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- Faser-Bragg Gitter (1)
- Fiber Bragg grating (1)
- Fiber Bragg gratings (1)
- Fiber bragg grating (1)
- Fibre optical sensing (1)
- Field conditions (1)
- Finite element methods (1)
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- Fluorescent sensor (1)
- Fluoreszenzlöschung (1)
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- Hopkinson-Stab (1)
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- Kraftabhängige Funktion (1)
- Lamb wave (1)
- Large scale soil test field (1)
- Laser-based displacement measuring system (1)
- Leak detection (1)
- Linear sensor (1)
- Localization of gas sources (1)
- Magneto-optischer Sensor (1)
- Magnetostriction (1)
- Magnetostrictive metal coating (1)
- Magnetostriktive Beschichtung (1)
- Maschinennachgiebigkeit (1)
- Measurement (1)
- Measurement uncertainty (1)
- Membrane-based linear gas sensor (1)
- Metal oxide semiconductor (1)
- Methane measuring (1)
- Micro UAV (1)
- Miniaturized sensor device (1)
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- Nano UAV Swarm (1)
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- Nitroaromaten (1)
- Odor localization (1)
- Oil (1)
- Olfaction (1)
- Particle filter (1)
- Passive sensor interface (1)
- Passive sensors (1)
- Pattern recognition methods (1)
- Piezoresistive accelerometer (1)
- Plume tracking (1)
- Prototyp (1)
- Pump control (1)
- Quadrokopter (1)
- Quality Infrastructure (1)
- Quantification of gas concentrations (1)
- RAM packages (1)
- RFID Sensor systems (1)
- RFID based sensors (1)
- RFID-based sensors (1)
- Radioactive (1)
- Red Phosphorus (1)
- Remote gas sensor model (1)
- Robotik (1)
- Schadensfrüherkennung (1)
- Selbstkalibrierung (1)
- Selective permeability (1)
- Self-diagnostic fiber optical sensor (1)
- Sensor (1)
- Sensor planning (1)
- Setup and Validation (1)
- Single cable system (1)
- Soil test field (1)
- Spatially distributed monitoring (1)
- Sphärische Indenter (1)
- Standard gas generator (1)
- Strain (1)
- Strain measurements (1)
- Structural Health Monitoring (1)
- Structure health monitoring (1)
- Suche und Lokalisierung von gasförmigen Gefahrstoffquellen (1)
- System adhesive/ strain gauge (1)
- TDLAS (1)
- Temperaturabhängige Prüfung (1)
- Temperature and Frequency Compensation (1)
- Temperature behavior (1)
- Temperature calibration (1)
- Temperature characteristics (1)
- Temperature dependent and high dynamic load tests (1)
- Temperaturkompensation (1)
- Test (1)
- Tomographic reconstruction of gas plumes (1)
- Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS); UAV-REGAS (1)
- UHF antenna (1)
- Urban air monitoring (1)
- Vereinfachtes Verfahren (1)
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- agricultural economy (1)
- embedded sensor (1)
- environment (1)
- fluorescence (1)
- gas analysis (1)
- poultry odorous air monitoring (1)
- spectroscopy (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (27)
- 8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren (27)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (4)
- 1.9 Chemische und optische Sensorik (4)
- 8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen (3)
- 3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher (1)
- 3.3 Sicherheit von Transportbehältern (1)
- 6 Materialchemie (1)
- 6.7 Materialsynthese und Design (1)
- 8.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (1)
Fiber optic sensors have gained increasing importance in recent years and are well established in many areas of industrial applications. In this paper, we introduce a concept of a self-diagnostic fiber optic sensor. The presented sensor is to resolve the problems of embedded fiber optic sensors in complex structures and to enable the validation under operational conditions. For this purpose, different magnetostrictive coated fiber optic sensors were developed and various experiments were performed to verify their mode of operation and to determine the respective reproducibility. The measuring principle is illustrated by obtained experimental results, which showed a change in wavelength from 1 pm at a magnetic field strength change of 0.25 mT. In addition, the temperature characteristics of the implemented magnetostrictive sensor were analyzed and an experimental factor of 1.5 compared to a reference fiber optic sensor was determined.
In the near future, it will be important to adopt innovative approaches and technologies in order to further guarantee the reliability and availability of the highway network. New tools are therefore needed in order 'to obtain in-depth information about the condition of bridges and its development early enough before significant, precarious damage cases occur. In 2011, the research program "Intelligente Brücken (Smart Bridges)" was launched by the BASt together with the BMVI to evolve systems for information and holistic evaluation for bridge structures as a supplement to the current inspection-based maintenance management. Several projects dealt with the topic in the last few years and provided guidelines and a solid basis to move towards a first implementation considering the input of all research projects carried out so far.
Comprehensive monitoring of pipelines over their full length is technically difficult and expensive. Considering a cost-benefit ratio it is reasonable to implement monitoring solutions in pipeline segments, which bear a high risk potential, like residential areas, construction sites, slopes, street or river crossings. Still such segments can measure up to several hundred meters in length, demanding for monitoring solutions that extend along such distances and enable fast response. Point wise sensing and periodical surveillance have clear drawbacks, particularly regarding early damage detection. Fibre optic sensors enable distributed sensing of temperature and strain, but they offer very limited possibilities for measuring gas concentrations. Linear membrane-based gas sensors enable the monitoring of gas concentrations alongside a pipeline. Such line-sensors are implemented in form of flexible tubes and can be arranged inside or outside the pipeline (also underwater or within the subsurface), corresponding to the technical requirements. The measuring method combines the gas specific diffusion rates through a membrane with Dalton’s law of partial pressures and enables the calculation of gas concentrations or the detection of a change of the gas composition. The objective is to detect gas leakages fast and with high reliability. Furthermore, the calibrated system enables to estimate the spatial extent of a leakage. So far the gas concentration measurement is tested for oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane; further gases should follow, e.g. hydrogen, carbon monoxide or mixtures like natural gas. The paper introduces in the different operating modes of line-sensors. A near real-time approach will be demonstrated to quantify the impact of a gas leak on the near environment. This approach is based on a critical length describing the expansion of the leaking gas.
Linear sensor for areal subsurface gas monitoring - calibration routine and validation experiments
(2014)
Membrane based linear gas sensors and fiber optical sensors feature similar geometries and complement each other in quantities to be measured. To the author's best knowledge, it is the first time that these sensors are combined to a multifunctional sensor for distributed measuring of gas concentrations, temperature, and strain. Objective is a comprehensive monitoring of underground gas storage areas. In the presented project a 400 m² test site and a corresponding laboratory system were just built up to characterize, validate, and optimize the combined sensor. Application of the sensor lines in a grid structure should enable spatial resolution of the measurement data and early detection of relevant events, as gas leakage, temperature change, or mechanical impact. A Calibration routine was developed which can be applied subsequent to underground installation. First measurement results indicate the potential of the method, with regard to highly topical energy transport and storage issues.
The combination of radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags with different types of sensors offers excellent potential for applications with regard to identification, diagnosis, and monitoring. This should be demonstrated by means of two examples of actual developments carried out by the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM). The Identification and diagnosis of concrete components is a major task in the maintenance of critical infrastructure, for instance concrete bridges with heavy traffic volume. A feasibility study investigates the application of RFID sensor systems for this task. The second example reviews the transportation of dangerous goods. Using modern technologies enables promising possibilities to reduce accidents and to avoid non-conformity with transportation regulations. Project results demonstrate an innovative technical solution for monitoring of dangerous goods transports with RFID sensor systems.
Multichannel measuring systems are used to measure strains and accelerations during drop tests of containments for dangerous goods. Conventional systems require cabling of each sensor and co-falling of the cable harness, causing problems in the test preparation and execution. Promising results of a single cable measuring system, consisting of measuring modules with data bus connection and local data acquisition were obtained in laboratory investigations and full-scale drop tests.
One of the main unsolved issues of under-ground storages for, e.g., CO2, H2, and natural gas is the comprehensive surveillance of these areas with reasonable effort and costs. Conventional sensors (e.g., soil air probes or borehole probes), however, can only be used for punctual or locally limited measurements; further their application can cause structural influences (invasive application).
In this paper, we describe in detail the setup of a CO2 injection soil test field. This test field will be used to enhance and validate an innovative ap-proach for distributed subsurface monitoring of gas storage areas. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first time that, for this purpose, a test field is built in an application relevant scale.
The measurement characteristics of every conventional accelerometer are temperature dependent - often to an extent which is highly relevant for the addressed application. For instance, at BAM Container drop tests are performed to investigate and evaluate the structural integrity of Containers for transport and storage of dangerous goods. Often, the test program includes drop tests at specific temperatures, also as part of approval procedures. The applied sensors are exposed to these test conditions and get influenced by them. Acceleration sensors show a considerable temperature influence on their fünction and characteristics. Particularly the damping mechanism of the seismic mass is a critical part. In regard to such applications, capable equipment and methods are required to consider and investigate this aspect in an adequate way. A fortiori as Manufacturer’s infonnation often is deficient. This study presents the setup and results of a method for testing and calibration of acceleration sensors under high dynamic irnpact. It combines a Hopkinson Bar with a temperature chamber.
Insect behavior is a common source of inspiration for roboticists and computer scientists when designing gas-sensitive mobile robots. More specifically, tracking airborne odor plumes and localization of distant gas sources are abilities that suit practical applications such as leak localization and emission monitoring. Gas sensing with mobile robots has been mostly addressed with ground-based platforms and under simplified conditions and thus, there exist a significant gap between the outstanding insect abilities and state of the art robotics systems. As a step towards practical applications, we evaluated the performance of three biologically inspired plume tracking algorithms. The evaluation is carried out not only with computer simulations, but also with real-world experiments in which, a quadrocopter-based micro Unmanned Aerial Vehicle autonomously follows a methane trail towards the emitting source. Compared to ground robots, micro UAVs bring several advantages such as their superior steering capabilities and fewer mobility restrictions in complex terrains. The experimental evaluation shows that, under certain environmental conditions, insect like behavior in gas-sensitive UAVs is feasible in real world environments.
BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, in cooperation with the company MeGaSen UG carries out a research project to enhance and validate an innovative approach for distributed subsurface monitoring of gas storage areas. The concept combines different measurement technologies to one multifunctional sensor: membrane-based gas measurement technology for in-situ monitoring of gases in soil and fiber optical sensing of temperature and strain (as a measure for structural change). Key aspect of the research project is the first-time validation of the system in an application relevant dimension. For this purpose a 20 x 20 m2 test field is build. A comprehensive validation of the system is carried out by systematic variation of different parameters like position-dependent gasinjection, temperature and mechanical impact.
In this paper, we show that a micro unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with commercially available gas sensors can address environmental monitoring and gas source localization (GSL) tasks. To account for the challenges of gas sensing under real-world conditions, we present a probabilistic approach for GSL that is based on a particle filter (PF). Simulation and real-world experiments demonstrate the suitability of this algorithm for micro UAV platforms.
Eine Reihe von Prüfproblemen in der chemischen Industrie, in Kraftwerksanlagen und in Transportsystemen ist aufgrund schwieriger Zugangsmöglichkeiten nur begrenzt technisch bzw. wirtschaftlich effizient durchführbar. Das hier vorgestellte Projekt beinhaltet die Entwicklung eines Verfahrens der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung über weite Entfernungen (bis zu 100 m), das zum Einsatz in automatisierten Messsystemen bzw. zur Integration in Langzeitüberwachungssysteme geeignet ist. Grundlage des Verfahrens ist die gezielte Anregung und Auswertung von Lamb-Wellenmoden, wodurch eine effektive Unterscheidung von Fehler- und Formanzeigen sowie eine Klassifizierung unterschiedlicher Fehlertypen möglich werden.
Der Vorteil der Nutzung geführter Wellen für die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung liegt in ihrer vergleichsweise guten Ausbreitungsfähigkeit über weite Entfernungen. Die sich daraus ergebenden Möglichkeiten der Untersuchung großer bzw. schwer zugänglicher Bereiche einer Struktur bieten innovative Ansätze für die Entwicklung robuster Structural-Health-Monitoring-Systeme (SHM). Erst durch die Verfügbarkeit leistungsfähiger Rechentechnik wird ein breiter Einsatz derartiger Verfahren möglich. Die Technik kann zur Materialcharakterisierung an ebenen bzw. zylindrischen, dünnwandigen Flächen aus Metall oder auch CFK genutzt werden. Adressierte Anwendungsfelder sind z.B. die Untersuchung von Flugzeugtragflächen oder Pipelines. Des Weiteren wird der Einsatz solcher Verfahren zur Überwachung sicherheitsrelevanter Bauteile z.B. aus Laminaten angestrebt, wie sie verstärkt in der Luft- und Raumfahrt Anwendung finden. Im Rahmen des Projekts wurde auf Grundlage vorhandener Technik (Wellenanregung mittels Ultraschall-Gruppenstrahlprüfköpfen) ein umfassendes Verständnis für die Technologie und anwendungsrelevante Parameter (Probenmaterial und -dimensionen, Welleneigenschaften, Anregungs-, Transmissions-, Reflektionscharakteristika) gewonnen und Algorithmen zur Erkennung von Schädigungsbildern (z.B. Riss, Loch, Verdünnung) entwickelt.
Neben der Algorithmusentwicklung zur Detektion und Analyse von Schadstellen, lag ein Projektschwerpunkt in der Entwicklung einer geeigneten Gerätetechnik. Als sensorisches Elemente wurde Ultraschall-Gruppenstrahlertechnik eingesetzt. Besondere Anforderungen werden an die Technik zur Anregung der Wellenmoden unter Verwendung geeigneter Piezoaktoren gestellt. In diesem Bereich existiert bislang keine kommerziell erhältliche Gerätelösung, weshalb eine Neuentwicklug der Anregetechnik realisiert wurde. Speziell für die hohe Anzahl an Aktorkanälen, die benötigt wird, um unterschiedliche Moden und Wellenformen anzuregen, wurde eine äußerst leistungsfähige Anregeeinheit entwickelt.
Dehnungsmessstreifen (DMS) gehören zu den Standardsensoren beim Messen mechanischer Größen.
Sie finden Ihre Anwendung auf unterschiedlichen Gebieten, als sensorische Komponente in
Messaufnehmern (z.B. Wägezelle, Kraftaufnehmer) oder für Dehnungsmessungen im Bereich der
Strukturüberwachung unter anderem an Brücken oder Bauwerken. Sie werden in verschiedenen Größen
geliefert und mit entsprechenden Klebstoffen auf der Objektoberfläche des Messobjekts an der jeweiligen
Messstelle angebracht und an das Messsystem angeschlossen. Dieser Aufbau wird bei den
verschiedenen Anwendungen unterschiedlichen Temperaturen und Umwelteinflüssen ausgesetzt. Dabei
wird das System DMS/Klebstoff in seinen Eigenschaften verändert und das Ergebnis der
Dehnungsmessung beeinflusst. Beispielsweise kann es zu einer Verfälschung der Messergebnisse
kommen, wenn der Klebstoff die Dehnung des Messobjekts nicht vollständig auf den DMS überträgt, oder
es kann eine Nullpunktverschiebung der Dehnungsmessung auftreten.
An der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung werden Fallversuche von Lager- und
Transportbehältern durchgeführt. Für diese werden Dehnungsmessstreifen auf den Behälter angebracht
um die Dehnung bzw. Verformung zu messen. Bei den Versuchen werden verschiedene Parameter
berücksichtigt: Neben unterschiedlichen Fallhöhen (u.a. 9 m und 1 m) wird auch der Temperatureinfluss
auf den Fallversuch z.B. bei -40 °C oder +100 °C untersucht. Zur Applizierung von DMS auf
Objektoberflächen gibt es für verschiedene Anwendungsbedingungen (DMS-Typ, Objektoberflächenbeschaffenheit,
Einsatztemperatur) von den DMS-Herstellern jeweils empfohlene Klebstoffe.
Insbesondere für Anwendungsfälle mit hochdynamischer Belastung (Fallversuche, Crash-Tests) und
großem Temperaturbereich ist es erforderlich, dass die Dehnungsmessstreifen zuverlässige Werte
ausgeben. Dies ist nur gegeben, wenn der Klebstoff eine gute Verbindung zwischen Messobjekt und
Dehnungsmessstreifen herstellt.
Sensor based person tracking is a challenging
topic. The main objective is positioning in areas without
GPS connection, i.e. indoors. A research project is carried
out at BAM, Federal Institute for Materials Research and
Testing, to develop and to validate a multi-sensor system for
3D localization. It combines body motion sensing and a
guard system for the tracking and recording of the status of
persons. The so named BodyGuard system was designed for
sensor-based monitoring and radio-based transmission of
the movement of a person. Algorithms were developed to
transform the sensor data into a spatial coordinate. This
paper describes how the BodyGuard system operates, which
main components were used in the system, how the
individual sensor data are converted into 3D motion data,
with which algorithms the individual sensors are processed,
how individual errors are compensated and how the sensor
data are merged into a 3D Model. Final objective of the
BodyGuard system is to determine the exact location of a
person in a building, e.g. during fire-fighting operations.
In this study a method for early damage detection is investigated based on the directed excitation and measuring of Lamb waves (guided waves). The objective is to make a statement about the practicability of a Lamb wave generator (LWG) and about the application relevant parameters (specimen materials and dimensions, wave characteristics, excitation, transmission und reflection). Guided waves enable an effective differentiation of structural and defective indications as well as a classification of different defect types. For the investigations, a LWG was developed which combines the advantages of the single excitation of a piezoelectric actuator and the possibility of a group excitation. Algorithms were developed to identify and analyze damage patterns (cracks, wholes, weakening).
Limited access to the object of relevance is often an essential problem in testing routines, e.g. for non-destructive testing of industry facilities or components of means of transportation. The presented project is about the development of a non-destructive testing method for application over great distances (up to 100 m). The method is based on directed excitation and measuring of Lamb waves (guided waves). It enables an effective differentiation of structural and defective indications as well as a classification of different defect types.
The advantage of guided waves is the ability of propagation over great distances. This offers innovative possibilities for the investigation of large or difficult to access constructions. The testing method can be helpful in a broad variety of applications. It is useable for the characterization of plane or cylindrical, thin-walled surfaces of metal or fiber laminated materials. Particularly the investigation of aircraft wings and other aerospace components as well as the investigation of pipelines are addressed fields of application.
The Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) or
Kolsky Bar is known as a method for analysing
mechanical properties of a material under dynamic
load. Referring to the name it is a splitted
Hopkinson Pressure Bar. The Hopkinson Bar is
related to its inventor Bertram Hopkinson (1914).
He used it to analyze stone samples under dynamic
load. Later his construction was improved by
Davies (1948) [1] and Kolsky (1949) [2], who had
the idea to split the bar and put a sample in
between.
The technique is used to measure a lot of
different mechanical properties of a material e.g.
the dynamic Youngs modulus, deformation
behaviour or to chart the dynamic stress-strain
diagram. Further applications are the measurement
of the elastic wave and the analysis of the
propagation of the wave [2]. In the last years there
was still an interest in measuring dynamic
properties with a SHPB. Nevertheless no
comprehensive validation of the system exists.
Another problem is that the stress and the strain in
the sample are only calculated with simplified
estimations.
The aim of this paper is to give a first
impression of important points validating the
system. On account of different setups of the
SHPB a validation of the used system is necessary.
Hence it is important to look at the theory. Further
in this paper the measurement results will be
shown in a strain over time diagram.
This paper presents a sampling strategy for mobile gas sensors. Sampling points are selected using a modified artificial potential field (APF) approach, which balances multiple criteria to direct sensor measurements towards locations of high mean concentration, high concentration variance and areas for which the uncertainty about the gas distribution model is still large. By selecting in each step the most often suggested close-by measurement location, the proposed approach introduces a locality constraint that allows planning suitable paths for mobile gas sensors. Initial results in simulation and in real-world experiments with a gas-sensitive micro-drone demonstrate the suitability of the proposed sampling strategy for gas distribution mapping and its use for gas source localization.
Damage to buildings occurs if a construction component fails. The result is a partial or total collapse which can be dangerous for people for example if it's a bridge or a large hall. The collapse of the terminal building at the Airport Charles de Gaulle in Paris and the damage at the historic City Archives of Cologne are typical examples of such accidents. Another problem is the contradiction of the increasing volume of traffic (particularly heavy traffic) and the great age of bridges. The probability increases that the load-bearing capacity of a bridge decreases. For example the collapses of the Mississippi Bridge and of the Inntal Motorway Bridge can be seen as results. Therefore it is necessary to control endangered structures during their life span.
In order to prevent these kinds of accidents, the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing developed a radio-based, self-configuring measuring system in cooperation with the ScatterWeb Company, Berlin (Germany). This measuring system consists of identically designed sensor modules which are self-sustaining, wireless, act as transmitters and receivers and are equipped with a special sensor technology for long-term monitoring of buildings or engineering facilities. The sensor unit uses strain gauges for stress analysis and contains interfaces for additional sensors. The system in particular applies to buildings and structures for transport and traffic and large-scale industrial facilities, where a subsequent wiring installation is difficult or impossible.
A multi-sensor system for 3D localization was developed and named BodyGuard. It combines body movement sensing and a guard system for the tracking and recording of the status of persons. BodyGuard was designed to monitor and transmit the movement of a person radio-based and to transform that data into a spatial coordinate. This paper describes how the BodyGuard system works, what components the system consists of, how the individual sensor data is converted into 3D motion data, with which algorithms the individual sensors are processed, how individual errors are compensated and how the sensor data are fused into a 3D Model.
The project SIGRID investigates and assesses possibilities to enhance the safety and security of
dangerous goods transports through the use of the latest RFID-technology. This technology can be used to
greatly enhance the transparency of the supply chain and aid logistics companies in complying with regulations.
In the context of SIGRID, customized RFID-Sensor-Tags have been developed that monitor dangerous
goods during transport and help to prevent hazards by allowing timely countermeasures. In the case of a dangerous
goods accident, the available information about the type, amount and condition of the dangerous goods
can be used to accurately inform the relief forces. Unavailable or inaccurate information represents a significant
problem for the relief forces. This often leads to a delay in the rescue operation, because relief forces
must be aware of the substances involved to protect themselves effectively against them. SIGRID aims to
close this information gap. To verify the practicability of the underlying concepts, a demonstrator will be
build and tests of realistic scenarios will be conducted.
Wireless sensor network for long-term structural health monitoring of buildings and infrastructures
(2009)
Damage commonly occurs in buildings when a component fails suddenly with a
partial or total collapse as a consequence. This type of event leads to serious damage to property
and if it is a bridge or a large hall, then people in particular are at risk. The often great age of
bridges and the increasing volume of traffic (particularly heavy traffic) which they are expected
to carry are in clear contradiction to each other. Thus the probability increases that the loadbearing
capacity of a bridge decreases rapidly and often unnoticed with sometimes dire
consequences.
In order to prevent such accidents, the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing is
currently developing a special radio-based, self-configuring measuring system in cooperation
with the Berlin-based ScatterWeb Company. This measuring system consists of a number of
identically designed sensor nodes which are self-sustaining, need no wiring, can act as both
transmitters and receivers and are equipped with a special sensor technology making long-term
monitoring of buildings or engineering facilities possible. The sensor unit uses strain gauges for
stress analysis and contains interfaces for additional sensors. The system in particular applies to
buildings and structures for transport and traffic and large-scale industrial facilities, where a
subsequent wiring installation is difficult or impossible.
The exploration of condensed phase mechanisms such as charring and intumescence has been pushed forward in the last decades, since it is believed that focusing on these concepts will bring materials closer to an efficient and ecologically friendly fire retardancy. They promise to concentrate efficient fire retardancy at the key position between pyrolysis zone and gas phase. Examples of residue/char forming and intumescent materials are used to illustrate the influence of mass and heat barrier effects on the fire behavior of materials and general results are presented. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and structure-property relationships in fire retardancy is presented.