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Das Ultraschall-Echo-Verfahren ist ein klassisches Verfahren in der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung zur Bestimmung der Geometrie von Bauteilen. Die Prüfaufgaben beinhalten unter anderem die korrekte Dickenbestimmung der Baukörper sowie die Lokalisierung von Einbauteilen und Fehlstellen. Stand der Technik bei den Abbildungsverfahren ist die SAFT–Rekonstruktion (Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique). Diese Verfahrensfamilie hat Schwierigkeiten bei der Darstellung von steilen Grenzflächen und komplizierten Strukturen, wie beispielsweise Stufen oder Unterkanten von Hohlräumen und Hüllrohren. Als Alternative werden seit einiger Zeit geophysikalische Migrationsmethoden evaluiert. Am Beispiel eines Stahlbetonfundamentes mit verschiedenen Bewehrungsgehalten, unterschiedlichen Dicken sowie zwei Pfahlköpfen wurden die Kirchhoff-Migration und die Reverse-Time Migration (RTM) getestet. Die strahlenbasierte Kirchhoff-Migration arbeitet ähnlich wie die SAFT-Rekonstruktion. Die RTM basiert auf der vollständigen Wellengleichung.
In einem ersten Schritt wurden die Methoden an einem synthetischen, auf der akustischen Wellengleichung basierenden zweidimensionalem Modell getestet. Im zweiten Schritt wurden reale Messdaten, die mit Scherwellenprüfköpfen an der Fundamentplatte aufgenommen wurden, bearbeitet. Der Einsatz eines Scannersystems vereinfachte die Messungen. Die Experimente, die in diesem Manuskript vorgestellt werden, sind von bedeutendem Interesse für die Evaluierung geophysikalischer Migrationsmethoden an analogen Modellen.
Ein Vergleich der Migrationsergebnisse mit den bisherigen SAFT-Ergebnissen zeigt insbesondere für die RTM eine deutliche Verbesserung in der Abbildung der Bauteilgeometrie. Vertikale Kanten konnten dargestellt sowie die Lage und Struktur der Rückwände exakter reproduziert werden. Grenzen bestehen noch bei der Darstellung der Pfahlköpfe, da die von dem zylinderförmigen Pfahl kommenden Signale verrauscht sind. Ursachen dafür sind u.a. die Bewehrung, Randeffekte sowie Mehrfachreflexionen an dem Pfahlschaft.
Ultrasonic echo testing is widely used in non-destructive testing in civil engineering to investigate concrete structures, to measure thickness, and to locate and characterise built-in components or inhomogeneities. Currently, synthetic aperture focusing techniques are mostly used for imaging. These algorithms are highly developed but have some limitations. For example, it is not possible to image the lower boundary of built-in components like tendon ducts or vertical reflectors. We adopted reverse time migration for non-destructive testing in civil engineering in order to improve the imaging of complicated structures in concrete. By using the entire wavefield, including waves reflected more than once, there are fewer limitations compared to synthetic aperture focusing technique algorithms. As a drawback, the required computation is significantly higher than that for the techniques currently used. Simulations for polyamide and concrete structures showed the potential for non-destructive testing. The simulations were followed by experiments at a polyamide specimen. Here, having acquired almost noise-free measurement data to test the algorithm, we were able to determine the shape and size of boreholes with sufficient accuracy. After these successful tests, we performed experiments at a reinforced concrete foundation slab. We obtained information from the data by reverse time migration, which was not accessible by traditional imaging. The imaging of the location and structure of the lower boundary of the concrete foundation slab was improved. Furthermore, vertical reflectors inside the slab were imaged clearly, and more flaws were found. It has been shown that reverse time migration is a step forward in ultrasonic testing in civil engineering.
Die beiden in dieser Arbeit dargestellten Beispiele zeigen, dass sich die Low-strain-Pfahlintegritätsprüfung noch über den bisherigen, schon sehr erfolgreichen Stand hinaus entwickeln kann. Der Einsatz von Vibratortechnik und passender mathematischer Methoden bietet das Potential, Prüfungen auch unter bisher nicht lösbaren Randbedingungen durchzuführen. Dazu gehören sehr schlanke Pfähle und Messungen bei hohem Störpegel. Der erhöhte Mess- und Auswerteaufwand ist jedoch im Einzelfall gegenüber dem erzielbaren Erfolg abzugleichen. Apparativ müssen noch Entwicklungsarbeiten geleistet werden, um einen einfachen und zuverlässigen Einsatz in der Praxis zu ermöglichen. Die Messung mit mehreren Sensoren entlang des Pfahls kann schon heute in der Praxis eingesetzt werden. In vielen Fällen lassen sich damit auch Messungen an Pfählen im Bestand durchführen, bei denen die konventionelle Pfahlprüfung aufgrund von überlagernden Signalen aus der aufgehenden Struktur versagt.
Defect detection in concrete pile using impulse response measurements with sine sweep excitations
(2015)
For pile integrity inspection, a low cost and portable shaker was used to create the sine sweep signal for pile excitation. The impulse response function, calculated by the deconvolution of pile response from the sine sweep excitation, was proposed to identify the echoes in the piles due to the pile’s impedance changes. The proposed methodology has been evaluated and validated both numerically and experimentally. Based on the results from the simulations and experiments, it was found that the impulse response measurement with sine sweep excitation could be an effective tool to detect the echoes of the pile toe and the defects in the pile.
Low strain pile integrity testing is an established method in QA of foundation piles. The technique is very effective and well accepted for larger flaws and length determination. It is part of standards and recommendations. Challenges exist for more complicated structures (e. g. pile walls, diaphragm walls, and pile under structures) and small flaws. Interpretation is subjective in many cases. Possible solutions, e.g. the use of vibrators instead of a hammer or application of several sensors instead of one have been proposed decades ago, but not used much in practice. In several projects we are working on the extension and optimizations of these ideas, based on input from other engineering disciplines. In the frame of the project PileInspect we are working with an international consortium on the use of vibrators instead of a hand held hammer. This allows the full control of input signals as well as the use of (semi)automatic classification routines from machine diagnosis. At BAM we are using a low cost vibrator and deconvolution routines to improve the results of classical low strain testing. In another project we are working on multichannel measurements with sensor placement along the pile axis. This can be used to determine the travel direction of certain waves (downwards or upwards) to improve the interpretation of measurements on piles below constructions or pile walls. The use of ideas adapted from geophysics („vertical seismic profiling“) are helpful. Both concepts are proven by simulations results and first field tests.
For decades, the low-strain impact integrity testing using a hammer blow is well established as a method of quality assurance for various pile types. However, this method has its limitations. Our research and development focuses on improving the excitation signal using a shaker system in contrast to the standard hammer method. Another approach is to increase the amount of sensors used during testing. The purpose is to identify the direction of wave propagation which gives advantages under difficult conditions, such as piles below structures.
Pile integrity testing (PIT) using a shaker system was performed on two 11 m long piles of 90 cm in diameter. While one pile was intact, the other one showed a flaw at approx. 3.5 m below pile top, which was confirmed by standard PIT in 2012. A logarithmic sweep between 500 Hz and 1 KHz of 0.1 s was used as the input signal, being vertically injected into the pile. Prior to that, simulations on similar pile geometries showed that the depth of the pile toe as well as flaws within the pile can be extracted by applying regularized deconvolution. The result is the impulse response in the time domain.
The application of deconvolution on the measured signals shows that it is possible to identify the pile length but it is more difficult to clearly extract the flaw’s position in the pile. Additional digital signal processing techniques and the improvement of the regularized deconvolution method as well as the experimental setup need to be investigated.
Another way to improve the PIT method is to use a multichannel sensor arrangement. By arranging several accelerometers vertically along the accessible part of the pile shaft, it is possible to distinguish between downward and upward traveling waves. Furthermore, it is possible to estimate the unknown wave speed, which gives the possibility of more accurate pile length calculations. The method was evaluated successfully during a measurement campaign of a slab foundation with subjacent piles. In 20 of 28 cases the pile length could be detected accurately.
The ultrasonic echo technique is a frequently used method in non destructive testing for geometry Determination of concrete building elements. Important tasks are thickness measurements as well as the localization and characterization of built-in components and inhomogeneities.
Currently mainly the synthetic aperture focusing family of techniques (SAFT) is used for imaging. These algorithms have difficulties in imaging steeply dipping interfaces and complicated structures such as steps and lower boundaries of voids. As an alternative two geophysical migration methods, pre-stack Kirchhoff depth migration and pre-stack Reversetimemigration (RTM)were tested in this paper at a reinforced concrete foundation slab. The slab consists of various reinforcement contents, different thicknesses and two pile heads.
In a first step, both methods were evaluated with synthetic 2D data. In the second step, ultrasonic measurement data recorded with shear wave transducers on a line profile on the foundation slab were processed. The use of an automatic scanner simplified the measurements. A comparison of the geophysical migration results with those of SAFT shows, in particular for RTM, a significant improvement in the Imaging of the geometry of the foundation slab. Vertical borders were reconstructed and the location and structure of the lower boundary of the foundation slab were reproduced better. Limitations still exist in imaging the piles below the slab.