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Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (8)
Damage analyses on two heat exchanger units showed that in both cases inappropriate flow conditions of media caused very different failure mechanisms that resulted in irreparable damage. The first incident was the breakdown of an unalloyed steel condenser, which operated in a coal-fired power plant. A considerably high number of tubes successively leaked. Metallography identified lines of segregation in the microstructure of the tube walls, thus, giving evidence that both uniform corrosion and erosion corrosion caused by low-pressure wet steam were the root cause. The second incident was the breakdown of a recuperator made from chromium–nickel steel due to mechanical damage to tubes and baffle. This unit operated as part of a pilot plant to regain heat from the drying process of sewage sludge. It turned out that soiled vapour caused clogging of the cross-sectional area and therefore accelerating the flow velocity of the vapour. This inappropriate operating condition caused the tubes to oscillate so severely that they even banged together. Abrasive wear especially at the intersection through the holes of the baffle damaged the tubes and the whole unit irreparably.
The finite element method was used to simulate the thermo-mechanical behaviour of a solder bump configuration on Al2O3 substrate under thermo-cyclic loading between -55 °C and 125 °C. Chaboche's viscoplastic material model was used to describe the Bauschinger effect and the creep/plasticity interaction for the tin-lead solder material. The influence of two different viscoelastic underfill materials (Epoxy+50 % SiO2, Epoxy+70 % SiO2) on the inelastic deformation of the tin-lead solder was analyzed and compared. It may be shown that the thermally matched 'hard' underfiller (Epoxy+70 % SiO2) significantly reduces the accumulated inelastic strain in the bump compared to 'soft' underfiller or no underfill material. On the other hand, the maximum lateral normal stress will increase slightly.
The finite element method was used to simulate the thermo-mechanical behaviour of a flip chip under thermocyclic loading between -55°C (-67°F) and 125°C (257°F). In order to simulate realistically the inelastic material response of the solder bump, Chaboche's viscoplastic material model instead of a classical ORNL-theory was implemented into the finite element code ABAQUS and applied to a flip chip configuration. This so-called unified constitutive model is able to describe the Bauschinger effect as well as the creep/plasticity interaction. Herewith the influence of the substrate material on the inelastic deformation behaviour of a tin-lead solder bump was analysed. A comparison is given with respect to the influence of the two substrate materials namely Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3 </sub> and our self-developed Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics (LTCC) on the inelastic response of the Sn60Pb40 eutectic solder material. It may be shown that the thermoelastic behaviour of the LTCC substrate significantly reduces the cyclic stresses in the bump compared to Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> as well as the cumulative inelastic strain which is responsible for the development of damage and hence flip chip failure
The successive fatigue failure process, i.e. crack initiation and growth up to electrical failure, has been investigated for a flip chip configuration. A cracked and uncracked solder bump was analysed using an unified viscoplastic constitutive model (Chaboche). The electrical failure of a bump seems to be reached in general not before a deep crack has grown into the bump. In order to update the actual loading situation two different cracked structures were calculated.
A two-dimensional analysis of the Charpy V-notch specimen subjected to impact loading, according to the standard DIN EN 10045-1, is carried out, using a transient explicit dynamic finite element program. An elastic-viscoplastic, temperature dependent, constitutive relation for a porous plastic solid based on the Gurson damage model is developed. Ductile fracture of the matrix material will be described by the nucleation and subsequent growth of voids to coalescence. An updated Lagrange–Jaumann formulation is employed accounting for large strain and rotation. The discretization is based on four-node plane strain solid elements with one Gauss point. The equations of motion are integrated numerically by an explicit integration algorithm utilising a lumped mass matrix. The predictions of the numerical analysis in terms of force deflection response, crack resistance behaviour and deformation energy absorbtion are compared with results from Charpy tests which were carried out according to the low-blow technique.
Experimentelle und numerische ERmittlung dynamischer Risswiderstandskurven im Kerbschlagbiegeversuch
(2001)
Die bruchmechanische Beurteilung von Komponenten erfordert die Kenntnis von Risswiderstandskurven, die jedoch häufig aufgrund fehlenden Probenmaterials nicht zur Verfügung stehen. Vielmehr sind typische werkstofftechnische Kennwerte verfügbar, wie Streckgrenze, Zugfestig, Gleichmaßdehnung, Bruchdehnung sowie die Kerbschlagarbeit in der Hochlage und die laterale Breitung von Kerbschlagbiegeproben.
Das Materialmodell von Gurson beschreibt duktiles Risswachstum mit den Stadien Hohlraumentstehung, Hohlraumwachstum und Koaleszenz benachbarter Hohlräume bis zum makroskopischen Riss. Die Materialparameter des Gurson-Modells sind abhängig vom Werkstoff und der Temperatur, jedoch nicht von der Probengeometrie und Belastungsgeschwindigkeit, was eine Übertragung zwischen quasistatisch belasteten Bruchmechanikproben unterschiedlicher Geometrie und schlagartig belasteten Kerbschlagbiegeproben erlaubt.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird eine Methode zur Konstruktion von Risswiderstandskurven vorgestellt, die auf den grundlegenden Daten des Zugversuchs und der Kenntnis der Fließkurve basiert. Die Fließkurve bei dynamischer Belastung wird durch erprobte Vorgehensweisen ermittelt, die auf der Analyse der dann erhöhten Aktivierungsenergie von Versetzungen basieren. Die Parameter der duktilen Schädigung werden im wesentlichen durch die Simulation von Versuchen an gekerbten Rundzugproben und des Kerbschlagbiegeversuchs bzw. der Anpassung an die Kerbschlagarbeit in der Hochlage bestimmt.
Damit sind die Parameter der duktilen Schädigung bekannt, so dass durch die Simulation duktilen Rissfortschritts in Bruchmechanikproben die erforderlichen J-Risswiderstandskurven zur Verfügung gestellt werden können, was die Anwendung des klassischen J-Konzepts erlaubt. Wegen der Geometrieunabhängigkeit der ermittelten Materialparameter ist auch die direkte Anwendung des Gurson-Modells zur Sicherheitsanalyse angerissener Bauteile durchführbar.