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The Rietveld method was used to reliably interpret severely superimposed diffraction patterns of a sewage sludge ash before and after being turned into an ecologically desirable, high-quality fertilizer by a newly-developed method of thermochemical treatment. The thermochemical treatment causes severe changes in the phase composition of the ash, which can be described as a mixture of a large number of solid solution phases.
Zn-K transmission EXAFS measurements were performed on vitrified ashes from municipal waste incinerator facilities, which contain low amounts of Zn (up to 3 wt%) and sulphur (up to 0.5 wt%) in a ZnS phase. From the Fourier transform it can be concluded that the zinc ions are fourfold co-ordinated by oxygen or sulphur ions. The amount of zinc ions of sulphur environment, e.g. the concentration of ZnS, was determined by Fourier filtering and subsequent parameter fitting. A quantitative analysis of low ZnS concentrations up to 1 wt% has been performed for samples with a molar ratio Zn/S < 5.