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Im Rahmen des Teilprojektes 1 "Analyse und Erweiterung der Einsatzgrenzen der elastisch- plastischen Bruchmechanik zu tiefen Temperaturen hin mit der Option der systematischen Nutzung von Zähigkeitspotentialen im Übergangsbereich" wurden an drei Versuchswerkstoffen bei jeweils mehreren Prüftemperaturen Serien von Risswiderstandskurven aufgenommen. Die Arbeiten dienten der quantitativen Erfassung des Übergangs vom Spaltbruch zum Gleitbruch im Bereich nahe Ta mit dem Ziel, Sicherheitsreserven des Werkstoffs in diesem Bereich ausnutzen zu können. Im Rahmen des Teilprojektes 2 "Methoden zur Extrapolation von JR-Kurven für die Vorhersage der Rissöffnungsgeometrie unter postulierten Belastungen" wurden experimentelle Untersuchungen an Rohren aus dem Werkstoff 15NiCuMoNb5 (WB36) durchgeführt. Für die Rohrbiegeversuche wurde ein Prüfstand aufgebaut, auf dem bei Raumtemperatur Vierpunkt- Biegeversuche an Rohren mit unterschiedlichen Außenumfangsfehlergeometrien durchgeführt wurden. Mit Hilfe der zerstörungsfreien Verfahren Ultraschallprüfung, Schallemissionsprüfung, Gleichstrompotentialsondenverfahren und optische Analyse wurde das Risswachstums- und Leckageverhalten unter den komplexen Bedingungen der Rohrversuche quantitativ untersucht und detailliert vergleichend ausgewertet.
Modern structural integrity assessment procedures in the field of nuclear related technology incorporate fracture
mechanical concepts. Therefore, they inevitably require the availability of both, loading parameters as well as material
characteristics in terms of fracture mechanical quantities. Especially in case of dynamic loading conditions, the methods
for the determination of the loading parameters need further improvement and there is a lack of material characteristics
as well. In Germany, ductile cast iron (DCI) is used for heavy-sectioned casks for radioactive materials. New developments
in cask design and efforts to extend the application limits require further investigations. The present study is part
of an ongoing fracture mechanics research programme of BAM which is focused on the systematic mechanical and
fracture mechanical material characterisation of DCI materials under dynamic loading conditions. In this study, results
of fracture mechanics investigations on ductile cast iron from an original DCI container with a wide variety of microstructure
under dynamic loading conditions in the temperature range from -50 °C to +22 °C are presented. Large scale
as well as small scale single edge crack bend specimens SE(B) with thicknesses of 140 mm and 15 mm, respectively
were tested. Furthermore, it is reported on the results of a finite element simulation of the dynamic large scale fracture
mechanics tests. Strength and deformation characteristics were determined in dynamic tensile tests. They are discussed
with respect to the influence of pearlite content and test temperature. The material specific experimental difficulties in
the determination of reliable dynamic crack initiation toughness values of DCI are outlined.
Im Hinblick auf das Verhalten von Bauteilen aus ferritischen Stählen im Übergangsbereich vom Gleitbruch zum Spaltbruch wurden in einem vom BMBF geförderten Forschungsvorhaben, über das nachfolgend auszugsweise berichtet wird, u.a. folgende Ziele verfolgt:
• Abgrenzung des Anwendungsbereichs der elastisch-plastischen Bruchmechanik zu tiefen Temperaturen hin,
• Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Nutzung von Zähigkeitspotentialen im Übergangsbereich,
• Ermittlung des Einflusses des Spannungszustandes auf das Bruchverhalten im Übergangsbereich und
• Übertragbarkeit auf Bauteile.
End of November 2005 strong south-west wind and heavy snowfall were predominant in the region Münsterland, north-western part of Germany. This led to accretion of a considerable quantity of wet snow to overhead electrical lines in form of snow rolls on the conductors. Eighty-two transmission towers failed catastrophically, most of them by buckling, however some by brittle fracture. As a consequence nearly 250,000 people have been cut off from electrical power supply for several days with major media attention.
This paper describes the forensic analysis in order to investigate the failure cause. Therefore extensive materials investigations, mechanical testing of original components and specimens thereof, estimations for the real wind and snow loads and their combinations, structural analyses as well as detailed evaluations on the basis of previous investigations, literature and regulations were conducted. It was revealed that some of the examined components were manufactured from Thomas steel which was partially in embrittled condition. The investigated towers fulfilled the design codes valid at the time of erection. However the present line loads of the wet snow rolls on the conductors exceeded by far the ones given in the design codes valid at that time.
The load case leading to failure was reconstructed by the derived positions of loads mainly caused by unequal and asymmetric distribution of snow rolls on left and right electrical system. The loads and corresponding stresses acting on the structure before failure were estimated. By comparison with the fracture forces from mechanical testing of original members of the collapsed tower the component that primarily failed was localised. The primary fracture occurred on a diagonal member under tension made of Thomas steel which was weakened by embrittlement. The failure cause was a combination of heavy weather conditions (storm, approx. 0 °C and wet snowfall leading to heavy snow rolls on conductors), asymmetric loading conditions and the usage of Thomas steel which was partially embrittled. Finally, recommendations for avoiding future failures are given.