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Eingeladener Vortrag
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Acoustic emission
(2013)
Mode I fracture toughness tests on Double Cantilever Beam specimens from carbon-fibre and glassfibre reinforced polymer-matrix composites were monitored with Acoustic Emission (AE) and loaddisplacement traces and delamination lengths were recorded. AE characterized the kinetics of delamination propagation. The progress of AE activity and AE intensity with load and AE source location plots are used to determine the delamination onset on the microscopic and macroscopic scale.
Energy dissipating processes initiated in the damage zone near the delamination tip. Low Interface adhesion results in lower debonding stresses and larger damage zones compared with composites with good adhesion. Time-dependent linear location of AE sources yields the average length of the damage zone and the average speed of delamination propagation. Parameter analysis has been used empirically for identifying AE source mechanisms. A new Classification Software for transient AE waveforms permits identification of the source mechanism of individual AE signals. A micro-mechanical fracture model based on the AE results describes the contributions of microscopic matrix and Interface mechanisms to the interlaminar fracture energy.
Acoustic emission characteristics of micro-failure processes in polymer blends and composites
(2000)
Acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of micro-failure processes in HDPE/PP blends with and without compatibilizer, single-fibre composites (glass/epoxy, carbon/epoxy, glass/polycarbonate) and unidirectionally reinforced multi-fibre composites (glass/polypropylene) were studied. For blends, the number and the elastic fracture energy release of micro-failure processes are theoretically approximated and correlated with the number of AE signals and the AE energy. A qualitative correlation of the mechanical energy released from fibre/matrix debonding and fibre-fracture processes in single-fibre pull-out experiments with the measured AE energy is demonstrated. For the single-fibre fragmentation of glass fibres and carbon fibres, a quantitative approximation of the AE amplitudes at locations of the fragmentation sources is achieved. A new method for the selection of single transient acoustic emissions and the classification of failure mechanisms in composites is introduced. Selected emissions are classified into matrix cracking, fibre breakage and interface processes (fibre/matrix debonding or fibre pull-out) from their total power in defined frequency intervals of the spectral power density. A fracture-mechanics investigation of the delamination behaviour of unidirectional composites accompanied by AE examinations is discussed. The extension of the damage zone around the crack tip is quantified by the location of AE events and compared with the theoretically approximated dimensions. The size of the damage zone is used for theoretical calculations of the mechanical energy release from micro-failure processes. A correlation of the AE energy-release rates with the mechanical energy-release rates from participated failure mechanisms like matrix cacking, fibre/matrix debonding and fibre breakage is presented.
A comparative analysis of selected standards and guidelines on Acoustic Emission testing published by international and national organisations yields an assessment of the current status of standardisation. Areas where existing documents do not yet exist or appear unsatifactory for some reason are identified and formulated as perspectives for further work. In the future, structural integrity assessment with Acoustic Emission methods is expected to gain in importance.
Pipelines and industrial piping systems are particularly relevant regarding technical safety, availability and maintenance. Large flow rates of hazardous substances imply that even smallest leakages can lead to high environmental impacts. Therefore, and to ensure the availability of infrastructure, an early detection and localization of potentially hazardous degradations to the walls (e.g. cracks, pittings, sedimentation, etc.) of the containments is necessary. However, in many cases it is not feasible to equip pipelines with a large number of point sensors at reasonable expense.
The principle of distributed fibre optic sensing relies on one single optical fibre, which simultaneously acts as a spatially continuous sensor as well as the signal transducer. Therefore, extensive structures can be provided with this type of sensor with comparatively low efforts.
As a consequence, monitoring oil and gas pipelines using distributed fibre optic sensors is on the upswing. Besides the established methods to measure temperature and strain, distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) has lately received considerable attention as a means to detect and localize third party threats to pipelines (approach of vehicles, digging, mechanical manipulation).
The so far not utilized potential of DAS as a means for continuous condition monitoring of pipes by detecting and localizing acoustic signals that point to certain damage scenarios, is currently under investigation in an interdisciplinary research project at BAM (AGIFAMOR, Ageing Infrastructures – Fibre Optic Monitoring of Pipes).
In order to qualify distributed acoustic fibre optic sensors for this application area, we especially focus on detecting and identifying the relevant acoustic emissions of interesting degradations as well as on the optimal way of application of the optical fibres to the specimen to achieve an optimal signal transmission of acoustic signals.