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Aktive Thermografieverfahren werden immer häufiger zur zerstörungsfreien Prüfung von Faserverbundwerkstoffen eingesetzt, da diese völlig berührungslos arbeiten und sowohl zur Prüfung großflächiger Strukturen als auch von großen Stückzahlen kleinerer Komponenten in der Fertigung eingesetzt werden können. Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit Untersuchungen an typischen Defekten und Inhomogenitäten, die bereits während der Fertigung von CFK Bauteilen entstehen oder unbeabsichtigt mit eingebaut werden. Systematische Untersuchungen wurden mit Blitzthermografie in Reflexions- und Transmissionskonfiguration und mit Computertomographie (CT) durchgeführt. Die CT wurde dabei als Referenzverfahren genutzt, da dieses Verfahren auch kleinere Defekte mit relativ hoher Ortsauflösung und unabhängig von der Tiefe darstellen kann.
Active thermography is an efficient non-destructive testing method for investigating the internal structure of larger carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) components as well as smaller CFRP components in mass customization. The method can be applied contactless and automated. This study contains systematic investigations of CFRP structures with typical defects and inhomogeneities occurring during production by means of flash thermography in reflection and transmission configuration and by computed tomography (CT). The latter one was used as a reference method, since also very small defects at larger depth can be visualized with high spatial resolution. The CFRP structures consist of plates which contain metallic and non-metallic inclusions, contaminations with glue or wax rests, areas with inhomogeneous re-injection of dry parts, fiber misalignments, and fiber damages. Further on, two specimens have been glued together with different artificial inhomogeneities of the four glue beads. The results of the applied methods are compared and the advantages and disadvantages of each configuration are discussed based on the detectability of the inhomogeneities. It is shown that although CT has led to best contrasts and spatial resolutions in displaying the inhomogeneities and inclusions, flash thermography is very well suited to detect most of these structures. Considering that flash thermography can be applied on-site and has a high potential for automation and for a fast and efficient testing, it can be highly recommended for quality assurance during and after production of CFRP structures.
Data processing is an essential part of the evaluation of measurement results, e.g. in X-ray computed tomography
(CT). Some of these calculations are denoted as 'filtering'. Filtering is always a trade-off between an enhancement
of data quality and a loss of information. The standard reconstruction technique for CT data is t he filtered
back-projection. Additionally to the high-pass filter inherent to this technique, a suppression of high-frequency
noise is in most cases also necessary. Many different possible filter algorithms are found in the literature. Although
their effect on the signal-to-noise ratio and the spatial resolution is well-studied, it is not obvious how the
different filters affect the determination of the object's surface in the reconstructed data and, thus, the results of
dimensional CT measurements. We compare the results of industrial dimensional CT measurements obtained at
the same data set of a calibrated reference standard – a calotte cube – when using different filters and discuss the
implications. Filters under investigation are mainly median filters on projections and as well filters during filtered
backprojection and filters on the reconstructed volume.
Die Dauerhaftigkeit von Fahrbahndeckenbetonen wird maßgebend von ihrer Mikrostruktur bestimmt. Diese erfährt durch die äußeren Einwirkungen durch Klima und Verkehr über die Nutzungsdauer eine signifikante Veränderung. Im Kontext der in den letzten Jahren verstärkt auftretenden Schadensfälle infolge der Alkali-Kieselsäure-Reaktion (AKR) im deutschen Bundesautobahnnetz stellt sich die Frage, in welchem Maße die ermüdungsinduzierte Betondegradation den Stofftransport und damit die AKR-induzierte Rissbildung begünstigt. Dabei kommt der hochauflösenden räumlichen Quantifizierung der Rissbildung eine zentrale Bedeutung zu und bildet die Basis für die Modellierung der sich überlagernden Schädigungsprozesse.
Gegenstand dieses Beitrags ist die Darstellung der Leistungsfähigkeit der 3DComputertomographie (3D-CT) bei der quantitativen Rissanalyse in Betonen ohne und mit Ermüdungsbeanspruchung. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten dabei exemplarisch an Bohrkernen, die einem großformatigen Schwingbalken entnommen wurden. Zur Erreichung einer hinreichenden Ortsauflösung gelangte dabei die Region of Interest – Technik (ROI) zum Einsatz. Die Rissauswertung erfolgte mit einem gemeinsam vom ZIB und der BAM entwickelten Softwaretool für die automatisierte Risserkennung. So erlaubt dieses eine quantitative statistische Auswertung von Rissparametern, wie z.B. Risslänge, -breite und -orientierung. Die Notwendigkeit der automatisierten Rissauswertung beruht darauf, dass die Größe des CT-Datensatzes (mehrere GB) eine vollständige manuelle Segmentierung der Risse im 3D-Raum einen unverhältnismäßigen hohen Aufwand erfordert. Eine automatische Risserkennung liefert darüber hinaus noch weitere Daten, die eine nachträgliche Bearbeitung und Analyse der Risse erst möglich macht. Rissveränderungen über der Zeit können ebenfalls visualisiert und statistisch aufbereitet werden.
We present a modified aluminium casting which is especially suited as test piece for measuring casting defects and the geometry by means of cone-beam micro-focus X-ray systems, and which may become a reference standard for dimensional measurements and defect detection.
To obtain a test piece with inner geometries measured by tactile means, we divided a small aluminium cylinder head into four pieces in such a way that most inner surfaces can be reached with a tactile probe. Reference geometries (spheres and cylinders) were applied to define a coordinate system for aligning the measurements in the disassembled and re-assembled state. The four pieces were re-assembled after the tactile measurement.
The test piece also contains casting defects. In order to be able to use the assembled cylinder head as reference sample for defect detection, measurements with higher spatial resolution and better signal-to-noise ratio were performed on the single parts. For improving the reliability of the reference measurements, CT measurements of each part were carried out in three different orientations, and the individual defect detections were combined to obtain a reference data set with a high probability of defect detection and a low rate of erroneous detections.
A new method for comparing the defect detection in a CT measurement to a reference data set is demonstrated, which provides individual information on every detected flaw.
We discuss the results of measurements in the assembled state with respect to the reference data for flaw detection.
Despite their enormous diversity, the bauplan of adult winged insects (pterygotes) is remarkably conservative since the Lower Devonian: a five-segmented head, a three-segmented thorax with three pairs of walking legs and an eleven-segmented abdomen without any non-sexual appendages 1 and 2. The only known exceptions are the abdominal appendages of adult male sepsid flies on the fourth segment; however, these are also used as copulatory organs and are supposedly maintained through sexual selection [3]. Here, we report a rod-like paired appendage from the third and fourth abdominal segments in adults of the Southeast-Asian Hemiptera taxon Bennini (Figure 1A,B; Supplemental information). These are fully musculated, innervated, and movable and bear highly organized sensory and secretory units. The appendages, termed LASSO (lateral abdominal sensory and secretory organs), are consistent in topology and structure in all species studied and not sexually dimorphic. The existence of these non-sexual abdominal appendages reveals the potential of the 300 million year old conserved bauplan of insects.