Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Vortrag (25)
- Zeitschriftenartikel (9)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (5)
- Posterpräsentation (3)
- Beitrag zu einem Sammelband (1)
- Sonstiges (1)
- Forschungsbericht (1)
Referierte Publikation
- nein (45) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Neutron imaging (7)
- Neutron radiography (7)
- Hydrogen (6)
- In situ measurement (6)
- LIBS (5)
- Hydrogen embrittlement (4)
- Neutron tomography (4)
- Welding (4)
- Diffusion (3)
- Duplex stainless steel (3)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (25)
Revealing hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms in steels is of great interest to scientists and engineers. Neutron radiography makes it possible to measure in-situ hydrogen diffusion with high spatial and temporal resolution at concentrations as low as 20 ppm. We compare hydrogen-charged specimens with hydrogen-free reference specimens and use calibration standards to normalize the hydrogen concentrations. This allows quantitative tracking of the hydrogen concentration evolution as a function of time, space and temperature. Furthermore, a view into the material with 'neutron eyes' facilitates the detection of cavities that contain molecular hydrogen.
We report about investigations of typical material problems in steels. First, residual stresses in and around weld seams with low martensite transition temperature filler material were analyzed w/ and w/o additional transverse tensile load. The investigation was accompanied by x-ray diffraction measurements to track stress-induced phase transitions. Martensite formation during welding under external load yield strain gradients near the surface that improve the integrity of the weld. Further, the residual stress distribution close to laser-treated steel surfaces was analyzed. The method could be improved to reduce analysis artifacts. Finally, hydrogen diffusion in different steels was measured using neutron radiography and subsequent image analysis. Diffusion coefficients were derived by analyzing the time-dependent mass flux. In an outlook we describe the optimal ESS instrumentation from a metallurgists point of view.
Hydrogen assisted cracking of metals limits the durability of welds and constructions. Still
the failure mechanisms are not fully understood, for instance the role of hydrogen mass
transport during crack initiation. Measuring the hydrogen concentration as a function of
time (and space) would allow to determine diffusion coefficients helping to enlighten this
lack of understanding. Therefore, neutron radiography is a valuable tool for measuring in
situ hydrogen transport in iron and steels [1].
The influence of grain boundaries on the hydrogen diffusion behaviour can be determined
by comparing the diffusion behaviour of samples with e.g. different microstructure. In a
first study we investigated in situ the simplest case, the hydrogen effusion out of pure iron
(ARMCO) using neutron radiography at ANTARES [2]. Samples were charged electrochemically
ex situ with a well defined amount of hydrogen, stored in liquid nitrogen and were then
heat treated during a neutron radiography measurement whilst the change of neutron transmission
was recorded. For analysis the gray values in the pictures were transformed into
concentrations with help of an ex post calibration. Therefore, the experimental temperaturetime
profile of the heat treatment has been repeated with identical samples in the home lab
and the amount of effusing hydrogen was measured by carrier gas hot extraction. In a first
approximation the concentration of hydrogen in the sample can be calculated by subtracting
the hydrogen concentration in the atmosphere from the initial one in the sample. We
were able to measure hydrogen concentrations as low as 65 wt.ppm.
Simultaneously monitoring of hydrogenous
sample and hydrogen-free reference allowed
for in situ measurement of hydrogen effusion.
Sample heating was done by infrared radiation.
Diffusion coefficients for hydrogen effusion
from iron have been calculated. They coincide
fairly with literature data.
We could show in GTAW experiments with steel samples that the attenuation of neutron transmission underneath the welding torch due to the Debye-Waller-effect correlates well with sample temperatures obtained by FE numerical simulations. This would allow principally to determine sample temperatures by measuring the neutron beam attenuation.
Many applications in industry require a material-to-material joining process of Duplex Stainless Steels (DSS). Therefore, it is essential to investigate the material’s properties during a welding process to control the weld quality. With the help of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), the chemical composition during the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding process of DSS could be monitored in situ. The chemical composition could be quantitatively measured using pre-established calibration curves. Although the surface temperature and the welding plasma have a high influence on the spectral intensities, reliable composition measurements were possible. The concentration of alloying elements could be mapped during the TIG welding process.
Die Ergebnisse von in-situ Experimenten am Berliner Elektronenspeicherring (BESSY II) werden vorgestellt. Es wurden Zugversuche an wasserstoffbeladenen und wasserstofffreien supermartensitischen Proben durchgeführt und Diffraktionsspektren und radiographische Bilder aufgenommen. Die energiedispersive Röntgendiffraktion ermöglichte dabei in-situ die dehnungsinduzierte Phasenumwandlung von Restaustenit zu Martensit zu beobachten. Die Radiographiebilder der zerreisenden Probe gaben Einblicke in das Bruchverhalten in Abhängigkeit vom Wasserstoffgehalt.
Polychromatic and wavelength-selective neutron transmission radiography were applied during bead-on-plate welding on 5 mm thick sheets on the face side of martensitic low transformation temperature (LTT) steel plates using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The in situ visualization of austenitization upon welding and subsequent α’-martensite formation during cooling could be achieved with a temporal resolution of 2 s for monochromatic imaging using a single neutron wavelength and of 0.5 s for polychromatic imaging using the full spectrum of the beam (white beam).
The spatial resolution achieved in the experiments was approximately 200 µm. The transmitted monochromatic neutron beam intensity at a wavelength of λ = 0.395 nm was significantly reduced during cooling below the martensitic start temperature M s since the emerging martensitic phase has a ~10% higher attenuation coefficient than the austenitic phase. Neutron imaging was significantly influenced by coherent neutron scattering caused by the thermal motion of the crystal lattice (Debye–Waller factor), resulting in a reduction in the neutron transmission by approx. 15% for monochromatic and by approx. 4% for polychromatic imaging.
In Neutron-Bragg-Edge Imaging (NBEI) in situ experiments, we studied the phase transitions in martensitic steel sheets during butt-welding. Gas tungsten arc welding was used with a motorized torch allowing automated weldments. The austenitization in the heat affected zone underneath the welding head could be clearly visualized. Also, the retransformation into the martensitic phase upon cooling. However, we observed an unexpected additional change in transmission at λ = 0.44 nm that is at a wavelength larger than the wavelength of the Bragg edges of both the martensitic and austenitic phases. We attribute this change to the Deybe-Waller-Factor that describes the temperature dependence of coherent scattering at a crystal lattice. With help of temperature field simulations that were calibrated by the reading of anattached thermo couple during welding, we could show that the Debye-Waller factor can produce an additional image contrast.
Duplex stainless steels (DSS) are frequently used, especially in applications requiring high strength combined with high corrosion resistance in aggressive media. Examples include power plant components and maritime structures. During welding of these steels, local variations in chemical composition can occur. This results in ferritization of the material and negatively affects the mechanical properties of the components. In this work, tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding experiments were performed with DSS. Chemical composition analysis was realized in situ by using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). The aim of the work is to quantitatively measure the chemical composition in the weld seam of various DSS and to identify possible influences of welding parameters on the microstructure of the material. The chemical concentrations of the main alloying elements Cr, Ni, Mn on the surface of the sample during the welding process and the cooling process were measured. Mn and Ni are austenite stabilizers and their content increases during welding by using certain high alloyed filler material. Spectra were recorded every 1.3 s at a spacing of approximately 2 mm. During the cooling process the location of the measurement was not changed. The LIBS method is proofed to be suitable for the quantitative representation of the chemical compositions during the welding process.
Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is a widely known phenomenon and under investigation already for more than a century. This phenomenon, though thoroughly studied, is not yet completely understood, and so far, there are several suggested mechanisms that try to explain the occurrence of HE. One important factor of understanding the HE phenomenon and predicting hydrogen-assisted failure is the descent knowledge about the hydrogen transport behaviour in the material. Neutron radiography is a proven method for tracking hydrogen diffusion and it was applied successfully in various research studies. In the presented study, we examined the hydrogen effusion behaviour in duplex stainless steel by means of neutron radiography and calculated the effective diffusion coefficient from the obtained transmission images.
We report about diffusion measurements and molecular dynamic simulations
in Al-Ni and Al-Cu melts. Capillary methods were used to measure Ni and
Cu self diffusion and to measure interdiffusion. The combination of the
capillary set-up with X-ray radiography allowed in-situ detecting of
convective contributions to the interdiffusion transport by tracking the
time dependence of diffusion. Thus, the determination of the
interdiffusion coefficient can
be restricted to convection-free experiment times resulting in an
increased accuracy of the measured interdiffusion coefficient.
Additionally, quasielastic neutron scattering was used to measure
convection-free Ni and Cu self diffusion. Molecular dynamics simulations
were used to determine all diffusion coefficients and the thermodynamic
factor. The comparison between experiment and simulation shows an
excellent agreement of the interdiffusion coefficients as a function of
temperature. It was found that interdiffusion is enhanced by
thermodynamic forces with a maximum around the stoichiometric composition.