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Model for inhomogeneous ink paper layer systems measured with micro X-ray fluorescence analysis
(2002)
Nowadays, micro-x-ray fluorescence analysis has become an established tool for the non-destructive investigation of art objects. However, as these types of sample often forms complex and inhomogeneous layer systems, the quantitative evaluation of the measurements is far from a standard routine. In this paper a fingerprint model is described, which we developed to discriminate between different iron-gall inks of historical manuscripts or compositions. Fundamental parameter methods are used to take self-attenuation, interference from the paper background and diffusion of the ink into the paper into account. The capability of the method to contribute to the solution of archaeometric problems is exemplified by the investigation of an ancient composition. Finally, the restrictions of the model and possible improvements are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) experiments in fluorescence mode have been performed in total reflection excitation geometry and conventional 45°/45° excitation/detection geometry for comparison. The experimental results have shown that XAFS measurements are feasible under normal total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) conditions, i.e. on droplet samples, with excitation in grazing incidence and using a TXRF experimental chamber. The application of the total reflection excitation geometry for XAFS measurements increases the sensitivity compared to the conventional geometry leading to lower accessible concentration ranges. However, XAFS under total reflection excitation condition fails for highly concentrated samples because of the self-absorption effect.
The emission levels of high boiling brominated (BFR) and phosphoric (POC) flame retardants (FR) in different materials were examined. For the determination of the emission rate the tests were done in different emission test chambers and cells under standard conditions (23 C, 50% RH and fixed area specific air flow rates). Selected products, e.g. printed circuit boards, were investigated at elevated temperature (e.g. 60 C) to simulate working conditions. Applied analytical techniques for the air samples adsorbed on polyurethane foam (PUF) are soxhlet and ultrasonic extraction. Different conditions were used to analyse the FR via GC-MS. Based on the first results it could be demonstrated that the emission depends on material density and surface condition. The concentrations over time obtained for tris(3-chloropropyl)-phosphate, e.g., from emission test chamber and cell show a good correlation, partly the measured concentration are different. Sampling at elevated temperature gives higher concentrations.