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Flame retardancy mechanisms of phosphorus containing epoxy resins: effects of oxidation state
(2006)
Pyrolysis and fire behavior of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) containing red phosphorus and melamine polyphosphate were investigated. The thermal and thermo-oxidative decomposition were characterized using thermogravimetry coupled with FTIR and MS, respectively. The fire behavior was monitored with a cone calorimeter using different external heat fluxes and determining the LOI. Red phosphorus reduced the heat release in HIPS due to radical trapping in the gas phase. The reduction in effective heat of combustion was accompanied by an increase of incomplete combustion products such as smoke and carbon monoxide. Melamine polyphosphate in HIPS acted in the condensed phase with barrier formation. The heat release rate was reduced, whereas the total heat evolved, smoke and carbon monoxide formation were not influenced significantly. Using both fire retardants, the resulting fire retardancy was characterized mainly by superposition.
Flame Retardant Mechanisms of Red Phosphorus and Magnesium Hydroxide in High Impact Polystyrene
(2004)
The flame retardant mechanisms of red phosphorus, magnesium hydroxide and red phosphorus combined with magnesium hydroxide were studied in high impact polystyrene by means of comprehensive decomposition studies and combustion tests. The study is intended to illuminate prerequisites and the potential of red phosphorus as a fire retardant for hydrocarbon polymers in the condensed phase and in the gas phase. Thermal and thermo-oxidative decomposition, decomposition kinetics and the product gases evolved were characterized using thermogravimetry coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy, respectively. Fire behaviour was investigated with a cone calorimeter using different external heat fluxes, whereas the flammability was determined by limited oxygen indices. The combustion residues were analysed using XPS. Red phosphorus reduced the heat release in HIPS due to radical trapping in the gas phase. Magnesium hydroxide influenced fire behaviour by heat sink mechanisms, release of water and the formation of a magnesia layer acting as a barrier. The combination of both flame retardants in HIPS nearly resulted in a superposition. A slight synergy in barrier characteristics was due to the formation of magnesium phosphate, whereas a slight anti-synergism occurred in flammability and in the gas phase action. The latter effect is controlled by a decreased fuel rate due to the barrier layer rather than by an initiation of red phosphorus oxidation in the condensed phase.
Faserverbundbauteile werden durch Tränkung von Fasergewebe mit flüssigem Harz, in der Regel Epoxidharzen, und anschließender Härtung des Harzes gefertigt. Dabei kann man das Gewebe im Vorfeld mit reaktivem Harz tränken und als so genanntes Prepreg verarbeiten oder man injiziert das frisch mit dem Härter gemischte Harz in ein Werkzeug, in dem das Gewebe bereits liegt - z. B. beim RTM-Prozess. Ausgehend von der Aufgabenstellung, eine Prepregherstellung mit hohem Qualitätsstandard zu realisieren und Möglichkeiten der Fertigungskontrolle für den Prepreg-Verarbeiter aufzuzeigen, wurde an einem für die Prepregherstellung vorgesehenen Harzsystem eine weitgehende Charakterisierung des Aushärtungsverlaufs vorgenommen. Wegen der Schwierigkeit, schnell konstante Aushärtungstemperaturen zu erreichen, wurden bei allen Methoden mit einer Heizrate von 1 K/min von RT bis 200 °C aufgeheizt.
The pyrolysis and the flame retardancy of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) containing aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi) and nanometric Fe2O3 were investigated using thermal analysis, evolved gas analysis (Thermogravimetry-FTIR), flammability tests (LOI, UL 94), cone calorimeter measurements and chemical analysis of residue (FTIR). AlPi mainly acts as a flame inhibitor in the gas phase, through the release of diethylphosphinic acid. A small amount of Fe2O3 in PBT promotes the formation of a carbonaceous char in the condensed phase. The combination of 5 and 8 wt% AlPi, respectively, with 2 wt% metal oxides achieves V-0 classification in the UL 94 test thanks to complementary action mechanisms. Using PBT/metal oxide nanocomposites shows a significant increase in the flame retardancy efficiency of AlPi in PBT and thus opens the route to surprisingly sufficient additive contents as low as 7 wt%.
Combinations of different common flame retardants in wood–plastic composites (WPCs) are tested to identify synergistic or antagonistic effects with the goal of improving the fire performance of WPCs. Flame retardants investigated are expandable graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and red phosphorus (RP) and combinations of two of them are used. The fire behavior is studied by cone calorimetric measurements. Additional thermogravimetry is used for further investigations. The fire tests show that EG has the highest potential for flame retardancy, but due to its expansion it cracks the formed residue layer. Combinations of EG with RP or with high amounts of APP are able to suppress this cracking.