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- Humboldt Codices (3)
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- Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (2)
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Nowadays, micro-x-ray fluorescence analysis has become an established tool for the non-destructive investigation of art objects. However, as these types of sample often forms complex and inhomogeneous layer systems, the quantitative evaluation of the measurements is far from a standard routine. In this paper a fingerprint model is described, which we developed to discriminate between different iron-gall inks of historical manuscripts or compositions. Fundamental parameter methods are used to take self-attenuation, interference from the paper background and diffusion of the ink into the paper into account. The capability of the method to contribute to the solution of archaeometric problems is exemplified by the investigation of an ancient composition. Finally, the restrictions of the model and possible improvements are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model for inhomogeneous ink paper layer systems measured with micro X-ray fluorescence analysis
(2002)
Censorship of parts of written text was and is a common practice in totalitarian regimes. It is used to destroy information not approved by the political power. Recovering the censored text is of interest for historical studies of the text. This paper raises the question, whether a censored postcard from 1942 can be made legible by applying multispectral imaging in combination with laser cleaning. In the fields of art conservation (e.g. color measurements), investigation (e.g. Analysis of underdrawings in paintings), and historical document analysis, multispectral imaging techniques have been applied successfully to give visibility to information hidden to the human eye.
The basic principle of laser cleaning is to transfer laser pulse energy to a contamination layer by an absorption process that leads to heating and evaporation of the layer. Partial laser cleaning of postcards is possible; dirt on the surface can be removed and the obscured pictures and writings made visible again. We applied both techniques to the postcard. The text could not be restored since the original ink seems to have suffered severe chemical damage.
The Dead Sea Scrolls belong to the most important cultural assets of mankind. Their long term preservation and study is a challenge that demands an interdisciplinary approach. As early as the 1950s natural scientists assisted the scholars in studying the scrolls. It was at this time that the first extensive study of the scroll material took place. It was found that most fragments were written not on leather but on parchment. In addition, a method for determining the age of the parchment was developed which is still of value today. In the 1990s the AMS-C14 method confirmed the palaeographic determination of the age of the manuscripts. The use of carbon ink throughout the scrolls is also consistent with the known scribal practices of that time. There are, however, manuscripts, and among them the famous Genesis Apocryphon Scroll, which exhibit ink corrosion, normally associated with iron-gall inks.
Today, 60 years after their discovery, a community of scientists from the Jewish National and University Library (JNUL), the Technical University of Berlin (TU Berlin), the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) and Fritz-Haber-Institute of the MPG (FHI) set out to scientifically investigate the finds of Qumran using the most modern methods. The results of the study will be used to determine the provenance of the texts as well as to contribute to their long-term preservation. A considerable part of the non-destructive investigation is taking place in the Berlin State Library and at the Berliner Elektronenspeicherring-Gesellschaft für Synchrotronstrahlung , BESSY II.
Preliminary investigations, performed at the BAM on some fragments, were used to evaluate the extent to which X-ray analytical methods can provide information regarding the geographical origin of the fragments and match the individual pieces. The interpretation of the measurement results is made more difficult by age and storage of the objects. It is believed that ageing processes as well as conservation methods have altered the samples in addition to the changes caused by environmental influences.
In collaboration with the TU Berlin, the samples from the parchments found in the caves near Qumran were tested by means of three-dimensional synchrotron based X-ray fluorescence analysis (3D-SyXRF). The aim of this non-destructive investigation was the identification of the inorganic material used in the manufacture of the parchments.
The XRF experiments are supported by the non-destructive analysis by means of synchrotron based infrared spectroscopy (SyFTIR) in collaboration with BESSY II as well as optical and electron microscopy in collaboration with Fritz-Haber-Institute (FHI).
Mobile Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse und begleitende Methoden zur Bestimmung von Bioziden in Artefakten
(2016)
Der Schädlingsbefall durch Insekten stellt eines der großen Probleme in vielen Museen und historischen Bauten dar. Daher wird seit dem 18. Jahrhundert durch Einbringung von toxischen Wirkstoffen versucht, den Schädlingsbefall zu verhindern. Die verwendeten Wirkstoffe umfassen ein weites Spektrum unterschiedlicher Substanzen: Dazu gehören Arsen-, Quecksilber- und Bleiverbindungen; jedoch auch chlororganische Verbindungen, wie DDT, PCP, Lindan, Eulan , Methoxychlor sowie Triphenylmethan, Permethrin, Sulfonamid-Derivate, Diphenyl-Harnstoff-Derivate und Phosphoniumsalze. Wann und welche Mengen tatsächlich eingesetzt wurden, ist selten dokumentiert und daher die Risiken für die Gesundheit der Beschäftigten bzw. eventuelle Beeinträchtigungen für die Kunstwerke nach bisherigem Kenntnisstand nicht abzuschätzen.
Zur Ermittlung des Gefahrenpotentials der Biozide und zur Einschätzung der Wirksamkeit von Auswaschverfahren sind schnelle, effiziente und kostengünstige Methoden notwendig. Da es in vielen Sammlungen nicht möglich ist, Objektproben zu entnehmen, sollen die Nachweisverfahren zudem zerstörungsfrei sein. Aufgrund der der verwendeten unterschiedlichen Biozide und der Vielfältigkeit der damit kontaminierten Objekte existiert bislang keine universelle Methode, die dieses leisten kann.
Da viele Biozide entweder anorganischer Natur sind oder charakteristische Markerelemente wie Brom oder Chlor aufweisen, bietet sich die Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (RFA) als Nachweismethode an. Allerdings ergeben sich einige Probleme, welche die Aussagekraft des analytischen Verfahrens beeinflussen. Zunächst einmal handelt es sich um eine reine Elementanalyse, d. h. aus dem Vorhandensein eines bestimmten Elementes lässt sich nicht von vorne herein auf ein bestimmtes Biozid zurückschließen. Eine weitere Schwierigkeit liegt in der exakten Quantifizierung des jeweiligen Elementes. Die zu untersuchenden Objekte sind u. U. sehr heterogen zusammengesetzt; es ist nicht bekannt, ob das Biozid nur auf der Oberfläche aufliegt oder ob es tiefer in die Matrix eingedrungen ist und inwieweit es gleichmäßig auf das Objekt aufgetragen wurde. Diese Schwierigkeiten sind bereits in einigen Publikationen allgemein thematisiert worden und sollen anhand eines Fallbeispiels konkreter ausgeführt werden. In dieser Feldstudie soll weiterhin deutlich gemacht werden, dass zusätzliche analytische Verfahren notwendig sind, um exakte Angaben über die Art und die Konzentration der verwendeten Biozide zu machen.