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- 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (5)
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Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (23)
Im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz haben DIN und DKE im Januar 2022 die Arbeiten an der zweiten Ausgabe der Deutschen Normungsroadmap Künstliche Intelligenz gestartet. In einem breiten Beteiligungsprozess und unter Mitwirkung von mehr als 570 Fachleuten aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft, öffentlicher Hand und Zivilgesellschaft wurde damit der strategische Fahrplan für die KI-Normung weiterentwickelt. Koordiniert und begleitet wurden diese Arbeiten von einer hochrangigen Koordinierungsgruppe für KI-Normung und -Konformität.
Mit der Normungsroadmap wird eine Maßnahme der KI-Strategie der Bundesregierung umgesetzt und damit ein wesentlicher Beitrag zur „KI – Made in Germany“ geleistet.
Die Normung ist Teil der KI-Strategie und ein strategisches Instrument zur Stärkung der Innovations- und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der deutschen und europäischen Wirtschaft. Nicht zuletzt deshalb spielt sie im geplanten europäischen Rechtsrahmen für KI, dem Artificial Intelligence Act, eine besondere Rolle.
High quality tubular products are essential to the oil and gas industry. Quality control during their production focuses on the non-destructive detection of surface defects. The structured light technique is a candidate for the challenge to detect, monitor and evaluate such defects in real-time.
In the present study the automatic processing of structured light measurements is performed and validated. The algorithm for the automatic Analysis of inspection data has an advantage over current data evaluation methods based on individual assessments of operators.
Messtechnik und Sensorik
(2018)
Health monitoring von größeren Strukturen erfordert die Betrachtung der gesamten Struktur, indem sowohl jener Bereich, der experimentell behandelt wird, als auch derjenige, der einer analytischen mechanischen Untersuchung unterzogen wird, in einem Gesamtzusammenhang erfasst wird. Die umfassende Behandlung des Problems gelingt dann in einer Gesamtmatrix, die im Beitrag vorgestellt wird. Auf eine Erweiterung der Methode zur Detektierung anwachsender Schädigungen wird hingewiesen.
With more than 180.000 engineers and scientists VDI Association of German Engineers and VDE Association for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies are belonging to the major technical and scientific associations in Europe. Both organizations promote the advancement of technology and among other things by developing recognized technical regulations as national and international standards. Since 2011 Technical Committee 2.15 Optical Measuring Methods for Structure Analysis and Monitoring as a common committee of both organizations is working among other things on the development of standards for optical measuring and testing methods. The committee consists of 27 members representing industrial users, system manufacturers, research institutes and universities. Currently the committee is drafting the new standard VDI/VDE 2626 Part 1 - Optical measuring procedures – Image correlation methods – Basics and equipment, which will be introduced in this presentation.
Draft VDI/VDE 2626 Part 1 describes practical acceptance and reverification procedures for the evaluation of the accuracy of optical measuring systems based on digital image correlation (DIC) methods. The document applies to DIC measurement systems used a) for full-field determination of two- or three-dimensional displacement of surfaces, and b) for
full-field determination of the elongation or strain of surfaces. The standard describes quality parameters as well as methods and reference objects for their determination. The quality parameters serve to specify DIC systems, and to compare different systems. They are equally suitable a) for acceptance tests as well as b) for reverification of DIC systems within the framework of a quality management system.
The acceptance test is used to determine whether the DIC system complies with the quality parameter limits specified by the manufacturer, or with contractually agreed limits by the manufacturer and user, respectively. For this test the quality parameters zero-displacement error, zero-strain error, and displacement error are defined and used. Zero-displacement error and zero-strain error describe minimum measurement uncertainties of the DIC system a user has to reckon with. They are influenced by different uncertainty contributions. The quality parameter displacement error is used to check the ability of the DIC system to determine absolute displacements within the measurement volume and to confirm the traceability of this measurement to the SI system.
Reverification of DIC systems serves to ensure long-term compliance with specified limits for the quality parameters. By comparing the results of successive reverification measurements of the quality parameters used for the acceptance test, it is possible to analyze trends with respect to changes in DIC system characteristics.
Piezoresistive accelerometers use a strain-sensing element, generally made of semiconductor material, e.g., silicon to convert the mechanical motion into an electrical signal. This element is usually designed in form of a cantilever beam loaded with a mass. Acceleration causes bending of the beam, which produces a change of electrical resistance proportional to the applied acceleration.
Main advantages of piezoresistive accelerometers in comparison to other types, e.g., piezoelectric and capacitive, is their robust and highly dynamic behavior, which qualifies them for application in high impact shock applications. Mechanical damping is typically implemented with silicon oil in a way that the output signal is undistorted over a wide frequency range. These characteristics principally qualify them for the application in drop tests carried out at BAM, for which they are calibrated over the frequency range from 1 to 4 kHz. However, using silicon oil for damping, has the drawback of temperature dependent change of its viscosity, leading to temperature dependent deviation of the accelerometer’s sensitivity.
This study presents experimental results of the temperature behavior of a piezoresistive accelerometer with a dynamic range up to ±5000 g.
This type of accelerometer is applied for drop tests which are partially performed at temperatures of -40 or +100 °C.
Berlin Main Station is the largest multi-level station in Europe. Its daily passenger number amounts to over 300.000. Structures built for such a large number of people require a high-level safety standard. The station was built on the inner city site of the historic Lehrter Bahnhof. The conditions for building and start of operation were challenging by several reasons. The typical sandy ground with a high level of groundwater makes the permanent static stability of such a complex structure difficult. Several completed, ongoing, and planned construction activities in the immediate vicinity of the station influence the ground settlement of the whole area. On basis of the structural design an impact prediction was calculated, which expected certain vertical displacements particularly between the single columns of the outer concrete bridges of the building. These columns support the glass roof construction, which only allows a defined limit of displacement. In order to avoid damage, a concept for monitoring and adjusting potentially occurring displacements was developed for installation at the outer bridges of the station.
The stress vs. strain curve of materials is affected the rate of imposed straining. Among the methods for dynamic testing the technique known as 'split Hopkinson pressure bar' (SHPB) has evolved into the most widely used one to exert high-speed straining. The theory behind it comprises simple equations to compute stress and strain. The reliability of the strain analysis can be assessed by digital image correlation (DIC). The present results indicate that the visually observed strain is smaller than predicted by theory.
Innovative structural damage detection of bridges by least squares adjustment with constraints
(2016)
Long-term monitoring of bridges requires the early detection of spreading damage because very often the damage is not really visible. For many decades engineers and scientists relayed on dynamic methods especially modal ones. However, after fundamental tests by the U.S. FHWA in 1993, it became evident that more successful methods should be developed, but no innovation really happened. A substantial innovative detection method started four years ago from Lagrange Multiplier Testing which eventually resulted in experimental verification based on measurement of deflection and curvature of the bridge beam and together the methodological combination of both.
Fiber optic sensors have gained increasing importance in recent years and are well established in many areas of industrial applications. In this paper, we introduce a concept of a self-diagnostic fiber optic sensor. The presented sensor is to resolve the problems of embedded fiber optic sensors in complex structures and to enable the validation under operational conditions. For this purpose, different magnetostrictive coated fiber optic sensors were developed and various experiments were performed to verify their mode of Operation and to determine the respective reproducibility. The measuring principle is illustrated by obtained experimental results, which showed a change in wavelength from 1 pm at a magnetic field strength change of 0.25 mT.
In addition, the temperature characteristics of the implemented magnetostrictive sensor were analyzed and an experimental factor of 1.5 compared to a reference fiber optic sensor was determined.
Measurement and data recording systems are important parts of a holistic Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system.
New sensor technologies such as fiber-optic sensors are often used; however, standards (or at least guidelines) are not yet available or internationally approved. This lack in standardization makes the acceptance of FOS technologies in complex SHM systems substantially difficult. A standard family for different FOS technologies is therefore being developed that should help to design SHM systems in an optimal way. International standardization activities take place in several standardization bodies such as IEC and ASTM, and within SHM societies such as ISHMII.
The paper reports on activities in standardization of fiber-optic sensors, on results already achieved, and on newly started projects. Combined activities of fiber sensor experts and SHM experts from Civil Engineering are presented. These contributions should help owners of structures as well as developers of sensors and monitoring systems to select effective and validated sensing technologies. Using these standards, both parties find recommendations how to proceed in development of SHM systems to evaluate the structural behavior based on e.g. standardized fiber optic sensors, and to derive necessary measures, e.g. the optimal maintenance strategy.
Standardization in fibre-optic sensing for structural safety - activities in the ISHMII and IEC
(2015)
Fiber-optic sensors are increasingly established in the sensor market. Their advantages have unquestionably been verified by numerous demonstrations to enhance the operational performance of aged structures or to monitor the structural behavior of safety-relevant structures or their components. However, there are some barriers in use due to a lack of extensive standardization of fiber-optic sensors. This leads very often to restraints in the users community. The paper shows the status in international standardization of fiber-optic sensors as well as current activities in leading institutions such as IEC and ISHMII and others with the purpose of providing relevant standards for a broader use of selected fiber-optic sensor technologies.
Fiber optic sensors have gained increasing importance in recent years and are well established in many areas of industrial applications. In this paper, we introduce a concept of a self-diagnostic fiber optic sensor. The presented sensor is to resolve the problems of embedded fiber optic sensors in complex structures and to enable the validation under operational conditions. For this purpose, different magnetostrictive coated fiber optic sensors were developed and various experiments were performed to verify their mode of operation and to determine the respective reproducibility. The measuring principle is illustrated by obtained experimental results, which showed a change in wavelength from 1 pm at a magnetic field strength change of 0.25 mT. In addition, the temperature characteristics of the implemented magnetostrictive sensor were analyzed and an experimental factor of 1.5 compared to a reference fiber optic sensor was determined.
Mit einem auf Lagrange-Multipiikator-Tests basierenden Monitoring von Brücken ist es gelungen, in Belastungsversuchen an einer Holzbrücke (7,25 m Spannweite), an der relativ kleine Schädigungen künstlich herbeigeführt worden waren, die Zuverlässigkeit dieser Art des Monitorings zu bestätigen. Ausgangspunkte waren Messung von Durchbiegungen sowie Krümmungen und die Zusammenführung der jeweiligen Regression mit Nebenbedingungen, die den mechanischen Bedingungen gehorchen, unter Einschluss von Lagrange-Multiplikatoren, die sich als brauchbare Testparameter erwiesen.
The stress vs. strain curve of materials is affected the rate of imposed straining. Among the methods for dynamic testing the technique known as 'split Hopkinson pressure bar' (SHPB) has evolved into the most widely used one to exert high-speed straining. The theory behind it comprises simple equations to compute stress and strain. The reliability of the strain analysis can be assessed by digital image correlation (DIC). The present results indicate that the visually observed strain is smaller than predicted by theory.
Innovative structural damage detection of bridges by least squares adjustment with constraints
(2015)
Messtechnik und Sensorik
(2014)
Aufgabe der Messtechnik ist die experimentelle Bestimmung quantitativ erfassbarer Größen in Wissenschaft und Technik. Für die Ingenieurwissenschaften liefert die Mess- und Prüftechnik Unterlagen zur Optimierung der Entwicklung, Konstruktion und Fertigung von Bauteilen und technischen Systemen sowie zur Beurteilung der Eigenschaften, Funktion, Qualität und Zuverlässigkeit technischer Produkte.
In this work an air-based sensor network for the localization of persons at extensive areas is presented. The developed network consists of a localization device which the person is wearing (BodyGuard-System), a mobile relay station in the air, and a base station. All three parts communicate with the same radio chip. The BodyGuard-System is an inertial navigation system which was developed for localization in difficult environments with high accuracy and low measurement uncertainty. To increase the range of the system, a multi-hop network was built up. The measured data of the BodyGuard-System and the mobile relay station is visualized on a PC in the base station. This multi-hop network is necessary for example for fire department missions.
In diesem Paper wird ein absolut messendes faseroptisches Messsystem zur Bestimmung des Gap-Abstandes von niedrig reflektierenden losen und festen extrinsischer Fabry-Pérot Interferometer (EFPI) vorgestellt. Die häufigste Methode zur Bestimmung von Dehnungen oder Bewegungen durch EFPI-Sensoren ist eine kontinuierliche relative Ermittlung einer Veränderung mit einer nachträglichen Auswertung. Unterbrechungen in der Datenerfassung oder Fehler bei der Interferenzstreifen-Auswertung führen zu einer nicht abschätzbaren Messunsicherheit. Damit war es bis dato nicht möglich, eine absolute Veränderung von eingesetzten EFPI-Sensoren zu bestimmen. Mit dem an der BAM entwickelten Verfahren, ist dies jetzt möglich, die absolute Veränderung zu bestimmen. Dieses System namens 'EFPI-Scan' wird in dem Papier dargestellt werden.
Sensing with optical fibres
(2014)
Starting from the first patent of a fibre optic sensor in 1967, fibre optic sensing has become a success story throughout the world. Today, fibre optic point sensors and continuous distributed fibre optics sensor systems allow the measurement of nearly all physical quantities and contribute to higher safety levels in many industrial sectors. Monitoring of pipelines, power cables, lightweight and civil engineering structures, and of ground movements are heading the hit list of applications. Standardization in this field is of paramount relevance and brings to light some of the challenges now faced by IEC SC (Subcommittee) 86C/WG (Working Group) 2: Fibre optic sensors.
Karriere in der Forschung
(2014)
Detecting spreading damage in bridges is a demanding task for engineers today when the ageing infrastracture of industriaiized countries is degradating more and more. To successfully deal with tbis problem, a really advanced method has been elaborated basing on Langrange Multiplier (LM) tests and following the principle of simplicity by Hilbert and extending comments by Helmholtz refering to a combination of measurement and analytical treatment. Finally, an easy mathematical fonnation has been created.
The Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) is a materials testing apparatus primarily designed for the analysis of viscoplastic material behavior at very high strain rates.
Because of its complexity it is common practice to simplify the underlying exact mechanical theory by making strong assumptions. On the one hand this has to be done to achieve any results at all on the other hand one commits systematic errors. Therefore we utilize different numerical and Simulation methods to analyze and minimize these errors.
The absolute detection of a gap distance of loose and ftxed extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer (EFPI) sensors with conventional measurement Systems is not possible. Due to this EFPI-sensors were deemed to be unfit for distance determination in comparision with FBG sensors. With the conventional measurement method a continous measurement of the EFPIsensors was necessary. Otherwise data about the distance change was lost. Additional it is necessary to detect the tumaround points in the interference signal with 100%. This made it worse for the analysis and the use of the sensor. At BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing a measurement System called “EFPI-Scan” is developed which can measure the absolute gap distance of four connected EFPI-sensors synchronous. Every measurement channel is temperature independetn and long term stable. Test measurements showed a deviation of maximum ±1 gm per hour. Furthermore it is possible to measure with different measurement modes (abolute, relative and a combination of both). Special emphasis should be placed to the absolute measurement accuracy of ± 5 pm at a gap distance determination ftom 40 up to 4000 pm.
The Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) is a method for material characterization which works at strain rates from 102 - 104 1/s. This method can be used for example in the field of military engineering, in the field of deformation technology, automobile indurstry, aerospace industry or in other industrial fields. Controlled tests with the SHPB device enable Information about the dynamic material deformaion behaviour in the named strain rate area. The setup of the SHPB is not standarized and the measurement principle is dependent on simplifications. Due to this amongst others the problem with the dispersion of the measurement signal occurs. Furthermore it is possible that measurement uncertainties appear caused by the misalignment of the SHPB setup. In this work the influence of the alignment and a dispersion correction by pulse shaping is presented. On the one side for the alignment calibration tests are done. And on the other side for the dispersion influence correction with pulse shaping tests are done with TiA16V4. This material was choosen due to the fact that it can be compared with existing literature data.
Fibre Optic Sensing
(2013)
Embedded sensors
(2013)
This chapter introduces and describes the concept of structural health monitoring (SHM) to engineers and designers of technical structures, and to the owners/operators of such structures. It formulates general principles for integrating and implementing measurement and signal processing technologies in the context of SHM to diagnose the condition, performance and health of a technical structure. Information and recommended methods for designing instrumentation, data acquisition, data processing and data analysis for any SHM application are offered.
This chapter summarizes the state of the art and current developments of guidelines for structural health monitoring (SHM) and performance control. Technical guidelines and standards for condition monitoring and technical diagnostics of rotary machines and for non-destructive testing are not reviewed in this chapter.
The Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) or
Kolsky Bar is known as a method for analysing
mechanical properties of a material under dynamic
load. Referring to the name it is a splitted
Hopkinson Pressure Bar. The Hopkinson Bar is
related to its inventor Bertram Hopkinson (1914).
He used it to analyze stone samples under dynamic
load. Later his construction was improved by
Davies (1948) [1] and Kolsky (1949) [2], who had
the idea to split the bar and put a sample in
between.
The technique is used to measure a lot of
different mechanical properties of a material e.g.
the dynamic Youngs modulus, deformation
behaviour or to chart the dynamic stress-strain
diagram. Further applications are the measurement
of the elastic wave and the analysis of the
propagation of the wave [2]. In the last years there
was still an interest in measuring dynamic
properties with a SHPB. Nevertheless no
comprehensive validation of the system exists.
Another problem is that the stress and the strain in
the sample are only calculated with simplified
estimations.
The aim of this paper is to give a first
impression of important points validating the
system. On account of different setups of the
SHPB a validation of the used system is necessary.
Hence it is important to look at the theory. Further
in this paper the measurement results will be
shown in a strain over time diagram.
Die ständige Überwachung von Konstruktionen während ihrer Lebenszeit ist eine bedeutsame Aufgabe, die Gegenstand vielzähliger Forschungsaktivitäten ist. Unter dem Aspekt der Nachhaltigkeit ist die Verlängerung der Nutzungsdauer bestehender Konstruktionen von unschätzbarem Wert, sowohl aus finanziellen Gründen als auch unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Erhaltung der gebauten Umwelt und des Denkmalschutzes.Bei allen Erfolgen der Projekte zur Bauwerkserhaltung ist die Frage, wie entstehende Schädigungen rechtzeitig erkannt werden können, auch wenn sie erst geringfügig sind, nicht befriedigend beantwortet worden. In diesem Beitrag wird eine neue Methode zur Detektierung von Strukturschädigungenvorgestellt. Diese beruht auf einer integrierten Auswertung von Messwerten verschiedener Sensoren nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate sowie der Interpretation der dabei auftretenden Langrange-Multiplikatoren.Diese Methode der Schädigungsanalyse wird anhand eines numerischen Beispiels aus einemVier-Punkt-Biegeversuchmit einem Verbundträgernäher erläutert.
Die ständige Überwachung von Bauwerken gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Mit Blick auf die Nachhaltigkeit ist die Verlängerung der Nutzungsdauer bestehender baulicher Konstruktionen von unschätzbarem Wert, sowohl aus finanziellen Gründen als auch unter Denkmalaspekten. Eine neue Methode zur Detektion von Strukturschädigungen basiert auf einer integrierten Auswertung von Messwerten verschiedener Sensoren nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate sowie der Interpretation der dabei auftretenden Langrange-Multiplikatoren. Diese Methode der Schädigungsanalyse wird anhand eines numerischen Beispiels aus einem Vier-Punkt-Biegeversuch mit einem Verbundträger näher erläutert. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Structural health monitoring of structures is gaining increasingly importance. With regard to sustainability it is of great value for both financial reasons (to extend the useful life of existing architectural structures) and the aspects of listed buildings. A new method for the detection of structural damage is based on an integrated analysis of measurements of different sensors according to the method of least squares and the interpretation of the occurring Lagrange Multipliers. This method of damage analysis is illustrated by a numerical example of a four-point bending test with a composite beam.
Strukturintegrierte Sensorik
(2012)
Structural health monitoring by distributed fiber optic sensors embedded into technical textiles
(2012)
Technical textiles with embedded distributed fiber optic sensors have been developed for the purposes of structural health monitoring in geotechnical and civil engineering. The distributed fiber optic sensors are based on Brillouin scattering in silica optical fibers and OTDR in polymer optical fibers. Such 'smart' technical textiles are used for reinforcement of geotechnical and masonry structures. The embedded fiber optic sensors provide online information about the condition of the structure and about the occurrence and location of any damage or degradation.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technische Textilien mit integrierten faseroptischen Sensoren eröffnen neue Möglichkeiten der Zustandsüberwachung (structural health monitoring) in Geotechnik und Ingenieurbau. Die verteilt messenden Sensoren basieren auf der Brillouin-Streuung in Glasfasern und auf der OTDR in polymeroptischen Fasern. Derartige 'intelligente' technische Textilien werden in erster Line zur Verstärkung von geotechnischen Bauwerken und von Gebäuden genutzt. Die integrierten Sensoren liefern eine zeitnahe Information über den bestimmungsgemäßen Zustand des Bauwerks sowie über die Entstehung und den Ort von lokalen Bauwerksschäden.
Messtechnik und Sensorik
(2011)
Eine gleich bleibend effektive Nutzung von Anlagen, Rohstoffen und Energie in Verbindung mit der optimalen Prozessführung sind die wichtigsten Voraussetzungen für globale Wettbewerbsvorteile der Prozessindustrie.
Unternehmen aus den Bereichen Chemie, Pharmazie, Petrochemie, Gasverarbeitung, Lebensmittel-, Zellstoff-, Papier-, Glas-, Stahl- und Zementherstellung sowie ihren Zulieferern haben den Einsatz zuverlässiger Prozessautomation für eine gute Prozessführung erkannt. Überlegene Verfahren stützen sich zunehmend auf prozessanalytische Messtechnik zur Kontrolle und präventiven Sicherstellung der geforderten Produktqualität. Gleichzeitig ermöglicht sie eine ständige Verbesserung des Wissens über den Prozess und erhöhen die Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit.
Experimental Validation Technique for Strain Transfer Characterization of Fibre Optic Strain Sensors
(2011)
Langzeit-Monitoring an den Spannbetonbrücken des neuen Hauptbahnhofs Berlin (Lehrter Bahnhof)
(2008)
Spannbetonbrücken des neuen Hauptbahnhofs in Berlin, die etwa 170 m lang sind und auf 12 Stützen ruhen, werden für viele Jahre mit einem Monitorsystem überwacht. Gemessen werden langzeitig auftretende Setzungen und Hebungen an den Auflagerpunkten. Für die Messungen wird ein hydrostatisches und ein laseroptisches System für die vertikalen Verformungen eingesetzt, daneben Neigungsmesser und Dehnungsaufnehmer (elektrische und faseroptische) sowie Temperatur-Sensoren. Für die Auswertung wird eine neuartige Symbiose von experimenteller und mechanisch-numerischer Analyse angewendet.
Meßtechnik und Sensorik
(2007)
The optical transmission stability was investigated for commercially available polymer optical fibers (POFs) which were exposed to a climate of 92°C and 95% relative humidity for about 3300 h. The optical transmission stability of POFs was correlated to their thermooxidative stability. POFs possessed identical core material, poly(methyl methacrylate), but they differed in the materials used for the claddings. The optical transmission was measured online using a prototype device called multiplexer. The chemiluminescence (CL) technique was applied to characterize the thermooxidative stability and degradation of POFs. CL analysis reveals the thermooxidative degradation of bare POFs (core and cladding), predominantly of the claddings, as a result of climatic exposure. Ultraviolet-visible transmittance measurements demonstrated more changes in the claddings as compared to the cores due to degradation. The CL and optical measurements data indicated that the optical transmission stability of POFs was dependent mainly on the thermooxidative stability of the claddings and their chemical compositions.
The thermo-oxidative stability of commercially available polymer optical fibers (POFs) and their components (cores and claddings) was investigated. All the bare POFs (core and cladding only) studied here were based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) core. The fibers were exposed to 100 °C/low humidity for about 4200 h. Chemiluminescence (CL) technique was applied to investigate the thermo-oxidative stability and for measuring the transmission loss during exposure a prototype device called multiplexer was used. POFs exhibited variation in thermo-oxidative stability although they possessed identical core material PMMA. This was due to difference in the chemical compositions of claddings. Claddings were more susceptible to the thermo-oxidative degradation compared to cores. The thermo-oxidative degradation of both the cladding and the core was found in POFs as a result of climatic exposure. POFs showed an early drop-off followed by a slow decline of transmission. The early drop-off of transmission was attributed to physical changes like thermal expansion and the slow decline of transmission to chemical changes like oxidative degradation of POFs. A good linear relationship between optical transmission stability and thermo-oxidative stability of POFs was established from these studies.
Ergebnisunsicherheit im Prüfwesen- Eine Einführung in Systematik und praktische Vorgehensweisen
(2005)
Ergebnisunsicherheit im Prüfwesen - eine Einführung in Systematik und praktische Vorgehensweisen
(2005)
Embedded conventional fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors with acrylate coating have been chosen for monitoring novel textile-reinforced composite materials with a complicated wavy structure as a result of reinforcing textures. Problems of monitoring this type of material occur due to the harsh fabrication technology of the composite and its complicated structure. Embedded fibre sensors are exposed to the influence of transverse and point-wise deformations. To what extent will these effects influence the measurement signal of a sensor? Temperature cycles, tension and vibration tests were carried out to answer this question. Transverse and point-wise deformation and micromechanical indentation tests on non-embedded FBG sensors were carried out to clarify the reliability of recorded signals.
VDE-VDI-Richtlinie 5570
(2003)
Rückführung im Prüfwesen
(2003)
VDI/VDE-Guideline 5570 - The First Comprehensive Standard on Characterization and Testing of POF
(2002)
An der BAM wurde Anfang 1996 die GUM-konforme Ermittlung und Angabe der Unsicherheit quantitativer Prüfergebnisse eingeführt. Nach einem kurzen Überblick über die wesentlichen Schritte und die bisherigen Erfahrungen wird die Ermittlung der Unsicherheit an Beispielen aus zwei Schwerpunktsbereichen der Prüftätigkeit der BAM vorgestellt: atomspektrometrische Analyse anorganischer Materialien und mechanisch-technologische Werkstoffprüfung. Abschließend wird ein Ausblick auf die Ermittlung der Unsicherheit qualitativer Prüfergebnisse gegeben. Diese Arbeit ist ein ergänzender Beitrag zur Thematik des tm-Sonderheftes über GUM-konforme Auswertung von Messungen, das im Januar 2001 erschienen ist.
At BAM, GUM-compliant evaluation and expression of uncertainty for quantitative test results was introduced in early 1996. After a brief overview of essential steps and experience so far, uncertainty evaluation is presented for examples from two main fields of BAM´s testing activities: analysis of inorganic materials by atomic spectrometry and mechanical materials testing using tensile/compression testing machines. Finally, an outlook is given on the evaluation of uncertainty for qualitative test results. This paper is a supplementary contribution to the topic of the tm special edition on GUM-compliant evaluation of measurements published January 2001.
Entwicklung von Verfahren zur Beurteilung der Bildqualität von Radioskopie-Systemen aus der zerstörungsfreien Werkstoffprüfung nach einheitlichen, objektiven und quantitativen Kriterien, Betrachtung der physikalischen Grundlagen der Strahlungserzeugung, Strahlenreliefenstehung und -umwandlung sowie der damit verbundenen Einflussgrößen auf die Bildqualität. Herleitung und Definition von Bildqualitätsmerkmalen (radiographische Kriterien, Kenngrößen aus der Systemtheorie und allgemeine optische Abbildungseigenschaften), Beschreibung wichtiger Zusammenhänge zwischen einzelnen Bildqualitätsmerkmalen und bestimmten Geräteparametern.