Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Vortrag (39)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (25)
- Zeitschriftenartikel (15)
- Buchkapitel (5)
- Beitrag zu einem Sammelband (1)
- Posterpräsentation (1)
Schlagworte
- Offshore wind turbines (8)
- Pile foundations (8)
- Offshore wind energy (7)
- Physical phenomenology (7)
- Design methods (6)
- Micromechanical modelling (6)
- Numerical modelling (6)
- Offshore pile foundation (6)
- LBM-DEM (5)
- Cyclic loading (4)
- Erosion (4)
- Offshore foundations (4)
- Offshore geomechanics (4)
- Pfahlgründungen (4)
- Cyclic lateral load (3)
- Deep foundations (3)
- Granular cohesion (3)
- Jet erosion (3)
- Numerical model (3)
- Offshore (3)
- Physical testing (3)
- Pore pressure accumulation (3)
- Assessment criteria (2)
- Bridge transition zone (2)
- Cyclic loads (2)
- DEM (2)
- Densification (2)
- Erosion onset (2)
- Experimental testing (2)
- GPU parallel computation (2)
- Interface (2)
- Macromechanical Sample Strength (2)
- Micromechanical Tensile Failure (2)
- Offshore Windenergieanlagen (2)
- Offshore geotechnics (2)
- Pile ageing (2)
- Ratcheting (2)
- Soil erosion (2)
- Soil-structure interaction (2)
- Subcritical debonding (2)
- Tragfähigkeit (2)
- Train-track-bridge-interaction (2)
- Transition zone (2)
- Vehicle model (2)
- Zugtragfähigkeit (2)
- Zyklisches Tragverhalten (2)
- Acceleration (1)
- Anwachsen (1)
- Axial and lateral design (1)
- Axial load bearing (1)
- Axial pile capacity (1)
- Ballast (1)
- Bearing capacitiy (1)
- Belastung (1)
- Berechnungs- und Bemessungsverfahren - Analysis and calculation (1)
- Bridge deck (1)
- Buckling (1)
- Buckling soil-structure-interaction offshore piles track (1)
- Clay fill (1)
- Cohesionless granular soil (1)
- Cohesive granular materials (1)
- Cohesive granular media (1)
- Compaction Grouting (1)
- Compaction grouting (1)
- Contact problem (1)
- Convection (1)
- Coupled numerical modelling (1)
- Cyclic axial loading (1)
- Cyclic degradation (1)
- Dehnungsmessung (1)
- Design (1)
- Design models (1)
- Design practice (1)
- Digital Image Correlation (DIC) (1)
- Discrete Element Method (1)
- Discrete element method (1)
- Driving Versuche - Experimental set-ups (1)
- Earthen hydraulic constructions (1)
- Earthen hydraulic infrastructures (1)
- Erosion phenomena (1)
- Evolutionary computing (1)
- Experimental optical techniques RIM-PLIF (1)
- Feldversuch (1)
- Field test (1)
- Field tests (1)
- Fluid-structure interaction (1)
- Foundation reliability analysis (1)
- GPU Parallel computing (1)
- Geomechanics (1)
- Geomechanics of offshore foundations (1)
- Grain migration (1)
- Granular Cohesive Materials (1)
- Granular Cohesive Materials, (1)
- Granular convection (1)
- Grout (1)
- Hydraulic jet erosion (1)
- Impinging jet (1)
- Increase (1)
- Injection Sequence (1)
- Inverse problem (1)
- Jet erosion test (1)
- Jet hydrodynamics (1)
- Jet impingement (1)
- LBM-DEM coupling (1)
- LBM-DEM numerical simulation (1)
- Laminar flow (1)
- Large-scale field testing (1)
- Lateral load bearing (1)
- Lattice Boltzmann Method (1)
- Lattice Boltzmann method (1)
- Liquefaction (1)
- Liquefaction analysis (1)
- Load bearing behaviour (1)
- Marine geotechnics (1)
- Mast- und Turmbau - Masts and towers (1)
- Material Point Method (MPM) (1)
- Mechanical challenges (1)
- Micromechanical analysis (1)
- Micromechanical simulation (1)
- Mixed formulation (1)
- Model testing (1)
- Monopile installation risks (1)
- Monopiles (1)
- Multimodal solution (1)
- Offshore Pile Foundation (1)
- Offshore Windkraftanlagen (1)
- Offshore foundation (1)
- Offshore pile foundations (1)
- Offshore structures (1)
- Offshore wind energy foundations (1)
- Offshore wind farms (1)
- Offshore wind-turbine foundations (1)
- Offshore-Gründung (1)
- Offshore-Pfahlgründung (1)
- Onset of jet erosion (1)
- PLIF-RIM optical techniques (1)
- Pfahl (1)
- Physical model testing (1)
- Pile foundation (1)
- Pile monitoring (1)
- Pile retrofit system (1)
- Pile-Tip-Buckling (1)
- Piles (1)
- Pore pressure build-up (1)
- Pore-pressure accumulation (1)
- Porenwasserdruckaufbau (1)
- Probabilistic modelling (1)
- RIM-PLIF techniques (1)
- Railway embankment (1)
- Rammung (1)
- Sand (hydraulic) (1)
- Shearing (1)
- Shell Buckling (1)
- Softening (1)
- Soil liquefaction (1)
- Soil-Structure-Interaction (1)
- Soil-pile interaction (1)
- Soil-water-structure interaction (1)
- Spatially varying ground conditions (1)
- Stahlhochbau - Steel buildings (1)
- Stahlpfahl, gerammt (1)
- Stahlwasserbau - Steel structures for hydraulic engineering (1)
- Steel driven piles (1)
- Steel pile, driven in (1)
- System identification (1)
- Tensile Capacity (1)
- Track deterioration (1)
- Track settlement (1)
- Track stability (1)
- Train-track-interaction (1)
- Water-structure interaction (1)
- Wave-Tower interaction (1)
- Wind (1)
- Wind Energy (1)
- Wind Energy Structures (1)
- Wind-farm aerodynamics (1)
- Windenergie (1)
- Windfarm wake analysis (1)
- Zyklik (1)
- Zyklische (1)
- Überwachungsverfahren (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (34)
- 7.2 Ingenieurbau (34)
- 7.4 Baustofftechnologie (2)
Paper des Monats
- ja (1)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (39)
Most railway embankments in the UK were built in the Victorian era and are of end-tipped construction using materials (usually cohesive) excavated from adjacent cuttings, resulting in a clod-and-matrix structure. Historically, there has been a lack in understanding of the mechanical behaviour of such railway embankments. In the next decade railway traffic in the UK, particularly freight, is forecast to grow considerably. Consequently, there is a need to improve the understanding of how increases in rail traffic loading may influence the mechanical behaviour of railway embankments and thus track performance. The Rail Safety and Standards Board in conjunction with Network Rail is currently undertaking a programme of applied research into this topic. As part of these studies a programme of physical model tests has been carried out. Physical model tests can provide high quality data on system performance under a large range of loading conditions and geometrical configurations. The data can be generated rapidly, with test periods of weeks or months rather than years or decades. Additionally, boundary conditions are well-defined and controlled, compared with the complex situations encountered in full scale embankments in the field. This paper summarises the physical model test programme, the development of the test set-up, the tests themselves and the conclusions drawn.
In this contribution, we consider two applications in which probabilistic approaches can potentially complement or enhance the design and assessment of offshore wind turbine foundations. First, we illustrate in a numerical example that probabilistic modelling can be helpful in dealing with chang-es in turbine locations during the planning phase of an offshore wind farm. In this case, spatial probabilistic modelling of the ground conditions enables (a) an inference of the soil properties at the modified turbine location from field data collected at different locations across an offshore wind farm site and (b) an optimisation of further site investigations. Second, we discuss the uncer-tainties and risks associated with the installation of large diameter monopiles in soils with hetero-geneities such as strong layers and/or embedded boulders. Subsequently, we present a concept for modelling, understanding, and managing these risks based on a probabilistic model of the subgrade conditions, monopile, and subgrade-pile-interaction.
This article presents a solid cohesion model for the simulation of bonded granular assemblies in the frame of 3D discrete element approaches (DEM). A simple viscoplastic cohesion model for 2D geometries is extended to 3D conditions, while its yield criterion is generalized as a hyper-surface in the space of bond solicitations to include torsional moments. The model is then calibrated using experimental results of uniaxial traction at both the microscopic and macroscopic scales with an artificial granular cohesive soil. The paper finally presents some simulated results on the macromechanical sample traction application and briefly discusses the model's current limitations and promising prospects for subsequent works.
This article presents a solid cohesion model for the simulation of bonded granular assemblies in the frame of 3D discrete element approaches (DEM). A simple viscoplastic cohesion model for 2D geometries is extended to 3D conditions, while its yield criterion is generalized as a hyper-surface in the space of bond solicitations to include torsional moments. The model is then calibrated using experimental results of uniaxial traction at both the microscopic and macroscopic scales with an artificial granular cohesive soil. The paper finally presents some simulated results on the macromechanical sample traction application and briefly discusses the model's current limitations and promising prospects for subsequent works.
Im Rahmen mehrerer vom Bundesumweltministerium geförderter Forschungsvorhaben untersucht die BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung zusammen mit Partnern aus Industrie und Wissenschaft das Tragverhalten von zyklisch lateral und axial belasteten Rammpfählen für Offshore-Windkraftanlagen. Neben Modellversuchen im Labor werden hierbei auch Großversuche durchgeführt. In diesem Beitrag wird das neu erstellte Testfeld der BAM zur Prüfung von Pfählen in Horstwalde vorgestellt. In den laufenden Großversuchen werden Parameter wie Tragfähigkeitsminderung infolge zyklisch-axialer Lasten im Druck- und Zugbereich sowie die Zunahme von Tragfähigkeiten durch sogenannte Anwachseffekte untersucht. Bezüglich der zyklischen Belastungen werden insbesondere als unsicher anzunehmende Wertepaare in den derzeit verwendeten Interaktionsdiagrammen betrachtet, wobei hier das Hauptaugenmerk aber nicht nur auf dem Versagen des Pfahls, sondern auch auf der Ermittlung der Resttragfähigkeit nach definierten Zyklenzahlen liegt. Im Beitrag werden erste Ergebnisse zu den Anwachseffekten präsentiert und mit Ergebnissen aus der Literatur verglichen. Des Weiteren werden das Versuchsprogramm zu den zyklisch axial belasteten Pfählen vorgestellt und erste Ergebnisse gezeigt. In einem Ausblick werden weitere Ziele des Forschungsvorhabens beschrieben. Hierzu gehören die Validierung und Kalibrierung eines existierenden Modells zur Ermittlung der Tragfähigkeit unter zyklischer Belastung auf der Grundlage aktueller Messdaten am Pfahl.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Large-scale tests on driven piles for the investigation of pile capacity under cyclic loading and ageing effects. The cyclic behaviour of axially and laterally loaded piles for the foundation of offshore wind turbines is being investigated by the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) in the frame of several research projects funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment and carried out in cooperation with industrial and academic partners. To this end, physical model tests in reduced scale as well as large scale field tests are being performed. This paper presents the new pile testing facility in the BAM's testing site at Horstwalde. The large-scale tests being performed there are aiming at the pile capacity degradation due to cyclic axial loading (both in tension and compression) as well as at the investigation of the capacity gains due to ageing effects (pile setup). Concerning the cyclic loading, the investigations have been mainly focused on special load combinations where there is little experience and where current interaction diagrams are loosely defined. However, the aim of the tests was not the cyclic failure, but rather the assessment of the post-cyclic capacity after the application of a pre-defined number of load cycles. Here, the testing program is summarised and some key results from the first testing campaign are discussed. The paper also presents some preliminary results concerning the capacity gains through ageing and compares them to previous experience from the literature. Finally, the paper gives an outlook on further goals of the current research projects, including the validation and calibration of a design model for the cyclic capacity of piles based on measured data from real piles.
A great deal is possible, even on the seabed. Together, wind and waves shake the foundations of the offshore wind turbines. "ere is also the “normal” current and ebb and #ow of the tides that are so distinctive in the North Sea. Pore water pressure can also occur on the seabed, loosening it. Where monopiles are involved, the worst case is that the stability of the whole turbine can be altered – even if such a monopile rammed into the seabed has a diameter of up to eight metres. Over half the planned offshore wind turbines in the North and Baltic Seas are to have monopile foundations, and over 40 % are to have multi-pile foundations, designed for example as a tripod. "is is why pile foundations and their loads deserve special attention. For one thing above all is to be avoided in plant operations, and that is the risk of turbine tilt.
Schieflagen bitte vermeiden
(2016)
Vieles ist möglich, auch auf dem Meeresboden. Wind und Wellen rütteln gemeinsam an der Gründung, den Fundamenten der Offshore-Windenergieanlagen. Hinzu kommen die „ganz normale“ Strömung sowie die in der Nordsee besonders ausgeprägten Gezeiten von Ebbe und Flut. Zudem kann am Meeresboden Porenwasserüberdruck entstehen, der den Boden lockern und im schlimmsten Fall bei Monopiles die Stabilität der gesamten Anlage ändern kann. Selbst wenn ein solcher in den Meeresboden gerammter Pfahl bis zu 8 Meter Durchmesser hat. Über die Hälfte der geplanten Offshore-Anlagen in Nord- und Ostsee werden mit Ein-Pfahl-Gründungen geplant, über 40 % sollen als Mehrpfahl-Gründungen, zum Beispiel als Tripod, ausgeführt werden. Von daher verdienen Pfahlgründungen und ihre Belastungen besondere Aufmerksamkeit. Denn eines gilt es im Anlagenbetrieb unbedingt zu vermeiden: Eine drohende Schiefstellung der Anlage
We focus here on the major and still relevant issue of soil erosion by fluid flows, and more specifically on the determination of both a critical threshold for erosion occurrence and a kinetics that specifies the rate of eroded matter entrainment. A state-of-the-art is first proposed with a critical view on the most commonly used methods and erosion models. It is then discussed an alternative strategy, promoting the use of model materials that allow systematic parametric investigations with the purpose of identifying more precisely the local mechanisms responsible for soil particle erosion and ultimately quantifying both critical onsets and kinetics, possibly through existing or novel empirical erosion laws. Finally, we present and discuss several examples following this methodology, implemented either by means of experiments or numerical simulations, and coupling erosion tests in several particular hydrodynamical configurations with wisely selected mechanical tests.
The response of many geotechnical systems, whose structural behavior depends on shearing effect, is closely related to soil structure interaction phenomenon. Experimentally it is found that the localisation of these effect happens at a narrow soil layer next to the structure. Numerically, this behavior can be modelled through inter-face elements and adequate constitutive models. In this work, a constitutive model in the framework of Gen-eralized Plasticity for sandy soils has been chosen to be adapted for the interface zone. From the direct shear experiments a sandy soil at loose and dense states under different normal pressures is considered. The adapted constitutive model is able to reproduce contraction and dilatation of the soil according to its relative density and it shows a good agreement with the experimental data.
The structural performance of many geotechnical systems (e.g. axially-loaded pile foundations), depends on the shearing resistance at the soil interface, which may govern the load bearing capacity of the foundation. Experimental investigations have shown that this interaction is mainly localised within a narrow shear band next to the structure. Under cyclic loading, a contraction of the soil at the interface may arise (net volume loss), possibly leading to a stress relaxation and thus to a reduction of the load bearing capacity (the so-called friction fatigue). Based on the constitutive similarities between soil continua and interfaces, we propose here the adaption of a Generalized Plasticity model for sandy soils for the numerical analysis of interface problems. In this contribution, the results of an experimental campaign for the parameter calibration of the constitutive model are presented. The tests have been conducted with a ring shear device involving different normal stresses, roughness of the steel plates as well as cyclic loading. The new modelling approach shows promising results and has the additional practical advantage that the interface zone and the soil continuum can both be described with the same constitutive model in general boundary value problems.
In this paper a shear test, which helps to study local behavior of the soil-pile interaction, is modelled numerically with the Finite Element Method as a 2D plane strain problem. A normal pressure on top and shear displacement on side were applied. So far, the material behavior was considered elastic for the sake of simplicity.
The effect of thickness on contact elements and the presence of in plane stress has been highlighted. The purpose of the paper is to find a suitable contact element which represents more close to reality a soil-pile interaction problem under cyclic axial loading. Moreover, an insight on the presence of in-plane stress shows that it needs to be considered cautiously.
The shaft bearing capacity often plays a dominant role for the overall structural behaviour of axially loaded piles in offshore deep foundations. Under cyclic loading, a narrow zone of soil at the pile-soil interface is subject to cyclic shearing solicitations. Thereby, the soil may densify and lead to a decrease of confining stress around the pile due to microphenomena such as particle crushing, migration and rearrangement. This reduction of radial stress has a direct impact on the shaft capacity, potentially leading in extreme cases to pile failure. An adequate interface model is needed in order to model this behaviour numerically. Different authors have proposed models that take typical Interface phenomena in account such as densification, grain breakage, normal pressure effect and roughness. However, as the models become more complex, a great number of material parameters need to be defined and calibrated. This paper proposes the adoption and transformation of an existing soil bulk model (Pastor- Zienkiewicz) into an interface model. To calibrate the new interface model, the results of an experimental campaign with the ring shear device under cyclic loading conditions are here presented. The constitutive model shows a good capability to reproduce typical features of sand behaviour such as cyclic compaction and dilatancy, which in saturated partially-drained conditions may lead to liquefaction and cyclic mobility phenomena.
This paper deals with the system identification of a mechanical structure supported by nonlinear springs subjected to an external load. If all mechanical parameters of the system were known, the displacement of the system subjected to this load could be easily calculated. However, the monitoring applications often deal with the inverse problem. The loads and displacements of the system are known and certain mechanical Parameters of the system are sought. The solution of such inverse problems can be difficult, especially when they have a nonlinear and multimodal character, which often makes them appear intractable at first sight. However, evolutionary computing can be applied to solve this inverse, nonlinear and multimodal problem. Sometimes a prior knowledge exists on certain system properties, which is difficult to implement into analytical or numerical solvers. This knowledge can play a decisive role in identifying the System properties and it can be easily included as a boundary condition when applying evolutionary algorithms.
This article discusses how and under what conditions the unknown spring resistances can be identified. The practical application of this procedure is exemplified here with the mechanical system of a pile foundation.
Gerammte Stahlrohrpfähle sind das wesentlichste Gründungselement für Offshore-Konstruktionen. Typischerweise kommen diese als Monopiles oder als Mehrpfahlgründungen für Jacket-Konstruktionen zum Einsatz. Für die verhältnismäßig leichten Windenergieanlagen auf See wird bei Mehrpfahlgründungen regelmäßig die Zugtragfähigkeit maßgebend in der Bemessung. Zusätzlich sind Effekte aus wiederholten zyklischen Belastungen zu beachten, die sich auch auf die Zugtragfähigkeit auswirken können. Auch hier ergibt sich eine Besonderheit dadurch, dass im extremwertverteilten Lastspektrum wenige große (Wechsel-)Last-Amplituden entscheidend sind.
Die gründungstechnischen Herausforderungen bei der Planung solcher Windparks auf See wurden von einer Reihe von Untersuchungen begleitet. Eine Versuchsserie zur Zugtragfähigkeit von großmaßstäblichen Pfählen wurde auf dem Testgelände der BAM nahe Horstwalde bei Berlin durchgeführt. Hierfür wurde ein Testfeld mit 10 Pfählen angelegt. Die Pfähle wurden monoton auf Zug und zyklisch belastet. Vergleichend wurden dynamische Pfahlprobebelastungen durchgeführt. Zwei der Pfähle wurden mit Dehnungssensoren instrumentiert und es konnte die Pfahl-Boden-Interaktion abschnittsweise ermittelt werden.
A mechanical structure supported by nonlinear springs subjected to an external load is considered. If all mechanical parameters of the system were known, the displacement of the system subjected to this load could be easily calculated. If not all of the parameters are known, but the load and the displacement are measured at one location, an inverse problem exists. In the presented problem the nonlinear springs are unknown and have to be determined. At first glance a problem needs to be solved, which is underdetermined due to the number of unknown variables. However, evolutionary computing can be applied to solve this inverse, nonlinear and multimodal problem. Sometimes a prior knowledge exists on certain system properties, which is difficult to implement into analytical or numerical solver. This knowledge can play a decisive role in identifying the system properties and it can be easily included as boundary condition when applying evolutionary algorithm. This article examines how and under what conditions the spring resistances can be identified. The procedure is exemplified at a mechanical system of a pile foundation.
Ermittlung von Beanspruchung und Verformungen von Pfahlgründungen - Messverfahren und Applikation
(2014)
Vor dem Hintergrund einer angestrebten größeren Unabhängigkeit der Energieversorgung von fossilen Energieträgern hat die Windenergie in den letzten Dekaden zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen. Dabei wird insbesondere die Energiegewinnung offshore in der Deutschen Nordsee, auf Grund dort vorhandener stetiger Winde und sinkender Akzeptanz von Windkraftanlagen an Land, forciert. Im Hinblick auf die Gründung dieser Anlagen wird technisches Neuland betreten.
Angesichts von Wassertiefen bis über 25 m erhalten aufgelöste Gründungsstrukturen wie Tripod und Jacket oft den Vorzug vor Monopiles. Letztere waren wegen der geringen Produktions- und Installationskosten, der bisher am häufigsten angewandte Gründungstyp in flacheren Gewässern.
Monopile- und Mehrpfahlgründung unterscheiden sich wesentlich im Abtrag der Belastung durch Beanspruchungen aus Wind und Wellen in den umgebenden Baugrund. Während beim Monopile die zyklischen Momente über laterale Bettung abgetragen werden, entstehen an den Mehrpfahlgründungen axiale Zug- und Druckbelastungspaare in gegenüberliegenden Pfählen. Die zyklischen Belastungen von Monopiles sind demnach hauptsächlich in lateraler Richtung zu erwarten, während für Mehrpfahlgründungen die zyklische Belastung einen überwiegend axialen Charakter aufweist. Die zyklischen axialen Lasten in den Pfählen der Mehrpfahlgründungen können die axialen Tragfähigkeiten insbesondere am Pfahlmantel reduzieren und damit evtl, zu einem Versagen der Gründung führen.
Die Berechnung von Verformungen lateral belasteter Pfahlgründungen bedingt in der Regel die Überführung
der transienten Belastungen aus verschiedenen Umwelteinwirkungen in eine meist sinusförmige
zyklische Belastung mit konstanter Amplitude. Dies bringt die Vernachlässigung der Reihenfolge,
in der die realen Belastungen auftreten, mit sich. Die Voraussetzung dafür ist, dass der Einfluss dieser
Reihenfolge auch tatsächlich gering ist. Da die meisten experimentellen Untersuchung hierzu sich auf
die Elementebene und relativ geringe Zyklenzahlen beschränken, wird hier eine Versuchsserie präsentiert,
in welcher Modellpfähle durch Zyklenpakete mit unterschiedlichen Amplituden in variierender
Reihenfolge und hohen Lastspielzahlen belastet werden. Es zeigt sich ein geringer bis vernachlässigbarer
Einfluss der Reihenfolge der Lastblöcke für reine Schwellbelastungen.
The aim of an ongoing research project is to develop a design approach for typical offshore driven piles (e.g. Jacket piles) based on the application of injections by compaction grouting directly at the pile shaft. The paper aims to present the results of laboratory and in-situ tests, which reveal the efficiency and the promising potential of the optimised foundation concept for a more economic dimensioning of pile foundations and to increase their bearing capacity in non-cohesive soil at any moment after installation.
The authors are currently investigating the possibility to apply compaction grouting for offshore pile foundations (Jacket piles as well as monopiles) as a possible retrofitting technique for an optimised foundation concept. In this research project, we are developing a design approach aiming to predict the ideal amount and properties of a grout for a specific soil situation and desired improvement of pile bearing capacity after Installation and during service time. Both numerical and experimental tests have been carried out to investigate the injection process during which a highly viscous grout is injected into the soil under high pressure to displace and compact the surrounding soil without fracturing it. The implicit Material Point Method (MPM) based on a mixed formulation is the numerical technique chosen to deal with the expected large deformations and the arbitrary shape of the developing grout bulb. The usage of MPM prevents both the need of remeshing and the numerical instability induced by extensive mesh distortion. For validation with experimental results, we have constructed a testing chamber with one transparent sidewall. This chamber enables us to observe the injection process directly at the transparent vertical window and to measure the in-plane soil displacements and strains by means of the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique.
The results already reveal the interrelation of soil and grout properties for a successful usage of this common ground improvement technique.
Numerical analysis can be useful for the investigation of important aspects of offshore foundation
prototypes that otherwise could hardly be studied experimentally, like the evolution of pore-water pressure around
the monopile foundation of an offshore wind turbine under extreme loading. A combination of mixed pressuredisplacement
formulations along with a constitutive model for sands based on the Generalized Plasticity Theory
can replicate accurately the soil behaviour in saturated conditions. However, additional issues must be taken into
account in order to perform numerical simulations of offshore piles. Some implications of the Babuska-Brezzi
restriction, as well as considerations about the pile-soil interface and suitable solution strategies are discussed
here. Due to the high cost of the transient analysis, the parallel computation offers a promising perspective, but
can be complex and needs to be implemented carefully in order to avoid a performance deterioration. A brief
overview on current trends and functional software is given here.
A comprehensive numerical model for the analysis of offshore foundations under a general transient loading is presented here. The theoretical basis of the model lies on the Swansea formulation of Biot's equations of dynamic poroelasticity combined with a constitutive model that reproduces key aspects of cyclic soil behaviour in the frame of the theory of generalised plasticity. On the practical side, the adoption of appropriate finite element formulations may prevent the appearance of spurious numerical instabilities of the pore pressure field. In this respect, the use of a coupled enhanced-strain element is here proposed. On the other hand, the practicality of the presented model depends ultimately on its computational efficiency. Some practical recommendations concerning the solution strategies, the matrix storage/handling procedures and the parallel multi-processor computation are here provided. Finally, the performance of the model with a benchmark study case and its practical application to analyse the soil–structure interaction of an offshore monopile under a realistic transient storm loading are discussed.
The saturated sand surrounding an offshore pile
foundation under quasi-static cyclic lateral load can show the
physical phenomena of macromechanical densification and
convective granular flow. Based on the results from physical
model tests at different geometrical scales, this paper
provides a certain quantification of such phenomena and discusses
their causes and consequences. The progressive sand
densification leads to subsidence of the soil surface and a significant
stiffening of the pile behaviour. Conversely, the ratcheting
convective motion of two closed cells of soil beneath
the pile-head is responsible for an endless grain migration at
the soil surface, the inverse grading of the convected material
and a direct shear of the sand at the distinct boundary of the
revolving soil domain. In this respect, and from a macromechanical
perspective considering the soil as a continuum, it
appears that the convecting material tends to follow gradient
lines of shear stress during its ratcheting motion. Concluding
the paper, the practical relevance of these phenomena and
their extrapolation to other conditions are briefly discussed.
Here we investigate the physical mechanisms behind the surface erosion of a cohesive granular soil induced by an impinging jet by means of numerical simulations coupling fluid and grains at the microscale. The 2D numerical model combines the Discrete Element and Lattice Boltzmann methods (DEM-LBM) and accounts for the granular cohesion with a contact model featuring a paraboloidal yield surface. Here we review first the hydrodynamical conditions imposed by the fluid jet on a solid granular packing, turning then the attention to the impact of cohesion on the erosion kinetics. Finally, the use of an additional subcritical debonding damage model based on the work of Silvani and co-workers provides a novel insight into the internal solicitation of the cohesive granular sample by the impinging jet.
Pore-pressure accumulation and soil softening around pile foundations for offshore wind turbines
(2012)
Relevant factors for the liquefaction susceptibility of cyclically loaded offshore monopiles in sand
(2013)
The offshore foundations may exhibit a relatively high liquefaction susceptibility due to the full saturation of the porous seabed and the cyclic nature of the typical offshore loads. Here, the particular relevance of some of the main factors that affect the liquefaction susceptibility of an offshore monopile will be addressed, focusing on the possibility of a progressive accumulation of residual pore water pressure within the saturated soil around a monopile under cyclic lateral loading. The discussion is based on numerical results obtained with a coupled FE model of the offshore foundation which includes the Biot-Zienkiewicz u-p model. A constitutive model of the Generalized Plasticity type has been used for the soil in order to reproduce important features of its behaviour under cyclic loading. This paper presents the findings derived from a parametric study of the problem and shows that the accumulation of residual pore pressure can produce significant changes of the pile's behaviour under external loading. The paper also investigates the effects caused by the loading from a realistic storm of moderate magnitude and the consequential transient degradation of the foundation's stiffness.
Sand densification around the pile has traditionally been regarded as an explanation for the grain migration and soil subsidence that often occur around cyclic laterally loaded piles embedded in sand. Supported by new empirical evidence, this paper proposes that, additionally to some soil densification around the pile, the main cause for the continuous "steady-state" grain migration is a convective cell flow of sand grains in the vicinities of the pile head. Such convective flow would be caused by a ratcheting mechanism triggered by the cyclic low-frequency lateral displacements of the pile. Furthermore, the experimental results suggest that the limit between the convective cell and the static soil is marked by a distinct direct shear surface. This might shed some light into the complex phenomena related to the pile-soil interaction in the upper layers of the bedding, which are normally the main contributor for the lateral load-bearing capacity of piles.
Porenwasserdruckaufbau und Bodenentfestigung um Pfahlgründungen von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen
(2012)
Die Gründung von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen erfordert oft die Installation von Stahl-Pfählen mit großem Durchmesser, entweder als Monopile- oder Mehrpfahl-Konfiguration (Jacket, Tripod, usw.). In dieser Veröffentlichung werden die Auswirkungen einer zyklischen lateralen Belastung auf Offshore-Pfahlgründungen untersucht. Hierbei wird besonderes Augenmerk auf die Entwicklung des Porenwasserdrucks im umgebenden gesättigten Boden gelegt. Es wird gezeigt, dass der progressive Aufbau von Porenwasserdruck zu erheblichen Veränderungen des Verhaltens der Gründung unter externer Belastung führen kann, die die Stabilität bzw. Gebrauchstauglichkeit der Anlage potenziell gefährden. Dazu werden auch einige Effekte, die während eines realistischen Sturms von moderater Stärke entstehen, untersucht. Die transiente Abminderung der Gründungssteifigkeit wird hierbei thematisiert. Die genannten Aspekte wurden von den Autoren mittels eines gekoppelten zweiphasigen numerischen Modells der Offshore-Gründung untersucht. Das verwendete Stoffgesetz für den Boden, im Rahmen der Theorie der verallgemeinerten Plastizität, kann wichtige Merkmale von zyklischem Bodenverhalten reproduzieren, wie z. B. die Tendenz zu einer fortschreitenden Verdichtung unter zyklischer Belastung, die für Verflüssigungsphänomene unter undränierten Bedingungen verantwortlich ist. Die Notwendigkeit der Verwendung eines solchen Ansatzes wird hier anhand von Vergleichsberechnungen mit einem einfacheren Stoffmodell bzw. mit einem ungekoppelten Modell erörtet. Abschließend werden einige Implikationen der untersuchten Fragenstellungen für die praktische Bemessung von Offshore-Monopiles diskutiert und spezifische Empfehlungen gegeben.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For the installation of wind turbines in the offshore environment and their foundation in the seabed it is customary to employ large-diameter steel piles, either in monopile or multi-pile configurations (jacket, tripod, etc. ...). The effects of cyclic lateral loading on the offshore piles and particularly the possibility of a progressive accumulation of residual pore water pressure within the saturated embedding soil are discussed in this article. Here it is shown that this can lead to significant changes of their behaviour under external loading, which can potentially compromise the foundation's stability or serviceability. Furthermore, some of the singular effects arising during a realistic storm of moderate magnitude as well as their potential for transient damages to the foundation's stiffness are addressed in the paper. For the investigation of these phenomena the authors have employed a coupled bi-phasic analytical model of the offshore foundation. The constitutive model employed for the seabed, in the frame of the theory of Generalized Plasticity, can reproduce some complex features of cyclic soil behaviour such as the tendency for a progressive densification under cyclic loading, which is responsible for the soil liquefaction phenomena in undrained conditions. Finally, some implications and specific recommendations for the design of offshore monopiles in the frame of the limit states are provided.
Nuevos aspectos para el diseno estructural de generadores eólicos offshore en el Mar del Norte
(2012)
Pore-Pressure Accumulation and Soil Softening around Pile Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines
(2012)
Relevant Factors for the Liquefaction Susceptibility of Cyclically Loaded Offshore Monopiles in Sand
(2013)
This talk provides a brief overview on some geomechanical phenomena and problematic issues in the field of offshore wind-energy geotechnics, with reference to their associated challenges for a numerical analysis/simulation. These may include large deformations, fluid coupling and grain-scale phenomena, all of which are generally difficult to be addressed with conventional FE techniques.
These challenges are illustrated here with a practical example for the retrofit of axially loaded piles using compaction grouting techniques. In this case, the mechanical effects of the retrofit may be analysed with standard FE techniques, but require the adoption of strong assumptions, while the injection process itself can only be analysed with special techniques such as the MPM.
Finally, an LBM-DEM framework for the micromechanical analysis of such problems is introduced and a practical application for the estimation of the soil resistance to driving (SRD) in layered profiles is discussed.
This presentation deals with the phenomenology and design of pile foundations for offshore wind turbines, and is divided into two lectures.
The first lecture presents a brief introduction to the context and peculiarities of such foundations, and then focuses on the particular case of axially loaded piles. This part is most relevant for the relatively slender piles of the multi-pile substructures (i.e. jackets and tripods). A clear distinction between physical phenomenology and practical design is drawn here.
Design challenges for offshore wind-farms. From foundation mechanics to wind-farm aerodynamics
(2018)
This talk provides a brief introduction on general engineering aspects of offshore wind energy production. Then some geomechanical issues for the foundation of OWTs into the seabed are introduced, while the results from experimental investigations and coupled computational analysis are discussed.
In the second part of the seminar, the hydromechanical Wave–Tower interaction is firstly discussed. Then, some general aspects of the windfarm aerodynamics are introduced. On the one hand, some modelling possibilities for the wake analysis of single turbines and turbine groups are discussed. And on the other hand the relevance of such analyses for a proper windfarm layout optimization is pointed out.
Concerning the geomechanical issues the talk shows that: i) The pile’s bearing capacity can degrade under cyclic loading (waves, wind, …). ii) The time effects can be relevant: Capacity improvement can be substantial, but also fragile. iii) There are cyclic PWP effects: Cyclic interaction with pore water may lead to soil softening and an uncoupled analysis (current design practice) is potentially unsafe.
And concerning the hydromechanical and aerodynamical design considerations, this seminar shows that: i) Numerical analysis of turbine’s interaction with wind/waves is useful and affordable. ii) Simplified models can provide insight into windfarm aerodynamics. iii) Turbulent wake analysis is very relevant for the windfarm layout.
This presentation deals with the phenomenology and design of pile foundations for offshore wind turbines, and is divided in two lectures.
The first lecture presents a brief introduction to the context and peculiarities of such foundations, and then focuses on the particular case of axially loaded piles. This part is most relevant for the relatively slender piles of the multi-pile substructures (i.e. jackets and tripods). A clear distinction between physical phenomenology and practical design is drawn here.
The second lecture continues with the case of lateraly loaded offshore piles, which bears most relevance for the case of the monopile foundations. Here again, a clear separation between physical reality and design methods is intended.
Finally, the last part of the second lecture introduces several advanced topics which lie outside the classical design approaches, namely the cyclic pile fatigue and the so-called pile setup (i.e. the time effects on the axial pile capacity). The relevance of these two topics is illustrated with experimental results from a field testing campaign on real large-scale piles.
This presentation deals with the phenomenology and design of pile foundations for offshore wind turbines, and is divided into two lectures.
The first lecture presents a brief introduction to the context and peculiarities of such foundations, and then focuses on the particular case of axially loaded piles. This part is most relevant for the relatively slender piles of the multi-pile substructures (i.e. jackets and tripods). A clear distinction between physical phenomenology and practical design is drawn here.
Deep foundations for offshore wind turbines. Lecture 2: lateral behaviour and advanced topics
(2020)
This presentation deals with the phenomenology and design of pile foundations for offshore wind turbines, and is divided into two lectures. The second lecture continues with the case of lateraly loaded offshore piles, which bears most relevance for the case of the monopile foundations. Here again, a clear separation between physical reality and design methods is intended.
Finally, the last part of the second lecture introduces several advanced topics which lie outside the classical design approaches, namely the hydromechanical coupling effects (i.e. the excess pore-pressure generation around the monopiles), the cyclic pile fatigue and the so-called pile setup (i.e. the time effects on the axial pile capacity). The relevance of the latter two topics is illustrated with experimental results from a field testing campaign on real large-scale piles.