Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Vortrag (56)
- Beitrag zu einem Sammelband (27)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (24)
- Zeitschriftenartikel (5)
- Forschungsbericht (4)
- Posterpräsentation (3)
- Buchkapitel (2)
- Sonstiges (1)
Referierte Publikation
- nein (122) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Non-destructive testing (9)
- Monitoring (8)
- Condition assessment (5)
- NDT (5)
- Nondestructive testing (5)
- Active thermography (4)
- Inspection (4)
- Non-Destructive Testing (4)
- Ontology (4)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (4)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (56)
Für den Entwurf neuer Bauwerke gewährleistet die Einhaltung aktuell gültiger Normenwerke eine ausreichende Sicherheit. Diese Normen und die zugehörigen Lieferbedingungen gelten ausschließlich für Neubauten aus heute produzierten Stählen. Technische Regeln für die Begutachtung alter Materialien, wie sie zuletzt im Beiblatt 2-"Altstahl im Hochbau" von 1948 zur DIN 1050 "Stahl im Hochbau" [35] verankert waren, sind zurückgezogen worden. Bei der Bewertung alter Baukonstruktionen greift man häufig auf vorhandene Materialinformationen aus Bauwerksunterlagen, Vorschriften und Berechnungen, z.B. im Verantwortungsbereich der Deutschen Bahn AG, zurück. Die geltende Richtlinie der Modulfamilie 805.001 der Deutschen Bahn AG [21] erlaubt in Abschnitt 2, Absatz (2) sogar ausdrücklich die Nutzung alter Berechnungen und Vorschriften, wenn bei gleich bleibender Nutzung nur Eingriffe von untergeordneter Bedeutung, wie kleine Reparaturen oder lokale Verstärkungen, vorgenommen werden. Ein Eingriff in die Tragsicherheit des Bauwerkes ist nicht zulässig. Für umfassendere Maßnahmen und für Bauwerke außerhalb des Zuständigkeitsbereiches der Deutschen Bahn AG oder für die Bewertung der Konstruktionen bei Umnutzung bzw. bei umfangreichen Maßnahmen ist diese Ausnahme nicht anwendbar. Daraus ergibt sich für den auf die Beurteilung und Bewertung von bestehenden Bauwerken spezialisierten Ingenieur der Bedarf, alte Materialien, Bauweisen und Vorschriften zu kennen und zu verstehen. Aufwändige Versuchsserien an originalen Vollwand- und Fachwerkträgern zur Ermittlung von Schadensmechanismen im einstufigen Ermüdungsversuch werden vorgestellt. Sie resultieren in erweiterten Kenntnissen über Versagenskriterien für genietete Bauteile. Die Weiterentwicklung und Erprobung einander ergänzender zerstörungsfreier und minimal-invasiver (zerstörungsarmer) Verfahren verbessert die Schadensfrüherkennung an ermüdungsbeanspruchten Stahlkonstruktionen, z.B. bei Inspektionen. Intensive Materialuntersuchungen zur Mikrostruktur und zu mechanischen Materialparametern tragen zum Verständnis bestimmter, für moderne Stähle untypischer, Schadensmechanismen bei. Die interdisziplinäre Kooperation mit den Laboratorien der Abteilungen V, VIII und S bei der Analyse von Rissentstehung und Risswachstum erweitert die verfügbaren Kenntnisse über das Versagensverhalten alter Stähle und Stahlverbindungen. Aufbauend auf einer Darstellung der Entwicklung alter Bauweisen und Bauwerke, einer Literatur- und Normenanalyse zu Lieferbedingungen von Stahl für das Bauwesen und zu konstruktiven Details, so wie sie um die Jahrhundertwende zwischen dem 19. und 20. Jh. üblich waren, werden Materialuntersuchungen an alten Stählen, Ermüdungsversuche und Messungen an bestehenden Brückenbauwerken aus alten Stählen präsentiert. Innerhalb des Projektes gab es eine enge Zusammenarbeit mit Brückenbetreibern, die gewährleistete, dass die Ergebnisse aus Prüfungen, Forschung und Entwicklung direkt in die Praxis, aber auch in interne Vorschriften der Brückeneigner überführt werden konnten. So wurde in der Subgroup Remaining Fatigue Life of Bridge Structures der Gruppe ECOBRIDGE der Europäischen Eisenbahn Vereinigung UIC unter Beteiligung der BAM eine Machbarkeitsstudie [1] zusammengestellt. Auf dieser Basis erarbeitete ein bilaterales Konsortium der Schweiz und Deutschlands im Auftrag der Schweizerischen Bundesbahn und der Deutschen Bahn mit Ermüdungsspezialisten der RWTH Aachen, der EPFL Lausanne und der BAM einen Vereinheitlichten Sicherheitsnachweis für die Beurteilung alter Eisenbahnbrücken aus Stahl [2]. Der Abschlussbericht liegt seit 2001 im federführenden Institut für Stahlbau der RWTH Aachen vor. Die Überführung der Forschungsergebnisse in eine Richtlinie der Europäischen Konvention für Stahlbau (EKS) mit empfehlendem Charakter liegt als Entwurf [4] vor. Die Veröffentlichung nach abschließender Begutachtung durch namhafte auf Altstahl und Ermüdung spezialisierte Fachkollegen durch die EKS ist in Vorbereitung.
Dokumentation von Ermüdungsversuchen an genieteten Querträgern einer schweißeisernen Trogbrücke
(2001)
Ermüdungsversuche an alten genieteten Stahlbrücken: Beurteilung der verbleibenden Restnutzungsdauer von Querträgern einer originalen schweißeisernen Trogbrücke nach fast einhundert jähriger Nutzung. Verbindungen und Elemente des alten Bauwerks sind zunächst unter Verkehr und nach dem Abriss der Brücke im Labor getestet worden. Es kamen sowohl Dehnungsmessungen als auch zerstörungsarme bzw. Zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren zur Anwendung. Materialuntersuchungen, auch neuartige, wie z. B. Rissfortschrittversuche, Gefügeuntersuchungen und Zugversuche ergänzten die Untersuchungen.
Laboratory model test for monitoring the new main railway station of Berlin - The Lehrter Bahnhof
(2002)
The active approach for non-destructive-testing in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE) with infraredthermography (IR), developed at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), is described in part one of this contribution. The active IR-approach is based on the principles of impulse- (IT) and pulse-phase-thermography (PPT). The concept is a direct result of a research project at the BAM in cooperation with the Technical University of Berlin (TUB) and was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). In the second part results of the new thermography-scanning system (thermo-scanner) of BAM on debonding of multi-layered structures, especially carbon fibre reinforced plates (CFRP) on concrete are presented. Both, the thermo-scanner developed at BAM, and the investigations carried out, are part of the
EU-Project Sustainable Bridges. In the third part of the paper the characteristic frequency of the optimum phase-contrast as a means for the characterization of defects depth in CE by means of PPT is introduced. A new quantitative approach is tested and discussed on concrete structures with defects of polystyrene and gas concrete.
A toolbox with non-destructive testing methods for the condition assessment of railway bridges
(2006)
The unified economic structure of the European market requires a unified transport infrastructure to ensure seamless and barrierfree transportation of passengers and goods. The European commission is funding the European Integrated Project Sustainable Bridges to comply with future traffic demands. The main objective of the project is to reliably assess and upgrade the bridge infrastructure for the required increase of axle loads and transport volume. 32 Institutes from 12 countries develop unified procedures for the assessment and improvement of the existing railway bridge stock under the guidance and review of six major European railway companies.
Non destructive testing (NDT) is given a high priority. One of the work packages concentrates on the potential of advanced NDT-methods and creates a toolbox with advisable methods for the condition assessment of all types of railway bridges. Although NDT-methods are implemented in the quality assurance process in many industries, their application in the railway infrastructure is not common. Only a few countries have included selected NDT-methods into advanced condition assessment procedures for the management of their bridge stock.
This paper describes also current activities to enhance pulse-phase thermography, impulse-radar and acoustic methods. The advanced methods enable infrastructure owners to verify construction plans, to assess structures, repair and strengthening quality or to identify in-service damages. Latest development is an automated scanning system for combined acoustic and electromagnetic measurements. The results are then combined through data fusion techniques to further increase their value for the bridge owners.
Inspection of steel bridges
(2007)
Assessment of existing steel structures - Recommendations for estimation of remaining fatigue life
(2008)
Acoustic measurement methods
(2008)
Concrete railway bridges - taxonomy of degradation mechanisms and damages identified by NDT methods
(2006)
Assessment of existing steel structures - A guideline for estimation of the remaining fatigue life
(2007)
In this research, laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the feasibility of using ground penetrating radar (GPR) for corrosion detection and/or monitoring, and the mechanism of corrosion caused GPR signal changes, taking into account the influence of several parameters: Chloride, rebar size and cover depth. With the understanding of the mechanism, a novel method for detecting reinforcement corrosion in concrete with GPR is proposed, together with a series of signal processing toolkits for corrosion visualization and image comparison.
Measurements, NDT and laboratory testing of the wrought iron bridge at Berlin-Friedrichstraße
(2010)
Messungen und Laborversuche an der schweißeisernen Spreebrücke an der Berliner Friedrichstraße
(2010)
Monitoring accelerated corrosion in chloride contaminated concrete with ground penetrating radar
(2012)
The Berlin Main Station was built between 2000 and 2006. At the occasion of the 10th anniversary after the Berlin Main Station was officially opened to train traffic, a view back on eight years of monitoring was given. For the period of the construction with different load cases, the monitoring system was required by the Railway Authorities (Eisenbahnbundesam, EBA) to survey differential vertical displacements between neighbouring supports of the glas roof and the partially prestressed middle bridges. 128 sensors were installed.The data was published in the Internet with access restricted to the BAM scientists and the owner of the station, the German Railways DB AG.
Civil engineers, who are involved in nondestructive testing have to solve an essential task: the transfer of the results of NDT-research into practice. NDT in civil Engineering is a quite new discipline. The results must meet the needs of the infrastructure owners to convince them about the usefulness of NDT. The issue of reliability of the NDT-data was discussed.
The research project "Ultrasonic Net for Concrete Monitoring (UNeCOM)" aims at developing a methodology for an embedded ultrasonic network for the condition assessment of infrastructure constructions. Civil engineering structures made of concrete, which are located in tectonically active regions or undergo special loading conditions, may require continuous monitoring. It is important to assess the condition of the building and its stability to recognise and classify the effect of a seismic event or evolving damage at early stages before failure occurs. Embedded ultrasonic sensors offer the possibility to detect changes in the material and degradation mechanisms from inside the structure in areas which are difficult or impossible to inspect otherwise. In contrast to conventional ultrasonic testing methods, where the concrete surfaces are scanned with ultrasound probes, this new approach uses sensors, which are embedded into concrete, eliminating the effect of variable coupling conditions between sensors and concrete. This method allows an integral detection of changes in the concrete structure, for example due to seismic activities, to detect mechanical impacts, as well as degradation of the material due to overloading. Such methods have great relevance especially for the monitoring of constructions like power plants, bridges, offshore structures and other structures with high technical safety requirements. The sensor network can be controlled remotely through the internet which is also being used for data transfer. The embedded sensor network is designed to monitor structural damage and concrete degradation globally with high sensitivity.
Opportunities and limitation of non-destructive testing in condition assessment of bridge structures
(2009)
Condition assessment of old railway bridges, a scientific cooperation between Berlin and Wroclaw
(2009)
Two years ago, the East Prussian and the Low-Silesian Railway lines celebrated their 160th anniversaries. The history of both first railway connections in the Eastern railway network development in the whole region in the 19th century is presented together with information about the railway between Berlin and Wroclaw. Special attention is paid to the railway bridges built in this period. The first large iron bridges and typical masonry arch structures are presented. Special attention is paid to masonry arches. The condition appraisal of existing masonry arches requires new developed technical methodologies, effective tools and procedures for the description of the bridges current state and function. Their current technical condition as well as service-ability is described.
Condition assessment of old railway bridges, a scientific cooperation between Berlin and Wroclaw
(2009)
Opportunities and Limitation of Non-destructive Testing in Condition Assessment of Bridge Structures
(2009)
In 1882, the East-West suburban train viaduct was built through Berlin as part of the public traffic solution in the late 19th Century. Today, the only left over iron arch bridge is a pair of two arches Crossing the Spree river in the middle of Berlin. Before dismantling the former parallel two original pairs of iron arches and rebuilding new arches for the high-speed railway line through Berlin in 1997, BAM was involved in an extensive test program of the heritage iron arch structure. Especially the estimation of accumulated damage in critical details and the verification of the old material properties at early stage was important information to the bridge owners. The testing program included two strain and displacement measurement campaigns, non-destructive testing, materials testing and microscale metallographic analysis of critical details. The measured strain cycles were significant lower in number and size than expected. Most of the cycles were compression stress cycles only. The work was planned in Cooperation with the Berlin consultancy Professor Hilbers that was responsible for the design and calculation of the reconstruction measures. Additionally, after calculation of the possible reuse of the old arches, we compared measured data from strain measurements with the results from calculation.
The measured data and the calculated data show a good qualitative correlation.
The construction process of the New Berlin Main Station, the former Lehrter Bahnhof, has been monitored from the beginning. In this station, the main European east-western railway connection crosses the northsouth railway lines. Four east-western bridges, built in the first construction phase, carry the platforms for international lines and suburban train tracks. The outer two bridges carry the supports of the relatively flat glass roof, too. Since the glass roof is very sensitive to vertical displacements, the authorities required a complex monitoring system. This case study describes long-term measurements with classical and enhanced innovative sensors to monitor vertical displacements of neighboring glass roof supports. Additionally, traditional strain gauges were embedded parallel to long-gauge length fiber-optic strain sensors in the near-surface concrete of the partial prestressed bridges to reliably survey possible changes.
The measurements on site go along with long-term laboratory tests on prestressed concrete beams. Researchers study load effects and long-term environmental influences on two large-scale model beams, inside and outside the laboratory.
The monitoring system has been working stable as an early warning system for any changes of the structural conditions since 2002. All data are available on line for both the project team and the owner.
Berlin Main Station is the largest multi-level station in Europe. Its daily passenger number amounts to over 300.000. Structures built for such a large number of people require a high-level safety standard. The station was built on the inner city site of the historic Lehrter Bahnhof. The conditions for building and start of operation were challenging by several reasons. The typical sandy ground with a high level of groundwater makes the permanent static stability of such a complex structure difficult. Several completed, ongoing, and planned construction activities in the immediate vicinity of the station influence the ground settlement of the whole area. On basis of the structural design an impact prediction was calculated, which expected certain vertical displacements particularly between the single columns of the outer concrete bridges of the building. These columns support the glass roof construction, which only allows a defined limit of displacement. In order to avoid damage, a concept for monitoring and adjusting potentially occurring displacements was developed for installation at the outer bridges of the station.
The reliability of data, obtained from nondestructive testing depends on many different factors as e.g. the equipment, the human factor, the influence of material properties, geometrical accessibility of the given detail, the structure of the detail, but also from data acquisition, processing and interpretation. The presentation introduces to current possibilities for the quantification of measurement results received during nondestructive testing.
The amount of new knowledge about bridges, about the materials they are made of, deterioration processes for the different materials, typical defects, methods for early detection of them and related causes for damage increases day by day. Often the knowledge remains in the heads of ageing specialists leaving the inspection teams or universities. This paper presents a feasibility study about application of a new tool from artificial in-telligence, ontology, for modeling and organizing bridge engineering knowledge from a domain expert´s view. Exemplarily, knowledge and not only data from bridge testing in the field and in the laboratory were formalized for the presentation of the functionality of ontologies. The open source ontology editor Protégé was ap-plied to test the feasibility.
The amount of new knowledge about bridges, about the materials they are made of, deterioration processes for the different materials, typical defects, methods for early detection of them and related causes for damage increases day by day. Often the knowledge remains in the heads of ageing specialists leaving the inspection teams or universities. This paper presents a feasibility study about application of a new tool from artificial in-telligence, ontology, for modeling and organizing bridge engineering knowledge from a domain expert´s view. Exemplarily, knowledge and not only data from bridge testing in the field and in the laboratory were formalized for the presentation of the functionality of ontologies. The open source ontology editor Protégé was ap-plied to test the feasibility.