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Phosphorus recycling from sewage sludge will be obligatory in Germany from 2029. Phosphorus content determination in sewage sludge is crucial to assess the prescribed recycling rates. Currently, German law regards sample preparation using aqua regia digestion in a microwave or under reflux conditions as well as instrumental phosphorus determination by ICP-OES, ICP-MS, or photometric determination with ammonium molybdate as equivalent. However, it is questionable whether these methods are indeed equivalent regarding phosphorus quantification in sludges near the limit of 20 g/kg for mandatory recycling. To answer this question, 15 sewage sludges of 11 different wastewater treatment plants were investigated with all permitted method (digestion and measurement) combinations. Moreover, one sewage sludge was also examined in an interlaboratory comparison (ILC) with 28 participants. This study shows that the above-mentioned methods differ in some cases significantly but across all method combinations and sludges, phosphorus recovery was between 80 and 121% after normalization to the grand mean (average of 15 sludges between 85 and 111%). The ILC and the examination of 15 sludges produced largely similar results. There is a tendency to higher phosphorus recovery after microwave digestion compared to reflux digestion and ICP-OES measurements determine higher phosphorus contents than ICP-MS and photometric phosphorus determination. As a result, the authors recommend ICP-OES determination of phosphorus in sewage sludge after microwave digestion.
The statistical tool eCerto was developed for the evaluation of measurement data to assign property values and associated uncertainties of reference materials. The analysis is based on collaborative studies of expert laboratories and was implemented using the R software environment. Emphasis was put on comparability of eCerto with SoftCRM, a statistical tool based on the certification strategy of the former Community Bureau of Reference. Additionally, special attention was directed towards easy usability from data collection through processing, archiving, and reporting. While the effects of outlier removal can be flexibly explored, eCerto always retains the original data set and any manipulation such as outlier removal is (graphically and tabularly) documented adequately in the report. As a major reference materials producer, the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) developed and will maintain a tool to meet the needs of modern data processing, documentation requirements, and emerging fields of RM activity. The main features of eCerto are discussed using previously certified reference materials.
Microplastics can affect biophysical properties of the soil. However, little is known about the cascade of events in fundamental levels of terrestrial ecosystems, i.e., starting with the changes in soil abiotic properties and propagating across the various components of soil−plant interactions, including soil microbial communities and plant traits. We investigated here the effects of six different microplastics (polyester fibers, polyamide beads, and four fragment types: polyethylene, polyester terephthalate, polypropylene, and polystyrene) on a broad suite of proxies for soil health and performance of spring onion (Allium fistulosum). Significant changes were observed in plant biomass, tissue elemental composition, root traits, and soil microbial activities. These plant and soil responses to microplastic exposure were used to propose a causal model for the mechanism of the effects. Impacts were dependent on particle type, i.e., microplastics with a shape similar to other natural soil particles elicited smaller differences from control. Changes in soil structure and water dynamics may explain the observed results in which polyester fibers and polyamide beads triggered the most pronounced impacts on plant traits and function. The findings reported here imply that the pervasive microplastic contamination in soil may have consequences for plant performance and thus for agroecosystems and terrestrial biodiversity.
Three chromatographic procedures were investigated regarding their potential for the quantification of aniline and 19 of its methylated and chlorinated derivatives in groundwater. These methods were based on liquid-liquid-extraction in combination with gas chromatography and single quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/MS) according to German standard DIN 38407-16:1999 and its extension using tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS-MS), both following liquid-liquid extraction, and as third alternative the direct injection of the water sample into a liquid chromatograph coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS). Results were compared using fortified water and real-world contaminated groundwater used in an interlaboratory comparison. It could be shown that GC/MS and GC/MS-MS yielded results deviating less than 10% from each other while all three procedure displayed quantification results deviating less than 15% from the intercomparison reference values in case of each analyte in the concentration range between 1 and 45 µg L-1. Though GC/MS-MS displays a ten-fold higher sensitivity than single quadrupole GC/MS, the precision of both methods in the concentration range was similar. LC/MS-MS has the advantage of no further sample preparation due to the direct injection and leads for methylanilines and meta-, para- substituted chloroanilines to results sufficiently equivalent to the standardised GC/MS method. However, LC/MS-MS is not suitable for ortho-chloroaniline derivates due to significantly lower ion yields than meta- and para-substituted chloroanilines.
Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) was compared with standardized pump sampling regarding the prospects to assess airborne levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor environments. A historic railway water tower, which will be preserved as a technical monument for museum purposes, was sampled with both approaches because the built-in insulationmaterial was suspected to release PAHs to the indoor air. The 16 PAHs on the US EPA list were quantified using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection in filters from pump sampling after solvent extraction and on SBSE devices after thermal desorption. SBSEwas seen to sample detectable PAHmasseswith excellent repeatability and a congener pattern largely similar to that observed with pump sampling. Congener patterns were however significantly different from that in the PAH source because release from the insulation material is largely triggered by the respective congener vapor pressures. Absolute masses in the ng range sampled by SBSE corresponded to airborne concentrations in the ng L−1 range determined by pump sampling. Principle differences between SBSE and pump sampling as well as prospects of SBSE as cost-effective and versatile complement of pump sampling are discussed.
Evidence for the formation of difluoroacetic acid in chlorofluorocarbon-contaminated ground water
(2019)
The concentrations of difluoroacetic acid (DFA) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in rainwater and surface water from Berlin, Germany resembled those reported for similar urban areas, and the TFA/DFA ratio in rainwater of 10:1 was in accordance with the literature. In contrast, nearby ground water historically contaminated with 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (R113) displayed a TFA/DFA ratio of 1:3. This observation is discussed versus the inventory of microbial Degradation products present in this ground water along with the parent R113 itself. A microbial Transformation of chlorotrifluoroethylene (R1113) to DFA so far has not been reported for environmental media, and is suggested based on well-established mammalian metabolic pathways.
The pollution of marine, limnic and terrestrial environments with plastic waste and the potential impact especially on biota and humans has received increasing attention in recent years. Special focus is on particles smaller than 5 mm, the so-called microplastics. Consequently, possible regulations of emission and remediation efforts require sound information on the occurrence and fate of microplastics in the respective environmental compartments.
Microplastics (MP) differ from classical organic pollutants in biota or the environment in that they do not consist of clearly defined low-molecular weight compounds but of polymer particulates with varying sizes and chemical compositions. This leads to specific challenges regarding the analytical techniques to be employed for their identification and quantification.
Microplastics are defined as polymer particle in the size range between 1 µm and 5 mm and cover a wide range of polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate in variable geometric shapes. Properties relevant for environmental microplastics are polymer type, particle form and size distribution, surface morphology (aging status) and total mass fraction contained in a given sample. Polymer identification and particle size estimation using optical methods (IR and Raman spectroscopy) are time consuming and complicated by surface characteristics as a result of weathering, soiling, and microbial colonisation. Total mass fractions of MP in environmental samples can be determined by thermo-analytical methods.
There are currently no standardised methods for sampling, sampling preparation, or detection of MP in environmental samples. So far, qualitative and quantitative investigations are done by research institutes and have not reached the routine laboratory community. The near future will see harmonisation efforts of MP mass fraction determination in environmental matrices by thermo-analytical procedures.
The immediate need for reference materials during method development and comparison is outlined with regard to relevant matrix/polymer compositions, existing regulations and currently achievable detection limits. Examples for solid environmental matrix reference materials are discussed regarding the challenges encountered with matrices and polymer types as well as homogeneity testing and property value characterisation.
Präsentation der Ergebnisse eines Ringversuchs zur Kompetenzbewertung von Prüflaboratorien auf dem Gebiet der anorganischen und organischen Bodenanalytik: Polyzyklische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAK) in Boden, Mineralölkohlenwasserstoffe (MKW) in Boden, Elemente in Sediment und Gesamtcyanid in Boden.
The title compounds Zn2[S2CN(n-C4H9)2]4 1 and Zn2[(S(SO)CN(n-C4H9)2)(S2CN(n-C4H9)2)]2 3 build mixed crystals in the ratio 0.42: 0.58. Each compound forms dimers, in which the monomer moieties are related via a two-fold axis, coinciding with that of the monoclinic space group C2/c. The lattice parameters are a = 23.581(9), b = 17.112(5), c = 16.372(9) Å, and β = 128.33(3)°.
In this paper, we investigate the interconversion processes of the major flame retardant - 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) - by the means of statistical thermodynamics based on classical force-fields. Three ideas will be presented. First, the application of classical hybrid Monte-Carlo simulations for quantum mechanical processes will be justified. Second, the problem of insufficient convergence properties of hybrid Monte-Carlo methods for the generation of low temperature canonical ensembles will be solved by an interpolation approach. Furthermore, it will be shown how free energy differences can be used for a rate matrix computation. The results of our numerical simulations will be compared to experimental results.
Certified reference materials for organic contaminants in sewage sludge - a feasibility study
(2008)
As an answer to the re-evaluation of the European sludge directive, two novel reference materials for organic components in municipal sludge have been produced and test certified for AOX (absorbable organic halogens), PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), NPE (nonylphenol and nonylphenolethoxylates), DEHP (di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate), bisphenol A, and BFR (brominated flame retardants). The materials were prepared from raw sludge without spiking or mixing of different sludges. The study demonstrated that the technique for the preparation of a suitable reference material, sufficiently homogenous and stable, and with concentration levels that answer the needs of the laboratories and the relevant authorities, can now be presented in detail. The results, furthermore, show there is a need for method validation and standardisation of the measurements of NPEs and certain BFR congeners, and that the development of the laboratory structure in Europe, with fewer and more specialised laboratories, might become a major obstacle when trying to find a sufficient number of laboratories being appropriately proficient for this kind of study in the future.
Wie viele Forschergruppen, haben auch wir uns das langfristige Ziel gesetzt, einen Beitrag bei der Beantwortung der Frage zu leisten, was Hunde riechen, wenn sie Krebs erschnüffeln.
Dabei sollen die Hunde nicht nur anzeigen, ob eine Atemluftprobe positiv oder negativ ist, sondern sie sollen auch aktiv eingebunden werden in den systematischen Suchprozess nach detektierbaren Biomarkern. So ist geplant, dass mittels eines präparativen Fraktionssammlers definierte Schnitte des Gaschromatogramms einzeln oder in möglichen Kombinationen auf das Adsorbervlies gebracht werden, um im Hundetraining eingesetzt zu werden. In analoger Weise könnte auch mit spezifischen Kandidatensubstanzen verfahren werden.
Der Einsatz aktiver (Pumpprobennahme,
Schöpfprobennahme) und passiver (Diffusionsprobennahme)
Probennahmetechniken zur Gehaltsbestimmung von
LHKW sowie Ethen und Methan in Grundwasser wird aus
ordnungsbehördlicher Sicht hinsichtlich der Vergleichbarkeit
von Analysendaten untersucht. Am Beispiel einer Kontamination
mit Trichlorethen sowie 1,2-Dichlorethen und
Vinylchlorid kann deutlich gemacht werden, dass die Einsatzmöglichkeit
der passiven Probennahme durch unzureichende
Strömungsverhältnisse im Aquifer sowie biologische
Aktivität im Pegelrohr begrenzt ist. Der aktiven Probennahme
ist bei ungeklärten oder unzureichenden Strömungsverhältnissen
im Grundwasserleiter daher der Vorzug
zu geben. Das gaschromatographische Verfahren für Vinylchlorid
mittels Dampfraumtechnik wird um die Quantifizierung
von Methan und Ethen erweitert. Dabei werden für
die Bewertung von Altlasten relevante Bestimmungsgrenzen
von 0,1 µg/l (Vinylchlorid, Ethen) sowie 5 µg/l (Methan)
erreicht.
Aus der Validierung der Analysenmethode und den
Ergebnissen verschiedener Probennahmen werden Toleranzbereiche
für die Ergebnisse eines Grundwassermonitorings
abgeschätzt. Diese Streubreiten von Monitoring-
Ergebnissen sollten von Ingenieurbüros und zuständigen
Ordnungsbehörden bei der Bewertung der komplexen Abbauprozesse
eines LHKW-Grundwasserschadens beachtet
werden.
The X-ray crystallographic study of the macrocyclic tetrakis-N[N-2-hydroxyethyl-piperazino]calix[4]resorcinarene·3CH3CH2OH·H2O (3) reveals a self-assembled dimeric capsule-like complex held together by an array of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Pairs of concave molecules associate directly in bowl-to-bowl fashion and enclose an accessible supramolecular cavity of Å3 hosting one water and three ethanol molecules. The supramolecular arrangement displays alternating layers of facing bowls and interlocking lower rim aliphatic moieties. The helical conformation of the 2-hydroxyethyl piperazinomethyl moieties displays chirality of a bimolecular capsule frozen in the solid state. 3 crystallises in the triclinic space group P-1 with two symmetry independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. Two enantiomeric capsules form a racemic pair in the unit cell.
Delta-Hexabromocyclododecane
(2007)
The ecotoxicological characterization of waste is part of its assessment as hazardous or non-hazardous according to the European Waste List. For this classification 15 hazard criteria are derived from the Council Directive 91/689/EEC on hazardous waste. Some of the hazard criteria are based on the content of dangerous substances. The criterion H14 'ecotoxic' lacks of an assessment and testing strategy and no specific threshold values have been defined so far. Based on the recommendations of CEN guideline 14735 (2005), an international round robin test (ring test) was organized by the German Federal Environment Agency in order to define suitable test methods for the biological assessment of waste and waste eluates. A basic test battery, consisting of three aquatic and three terrestrial tests, was compiled. In addition, data were submitted for ten additional tests (five aquatic (including a genotoxicity test) and five terrestrial ones). The tests were performed with three representative waste types: an ash from an incineration plant, a soil containing high concentrations of organic contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and a preserved wood waste. The results of this ring test confirm that a combination of a battery of biological tests and chemical residual analysis is needed for an ecotoxicological characterization of wastes. With small modifications the basic test battery is considered to be well suitable for the hazard and risk assessment of wastes and waste eluates. All results and documents are accessible via a web-based data bank application.
Im Rahmen eines vom Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Arbeit (BMWA) geförderten Projektes wird in Kooperation mit dem Verband deutscher Metallhändler (VDM) ein Verfahren zur Quantifizierung der PCB-Kongenere 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180 im Gehaltsbereich von 0,1 bis 20 mg in Kunststoffabfällen aus dem Altkabelrecycling entwickelt und validiert. Dazu werden repräsentative Referenzmaterialien für die Laboranalytik aus Granulaten verschiedener Kabelzerlegeprozesse hergestellt und charakterisiert. Die Methodenentwicklung umfasst mahl-, sieb- und schüttguttechnologische Aspekte sowie den Vergleich unterschiedlicher Extraktionsverfahren und chromatographischer Bedingungen. Das validierte Verfahren sieht die Mahlung der technischen Probe auf eine Kornobergrenze von 0,50 mm gefolgt von Extraktion mit einem unpolaren Lösungsmittel bei einer Einwaage von 4 g und gaschromatographischer Bestimmung vor. Die Bestimmungsgrenzen liegen zwischen 0,01 und 0,08 mg/kg. Bei sorgfältiger Wahl der chromatographischen Bedingungen sind Elektroneneinfang- und massenselektive Detektion (MS) gleichwertig. In Gegenwart größerer Mengen bestimmter Komponenten, die in einigen Kabeln enthalten sind, kann der Einsatz eines MS von Vorteil sein. Drei Referenzmaterialien mit Gehalten der genannten Kongenere zwischen 0,1 bis 5 mg/kg werden in einem abschließenden Ringversuch zur Validierung dieser Methode mit 23 ausgewählten Laboratorien eingesetzt. Dabei ergeben sich für die Quantifizierung dieser Kongenere relative Vergleichsstandardabweichungen zwischen 15 und 33 %. Das Verfahren wird in die europäische Normung (CEN 292 „Characterisation of Waste“) eingebracht.
Präsentation der Ergebnisse eines Ringversuchs zur Kompetenzbewertung von Prüflaboratorien auf dem Gebiet der anorganischen und organischen Bodenanalytik: Polyzyklische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAK) in Boden, Mineralölkohlenwasserstoffe (MKW) in Boden, Elemente in Sediment und Gesamtcyanid in Boden.
Im vorliegenden Forschungsbericht werden die Ergebnisse zum LFP Projekt „Ableitung validierter Probenahme- und Analysenmethoden für Zwischen- und Endprodukte der anaeroben Stoffverwertungsprozesse von LCKW im Grundwasser im Rahmen von Altlastenuntersuchungen“ (Länderfinanzierungsprogramm, Projekt B2/08, Laufzeit vom 01.09.2008 – 31.08.2009) zusammengefasst. Es werden verschiedene Verfahren der Probenahme und Analytik zur Bestimmung von Wasserstoff, Methan, Ethen und Vinylchlorid (VC) im Grundwasser untersucht und validiert. Für die Probenahme werden folgende Ansätze beschrieben und diskutiert: i. aktive Probenahme: Pumpprobe und Probenahme von in Grundwasser gelösten Gasen in Gasbeprobungsrohren (Gasmaus) ii. passive Probenahme: Diffusionsprobenahme in Polyethylenbeuteln (PDB) und Kunststoffspritzen als Diffusionssammler für gelöste Gase Der Einsatz aktiver (Pumpprobenahme, Schöpfprobenahme) und passiver (Diffusionsprobenahme) Probenahmetechniken zur Gehaltsbestimmung von LHKW sowie Ethen und Methan in Grundwasser wird aus ordnungsbehördlicher Sicht hinsichtlich der Vergleichbarkeit von Analysendaten untersucht. Am Beispiel einer Kontamination mit Trichlorethen sowie 1,2-Dichlorethen und Vinylchlorid kann deutlich gemacht werden, dass die Einsatzmöglichkeit der passiven Probenahme durch unzureichende Strömungsverhältnisse im Aquifer sowie biologische Aktivität im Pegelrohr begrenzt ist. Der aktiven Probenahme ist bei ungeklärten oder unzureichenden Strömungsverhältnissen im Grundwasserleiter daher der Vorzug zu geben. Die chromatographischen Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Analyte werden umfänglich validiert und mit anderen geeigneten Analysenverfahren verglichen: I. Headspace-GC-FID zur Bestimmung von Methan, Ethen und VC aus der wässrigen Probenmatrix der Pumpprobe (i.) und des PDB (ii.) II. Direktinjektion-GC-PDD zur Bestimmung von Wasserstoff aus den gesammelten Gasproben der Gasmaus (i.) und der Kunststoffspritzen (ii.) Für die Bestimmung von Ethen und VC in Grundwasserproben (I.) werden Bestimmungsgrenzen von 0,1 μg/L erreicht. Methan kann aus wässrigen Proben nur ab 5 μg/L quantifiziert werden. Mit den Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Methan aus der Gasmaus (i.-II.) werden 0,1 μg/L im Grundwasser erreicht. Die Bestimmung von im Grundwasser gelösten Wasserstoff (II.) ist bis zu einer Konzentration von 1 nM möglich. Die Reproduzierbarkeit für die Bestimmung von Wasserstoff in Grundwasser liegt konzentrationsabhängig zwischen 10 bis 20% bei der aktiven Probenahme (i.-II.) und 10 bis 70% bei der passiven Probenahme (ii.-II.). Aus der Validierung der Analysenmethode und den Ergebnissen verschiedener Probenahmen werden Toleranzbereiche für die Ergebnisse eines Grundwassermonitorings abgeschätzt. Diese Streubreiten von Monitoring-Ergebnissen sollten von Ingenieurbüros und zuständige Ordnungsbehörden bei der Bewertung der komplexen Abbauprozesse eines LHKW-Grundwasserschadens beachtet werden.
Polyether and -ester urethanes (PU) were exposed to artificial weathering at 40 °C and artificial UV radiation in a weathering chamber. In 3 parallel exposures, humidity was varied between dry, humid, and wet conditions. Material alteration was investigated by various analytical techniques like size exclusion chromatography
(SEC), liquid chromatography-infrared spectroscopy (LC-FTIR), thermal-desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS), fluorescence mapping and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Our results show that depending on the weathering conditions, different degradation effects can be observed. By means of SEC an initial strong decrease of the molar masses and a broadening of the mass distributions was found. After a material dependent time span this was followed by a plateau where molar mass changes were less significant. A minor moisture-dependent degradation effect was only found for polyester PU. Fluorescence measurements on two materials revealed an increase in the luminescence intensity upon weathering process reaching a saturation level after about 500 h. The changes in the optical properties observed after different exposure conditions and times were very similar. The TD-GC-MS data showed the fate of the stabilizers and antioxidant in the course of weathering. LC-FTIR measurements revealed a change in peak intensities and the ratio of urethane and carbonyl bands.
Hexabromocyclododecane enantiomers: microsomal degradation and patterns of hydroxylated metabolites
(2011)
The degradation of the enantiomers of α-, β-, and γ-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) by phase I metabolism was investigated using induced rat liver microsomes. HBCD isomers were quantified using HPLC-MS/MS (ESI-) after separation on a combination of a reversed phase and a chiral analytical column. The degradation of all six isomers followed first-order kinetics and the estimated half-lives ranged from 6.3 min for both β-HBCD enantiomers to 32.3 min in case of (+)-γ-HBCD. (+)-α- and (–)-γ-HBCD displayed significantly shorter half-lives than their corresponding antipodes. It could be shown that this degradation led to a significant enrichment of the first eluting enantiomers (–)-α- and (+)-γ-HBCD. Individual patterns of mono- and dihydroxylated derivatives obtained from each α- and γ-HBCD enantiomer were seen to be distinctly characteristic. The patterns of monohydroxylated HBCD derivatives detected in liver and muscle tissues of pollack, mackerel and in herring gull eggs were largely similar to those observed in the in vitro experiments with rat liver microsomes. This enabled individual hydroxy-HBCDs to be assigned to their respective parent HBCD enantiomers.
The design and operation of an observational study on the profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the breath of 37 lung cancer patients and 23 healthy controls of similar age is outlined. The necessity to quantify each VOC considered as potential disease marker on basis of individual calibration is elaborated and the quality control measures required to maintain reproducibility in breath sampling and subsequent instrumental trace VOC analysis using SPME-GC-MS over a study period of 14 months are described. 24 VOC were quantified on basis of their previously suggested potential as cancer markers. The breath concentration levels of aromatic compounds was expectedly increased in smokers while lung cancer patients displayed significantly increased levels of oxygenated VOC such as aldehydes, 2-butanone and 1-butanol. Though sets of selected oxygenated VOC displayed sensitivities and specificities between 80 and 90% using linear discriminant analysis with leave-one-out cross validation the effective selectivity of the breath VOC approach with regard to cancer detection is clearly limited. Results were discussed against the background of the literature on volatile cancer marker investigations and the prospects to link increased VOC levels in patients’ breath with approaches to employ sniffer dogs. Experiences from this study and the literature suggest that the current state of breath VOC based discrimination between cancer patients and healthy controls is hardly improvable. Observational studies tend to observe significant differences mostly in levels of certain oxygenated VOC but without resolution required for practical application. Any step towards practicable exploitation of VOC profile differences for illness detection would have to solve current restrictions set by the low and variable VOC concentrations. Further challenges are the technical complexity of studies involving breath sampling and possibly the limited capability of current analytical procedures to detect instable marker candidates.
Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchungen, die im Rahmen einer Diplomarbeit der Fachhochschule Lausitz/Senftenberg an der BAM durchgeführt wurden, war ein Vergleich unterschiedlicher Extraktionsverfahren für die Bestimmung von extrahierbarem organischem Halogen (EOX) in Bodenproben. EOX ist ein für die rasche Bewertung der Organochlor- Belastung kontaminationsverdächtiger Flächen wertvoller Summenparameter, der sämtliche mit organischen Lösungsmittel extrahierbare Organohalogenverbindungen erfasst. Gegenwärtig existiert jedoch kein für die Bodenanalytik genormtes Verfahren für die Durchführung von EOX-Bestimmungen. Daher wird in der Praxis auf das für Schlämme und Sedimente entwickelte Verfahren nach DIN 38414 S17 (1990) zurückgegriffen, so auch in der Bundesbodenschutz- und Altlasten-Verordung (BBodSchV). Literaturangaben und Erfahrungen mit der Wiederfindungsrate polarer Extraktionsmittel und moderner Extraktionsverfahren bei Organochlorpestiziden, die eine bedeutende Quelle für EOX in Schlämmen und Böden darstellen, lassen vermuten, dass das genannte Normverfahren systematisch zu Unterbefunden neigen könnte. Für die Untersuchungen wurden an der BAM entwickelte Boden-Referenzmaterialien mit "natürlicher", über jahrzehntelangen Eintrag entstandener DDT- und Lindan-Belastung verwendet. Neben den klassischen Extraktionsverfahren nach Soxhlet kamen die ultraschallunterstützte Extraktion, die Mikrowellen- und die beschleunigte Lösungsmittelextraktion (ASE) jeweils mit Lösungsmitteln unterschiedlicher Polarität zum Einsatz. Extraktionsausbeuten und Wiederholpräzision der einzelnen Varianten wurden verglichen und vor dem Hintergrund der Ergebnisse unabhängiger Verfahren wie der gaschromatographischen Bestimmung der einzelnen Organochlorverbindungen bewertet. Die Polarität des Extraktionsmittels weist auch bei trockenen Böden den größten Einfluss auf die Extraktionsausbeuten der in den untersuchten Proben enthaltenen Organochlorverbindungen auf. Die Mischung Hexan/Aceton (1:1), die sich für die Extraktion verschiedener organischer Parameter bewährt hat, ist hinsichtlich der EOX-Analytik der existierenden Norm überlegen.
HBCD stereoisomer pattern in mirror carps following dietary exposure to pure Gamma-HBCD enantiomers
(2010)