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Industrial computed tomography (CT) today is an important method to analyze defects and to measure the geometry of technical products. The measurement capability of industrial CT often depends on the knowledge of the measurement errors being present. Only with this knowledge, effective corrections are possible by manufacturers, or adapted measurement procedures become possible for the customers. Thus, there is the strong need to have adequate reference standards both for the assessment of general dependencies and for the measurement of task-specific effects. Especially the latter are difficult to assess. This paper shows the application of a versatile dismountable workpiece-near reference body for the use with CT. The reference standard was made from a miniaturized cast aluminium (one-)cylinder head. It can be dismounted into four segments, each featuring reference geometries which enable a registration of CT measured and other reference datasets (e.g. from tactile CMM). The reference standard embodies complex freeform surfaces which are a challenging measurement task for CT and other sensors. Here the application of the reference standard is the study of the influence of material mixes. This is realized by adding pieces of other materials which disturb the mono-material measurement.
Results of the application of the reference standard are presented using data from industrial micro-CT systems and CMM reference data. A special emphasis is given on the workflow of the data processing and the data analysis.
Data processing is an essential part of the evaluation of measurement results, e.g. in X-ray computed tomography
(CT). Some of these calculations are denoted as 'filtering'. Filtering is always a trade-off between an enhancement
of data quality and a loss of information. The standard reconstruction technique for CT data is t he filtered
back-projection. Additionally to the high-pass filter inherent to this technique, a suppression of high-frequency
noise is in most cases also necessary. Many different possible filter algorithms are found in the literature. Although
their effect on the signal-to-noise ratio and the spatial resolution is well-studied, it is not obvious how the
different filters affect the determination of the object's surface in the reconstructed data and, thus, the results of
dimensional CT measurements. We compare the results of industrial dimensional CT measurements obtained at
the same data set of a calibrated reference standard – a calotte cube – when using different filters and discuss the
implications. Filters under investigation are mainly median filters on projections and as well filters during filtered
backprojection and filters on the reconstructed volume.
Visual modeling languages for discrete behavior modeling allow the modeler to describe how systems develop over time during system runs. Models of these languages are the basis for simulation with the purpose to validate the model with respect to its requirements. Graph transformation systems have shown to be suitable for the definition of various kinds of visual modeling languages. They define a modelpsilas operational semantics as the set of all transformations of a model which are specified by graph transformation rules. For automatic simulation, rules have to be structured to control their application order. During simulation, the state changes after each rule application should be visualized in the concrete syntax of the modeling language. In this paper, we propose a generic approach to specify simulation environments based on a modelpsilas concrete syntax definition and suitable rule structuring techniques. We implement our approach using TIGER, a tool for defining visual languages based on graph transformation, and generate the specified simulation environment as plug-in for ECLIPSE. We demonstrate our approach by a case study for automatic simulation of Rubikpsilas Clock, a mechanical two-sided puzzle of clocks controlled by rotating wheels.
The combination of tomographic, microstructural data with other experimental techniques and with modeling is paramount, if we want to extract the maximum amount of information on material and component properties. In particular, quantitative image analysis, statistical approaches, direct discretization of tomographic reconstructions represent concrete possibilities to extend the power of the tomographic 3D representation to insights into the material and component performance. This logic thread holds equally for industrial and academic research, and valorizes expensive experiments such as those carried out at synchrotron sources, which cannot be daily repeated. We shall show a few examples of possible use of X-ray tomographic data for quantitative assessment of damage evolution and microstructural properties, as well as for non-destructive testing. We will also show how X-ray refraction computed tomography (CT) can be highly complementary to classic absorption CT, being sensitive to internal interfaces.
Bikontinuierliche poröse Keramiken für Filteranwendungen weisen eine komplizierte Mikrostruktur auf, in der Poren und Festkörperphase 'vermischt' sind. Mechanische, thermische sowie Filtereigenschaften können nur präzise bestimmt werden, wenn die Morphologie beider Phasen quantitativ angegeben werden kann. Hier werden unter Anwendung von 3D Computertomographie (CT) und verschiedenen Techniken, die auf der Röntgenrefraktion basieren, die Porosität und die Porenorientierung in keramischen Cordierit-Dieselpartikelfiltern bewertet. Dabei werden zur Auswertung der Tomogramme die Fouriertransformierten sowie eine neu entwickelte richtungssensitive Bildanalyse (DIVA, directional interface variance analysis) angewandt. Sowohl die genannten Messtechniken als auch der statistische Ansatz gestatten die Extraktion optional ortsaufgelöster oder gemittelter Werte. Es ergeben sich sehr gute Übereinstimmungen der experimentell ermittelten Porositätswerte mit Ergebnissen aus Quecksilberintrusionsversuchen als auch der ermittelten Porenorientierung im Vergleich zu publizierten Angaben zur kristallographischen Textur. Dies legt den Schluss nahe, dass die Kenntnis der Grenzflächen (zwischen Poren und Materie) genügt, die morphologischen Eigenschaften solcher Materialien hinreichend zu beschreiben.