and geological stabilizations. A structural grout system should be injectable in narrow spaces and hence include ingredients with finer particles. Ultrafine cements are ideal for these type of demanding grouts due to their superior properties compared to that of the less expensive, but coarser ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are often used to replace OPC clinker based binder in order to modify certain properties and to reduce costs. The most commonly used SCMs are fly ash (FA), and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). For various special applications microsilica (MS), and metakaolin (MK) are also used. Identifying the optimum replacement contents of OPC by SCMs are a challenge during the design of such grouts. The aim of this experimental study is to investigate the effect of the selected SCMs (FA, MS and MK) on the slump flow, time of efflux, viscosity, shrinkage, and compressive and flexural strength of ultrafine cement based grouts with constant water-binder ratio and superplasticizer content. The test program was formulated using Box-Behnken design principles. Maximum percentages of replacement with ultrafine cement was 6% by volume of cement for MS and 16% for FA, and MK. The results suggest that most investigated grouts have the potential to be used for structural applications. The appropriate quadratic models are then formulated through statistical tools and presented as response surfaces. The trends indicate that fly ash improves the rheological properties, whereas microsilica and metakaolin positively affect shrinkage and mechanical properties to some extent. Based on the influence of SCMs and priorities among the properties, Decision Matrix Analysis (DMA) is carried out to select the most suitable ones among the SCMs. The analysis suggests that microsilica and fly ash are more suitable as SCMs than metakaolin without affecting the properties.
Grouting is a universal repair and strengthening technique, which is constantly used for structural remediation of concrete components, trenches, mine subsidence, dam joints, restoration of masonry structures, and geological stabilizations. Having an extremely small particle size of only few microns, ultrafine cements are ideal for grouting applications due to their superior permeability and compressive strength properties of the hardened cement paste compared to that of the less-expensive, but coarser ordinary Portland cements. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are often used to replace ultrafine cement in order to modify certain properties and to reduce costs. The aim of this experimental study is to investigate the effect of three supplementary materials: microsilica (MS), fly ash (FA), and metakaolin (MK) on the workability, and mechanical properties of an ultrafine cement based grout with a constant water-binder ratio and constant superplasticizer content. Maximum percentages of replacement with ultrafine cement were 6% by volume of cement for MS and 16% for FA, and MK. In general, results suggest that the workability is improved by addition of FA, whereas is reduced, when modified with MS and MK. The compressive strength of grout after cement replacement remains comparable to that of pure cement grout. However, there is a tendency of the MS to positively affect the compressive strength opposite to FA, whereas flexural strength is positively affected by FA. Based on the results, it is evident that grouts with Hägerman cone flow more than 500 mm and compressive strength of more than 90 MPa after 28 days can be produced.
The authors are currently investigating the possibility to apply compaction grouting for offshore pile foundations (Jacket piles as well as monopiles) as a possible retrofitting technique for an optimised foundation concept. In this research project, we are developing a design approach aiming to predict the ideal amount and properties of a grout for a specific soil situation and desired improvement of pile bearing capacity after Installation and during service time. Both numerical and experimental tests have been carried out to investigate the injection process during which a highly viscous grout is injected into the soil under high pressure to displace and compact the surrounding soil without fracturing it. The implicit Material Point Method (MPM) based on a mixed formulation is the numerical technique chosen to deal with the expected large deformations and the arbitrary shape of the developing grout bulb. The usage of MPM prevents both the need of remeshing and the numerical instability induced by extensive mesh distortion. For validation with experimental results, we have constructed a testing chamber with one transparent sidewall. This chamber enables us to observe the injection process directly at the transparent vertical window and to measure the in-plane soil displacements and strains by means of the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique.
The results already reveal the interrelation of soil and grout properties for a successful usage of this common ground improvement technique.
While today, engineers can choose from a wide range of rheology modifying admixtures, in some parts of the world, these are difficult to access, due to their complex processing. However, alternatives can be bio‐based polymers such as polysaccharides from various sources. These are easily accessible all over the world, do not demand for complicated processing, and typically they are more sustainable than many established materials, which are crude oil‐based.
The paper presents the effects of acacia gum, cassava starch and the gum of triumfetta pendrata A. Rich on the rheological performance of cementitious systems. It is shown that acacia gum can be as efficient as polycarboxylate based superplasticisers, cassava starch can reduce the yield stress slightly with little effect on the plastic viscosity, and the gum of triumfet ta pendrata A. Rich increases the thixotropy of cement pastes with plasticizing polymers significantly.