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- Recycling (8)
- Sekundärrohstoffe (7)
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- Sekundäre Gesteinskörnung (6)
- Computed tomography (5)
- Korrosion (5)
- Ultraschall (5)
The CCS technique involves the compression of emission gasses in deep geological layers. To guarantee the safety of the site, CC>2-corrosion of the injection pipe steels has to be given special attention when engineering CCS-sites. To get to know the corrosion behaviour samples of the heat treated Steel 1.72252CrMo4, used for casing, and the stainless injection-pipe Steel 1.4034 X46Crl3 were kept at T=60 °C and ambient pressure as well as p=100 bar for 700 h - 8000 h in a CC>2-saturated synthetic aquifer environment similar to possible geological onshore CCS-sites in the northern German Basin. The isothermal corrosion behaviour obtained by mass gain of the steels in the gas phase, the liquid phase and the intermediate phase gives surface corrosion rates around 0.1 to 0.8 mm/year at ambient pressure and much lower about 0.02 to 0.2 mm/year at 100 bar where the CO2 is in its supercritical state. Severe pit corrosion with pit heights around 4.5 mm are only located on the 42CrMo4 Steel. Main phase of the continuous complicated multi-layered carbonate/oxide structure is siderite FeCCh in both types of Steel.
The CCS technique involves the compression of emission gasses in deep geological layers. To guarantee the safety of the site, C02-corrosion of the injection pipe steels has to be given special attention when engineering CCSsites. To get to know the corrosion behaviour samples of the heat treated Steel 1.72252CrMo4, used for casing, and the stainless injection-pipe Steel 1.4034 X46Cr 13 were kept at T=60 °C and ambient pressure as well as p=100 bar for 700 h - 8000 h in a C02-saturated synthetic aquifer environment similar to possible geological on-shore CCS-sites in the northern German Basin. The isothermal corrosion behaviour obtained by mass gain of the steels in the gas phase, the liquid phase and the intermediate phase gives surface corrosion rates around 0.1 to 0.8 mm/year at ambient pressure and much lower about 0.02 to 0.2 mm/year at 100 bar where the C02 is in its supercritical state. Severe pit corrosion with pit heights around 4.5 mm are only located on the 42CrMo4 Steel. Main phase of the continuous complicated multi-layered carbonate/oxide structure is siderite FeCO} in both types of Steel.
Using a new database on Standards in China, we estimate the impact of voluntaiy and mandatory Standards - either harmonized to international norms or purely domestic — on Chinese food exports. The data covers seven Chinese products over the period 1992-2008. We find that Standards have a positive effect on China's export performance, as the benefits to Standardization in terms of reducing potential Information asymmetiy and signaling enhance food safety and quality in foreign markets seem to surpass compliance costs. Our estimation results Show that the positive effect of Chinese Standards is larger when they are harmonized to international measures. The results suggest that there are clear benefits to China’s Steps to base their domestic Standards and regulations on international measures.
In this paper, we explore the relationship between firms' approaches to open innovation and their decision to participate in Standardization alliances. Based on micro data of Dutch Companies surveyed in the Forth Community Innovation Survey we show that the importance of extemal knowledge is positively correlated with participation in Standardization. This suggests that firms aim to access the knowledge of other Companies and stakeholders in Order to increase their own knowledge base. The analysis also shows that firms cooperating with different actors are more likely to join Standardization. Due to the positive relationships with incoming knowledge spillovers and forms of Cooperation, we conclude that Standardization represents a specific form of collaborative knowledge-sharing and knowledge-creating strategy. In addition, we are able to show that absorptive capacity measured via Companies’ research intensity is promoting the involvement in Standardization. Besides the focus on knowledge and Cooperation variables, we explore the traditionally considered factors for alliances Formation and show that firm size, export activities and patent protection are positively correlated with participation in Standardization.
Influence of the main laser welding parameters on process stability and resulting weld quality were investigated. Effects of weld edge preparation on the weld appearance and quality were considered. The obtained welded joints were subjected to radiographic tests for detection of internal imperfections. Metallurgical characterisation of the samples regarding the resulting phase composition and hardness was conducted. Tensile and potentiodynamic tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical and corrosion properties. The results provide an insight into the advantages and limitations of the laser welding process for joining high-manganese alloyed stainless steels. Conditions for the production of defect-free and corrosion-resistant welds having good mechanical properties could be determined.
Today, building is a complicated commercial process characterised by legalised agreements between all participants. For commercial building projects, all materials and constructions have to conform to building standards and regulations. Material properties must be reproducible in standardised test procedures. This also applies for the control of the quality of production of earth building materials and constructions. Building conservation is a part of this process. Generally, national building standards have to reflect the current situation of building materials / construction systems of that country for which they have been developed.
Die GUM-Prozedur zur Ermittlung der Messunsicherheit hat sich im Bereich der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung im Bauwesen (ZfPBau) als geeignet erwiesen, ZfPBau-Verfahren bei der Validierung von Prüfaufgaben zu charakterisieren. Darüber hinaus können die Modellgleichungen und die quantifizierten Eingangsgrößen Eingang in Berechnungen auf der Basis der Zuverlässigkeitstheorie finden. Damit ist es möglich, die Auswirkung der berücksichtigten Einflussgrößen auf die Zuverlässigkeit einer Prüfaussage zu quantifizieren.
new burner concept for peroxy-fuels is proposed. The performance of the proposed peroxy-fuel burner is predicted with the help of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. It is found that peroxy-fuel burner not only requires considerable less amount of fuel for the same output/power but also at the same time the overall size of the processing unit can be reduced. As peroxy-fuels contain oxygen atoms within the molecule itself a similar to oxy-fuel combustion environment is created without even supplying pure oxygen. CFD simulations also support the above facts and demonstrate the existence of less favorable conditions to form NOx.
Biocompatible materials such as titanium are regularly applied in oral surgery. Titanium-based implants for the replacement of missing teeth demand a high mechanical precision in order to minimize micro-bacterial leakage, especially when two-piece concepts are used. Synchrotron-based hard x-ray radiography, unlike conventional laboratory radiography, allows high spatial resolution in combination with high contrast even when micro-sized features in such highly attenuating objects are visualized. Therefore, micro-gap formation at interfaces in two-piece dental implants with the sample under different mechanical loads can be studied. We show the existence of micro-gaps in implants with conical connections and study the mechanical behavior of the mating zone of conical implants during loading. The micro-gap is a potential source of implant failure, i.e., bacterial leakage, which can be a stimulus for an inflammatory process.
This contribution describes a computationally efficient ray tracing algorithm for evaluating transducer generated ultrasonic wave fields in anisotropic materials such as austenitic cladded and austenitic weld components. According to this algorithm, ray paths are traced during its propagation through various layers of the material and at each Interface the problem of reflection and transmission is solved. The presented algorithm evaluates the transducer generated ultrasonic fields accurately by taking in to account the directivity, divergence, density of rays, phase relations as well as transmission coefficients. The ray tracing algorithm is able to calculate the ultrasonic wave fields generated by a point source as well as a finite dimension transducer. The simulation results are compared quantitatively with the results obtained from Elastodynamic Finite Integration Technique (EFIT) on several configurations generally occuring in the ultrasonic non destructive testing of anisotropic materials. The excellent agreement between both models confirms the validity of the presented ray tracing algorithm. Finally, the ray tracing model results are also validated by means of experiments.
In diesem Beitrag wird ein neuartiger Ansatz zur Erzeugung von Luftultraschall vorgestellt, der auf dem thermoakustischen Prinzip beruht. Mikro- und nanostrukturierte Kohlenstoffmaterialien werden dabei mit einem harmonischen Wechselstrom gespeist und erfahren durch ohmsche Verluste eine Temperaturänderung, die sich auf das umgebende Fluid überträgt. Daraus resultieren Druckmodulationen, und es wird eine ausbreitungsfähige Schallwelle erzeugt. Dabei tritt Frequenzverdopplung gegenüber der Anregungsfrequenz auf. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass der entscheidende Parameter für die Effizienz der Methode, d.h. für ein möglichst großes Verhältnis von Schalldruck zu eingebrachter Leistung, die Wärmekapazität pro Flächeneinheit ist. Da dieser Quotient für Kohlenstoffmaterialien sehr klein sein kann, erlaubt das thermoakustische Prinzip hier die effiziente Erzeugung von Luftultraschall. Schalldruckmessungen an verschiedenen Materialproben wurden bis 100 kHz mit einem Mikrofon durchgeführt, oberhalb von 100 kHz wurde eine laservibrometrische Schnellemessung eingesetzt. In experimentellen Untersuchungen wurde die Schallerzeugung in Abhängigkeit der Materialeigenschaften analysiert und systematisiert. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse wurden mit numerischen und analytischen Berechnungsergebnissen verglichen.
Monitoring of corrosion protection in reinforced concrete structures using an integrated pH optode
(2011)
Corrosion in steel-reinforced concrete structures is a critical issue. Corrosion appears if the pH value of the concrete matrix decreases due to deterioration of the Calcium hydroxide layer on the Steel surface. The safest Information about potential danger of Steel corrosion is the knowledge of the pH value of concrete. The paper presents a Tiber optic pH sensor for long-term monitoring of the pH value of reinforced concrete structures at risk from corrosion. The sensor probe is small (about 8 mm in diameter), can be embedded into the concrete matrix and observe changes in pH over years. Several sensor probes can be staggered to detect the progression of pH decrease. The pH values can be resolved with 0.1 to 0.2 pH value in the ränge between 12.0 and 9.5. The structure of the pH measurement System, longterm test results and the design to achieve stable probes will be explained. Experienee from test applications of pH sensors embedded in grouted anchors and in concrete components for a cooling tower will be presented.
Sensitive partial discharge (PD) measurements on HV/EHV cable systems are usually based on electrical or electromagnetic PD detection. Unfortunately, interferences may significantly reduce sensitivity, especially in on-site after-installation testing and, even more, in on-line PD monitoring. This paper deals with optical PD detection, which is absolutely immune to any kind of electromagnetic interference. Optical PD detection necessarily requires transparent or translucent insulation systems to be applicable. Stress cone elements for HV/EHV cable accessories meet the requirements for optical PD detection, if made from transparent silicone elastomers.
Fiber optic strain sensors are increasingly used and sensor Systems are provided with specifications. Even if the performance is well specified, the strain characteristics of the sensor, strain transfer factor, mechanical stability under thermal influences, the performance of applied strain sensors can seriously differ from virgin sensor’s the performance. Therefore the contribution considers validation issues to come to reliable strain measurements and how to validate strain measurements of applied sensors. A new validation facility will be presented.
Am 9. Juli 2008 entgleiste ein Hochgeschwindigkeits-Triebzug der Baureihe 403, ICE3, bei der Ausfahrt aus dem Kölner Hauptbahnhof. Ursache dafür war der Schwingbruch einer Radsatzwelle. Im Auftrag der Staatsanwaltschaft Köln untersuchte die BAM die Schadensteile, insbesondere die gebrochene Treibradsatz-Hohlwelle.
Zunächst wurden das Drehgestell, der Antriebsstrang, die Räder, die Bremsen und die gebrochene Radsatzwelle visuell untersucht und deren Zustand dokumentiert.
Anschließend erfolgte die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung der beiden Bruchstücke der Hohlwelle mit teilmechanisierter Ultraschall-Handprüfung.
Vor der Zerlegung der Radsatzwelle wurden ausgewählte Maße kontrolliert und die Oberfläche eingehend untersucht. Nach der Probenahme und Präparation wurden die relevanten spezifizierten Eigenschaften des Wellenwerkstoffs überprüft.
Mittels Bruchflächenanalyse konnte die Startstelle des Schwingrisses lokalisiert, aufgrund der starken Sekundärschäden auf der Bruchfläche und an den Bruchkanten jedoch nicht direkt ausgewertet werden. Durch die Kombination von Mikro-Computertomographie und Ultraschall-Tauchtechnik wurden u. a. nahe der Schwingriss-Startstelle Inhomogenitäten erkannt, die durch metallographische Zielpräparation als nichtmetallische Einschlüsse identifiziert wurden. Die Größe dieser Einschlüsse ist gemäß gefordertem Reinheitsgrad unzulässig. Vergleichbare Einschlüsse in diesem hochbeanspruchten Bereich der Radsatzwelle haben vermutlich den Schwingriss initiiert.
Technical textiles with embedded distributed fiber optic sensors have been developed for the purposes of structural health monitoring in geotechnical and civil engineering. The distributed fiber optic sensors are based on Brillouin Scattering in silica optical fibers and OTDR in polymer optical fibers. Such “smart” technical textiles can be used for reinforcement of geotechnical and masonry structures and the embedded fiber optic sensors can provide information about the condition of the structures and detect the presence of any damages and destructions in real time.
Thus, structural health monitoring of critical geotechnical and civil infrastructures can be realized. The paper highlights the results achieved in this innovative field in the framework of several German and European projects.
Die Prinzipien der Ultraschallausbreitung in festen Medien sind seit langem bekannt und können heute durch mathematische Modelle recht umfassend beschrieben und simuliert werden. In der Praxis zeigt sich aber, dass gerade bei komplexen Geometrien, sowie inhomogenen und anisotropen Materialien die Modelle immer noch an ihre Grenzen stoßen.
Das ist insbesondere in der fehlenden Möglichkeit begründet, die akustischen Eigenschaften inhomogener Prüfgegenstände vollständig mathematisch zu beschreiben.
Deshalb wird in letzter Zeit verstärkt nach Techniken gesucht, mit denen man die Schallausbreitung in solchen Materialien messen und anschaulich darstellen kann. Ziel dieser Entwicklung ist es, die Schallausbreitung in Festkörpern, insbesondere in solchen mit akustisch anisotropen Eigenschaften, besser zu verstehen und die Möglichkeit zu schaffen, die Simulationsrechnungen am realen Objekt zerstörungsfrei verifizieren zu können.
In der Literatur werden verschiedene Methoden zur messtechnischen Visualisierung der Ultraschallausbreitung in Festkörpern beschrieben. Am bekanntesten sind optische Verfahren wie die Schlierentechnik, die schon seit langem genutzt wird, um den momentanen Schallfeldverlauf im Inneren von optisch transparenten Materialien sichtbar zu machen. Heute kommen verstärkt lasertechnische Methoden, wie z. B. das Laserinterferometer, zum Abtasten von nicht transparenten Materialoberflächen zum Einsatz. Da diese Verfahren mit einem hohen technischen Aufwand verbunden sind, werden häufig auch einfachere Methoden, wie z. B. das Abtasten mit punktförmigen piezoelektrischen Aufnehmern, verwendet.
In diesem Beitrag wird die numerische Modellierung und deren messtechnische Validierung der elastischen Wellenausbreitung in austenitischen Schweißnähten vorgestellt. Die Ultraschallprüfung von austenitischen Schweißverbindungen war und ist immer noch eine der schwierigsten Aufgaben der ZfP. Für eine optimierte Prüfkonfiguration ist es notwendig, verschiedene Prüfparameter wie Einschallwinkel, Prüfkopfposition und -Orientierung richtig einzustellen. Um die beste Anordnung zu ermitteln, wurde die Schallausbreitung in den austenitischen Schweißnähten mit verschiedenen Verfahren wie elastische finite Integrationstechnik (EFIT) und Raytracing simuliert. Mit Hilfe der Simulationsergebnisse wurde die verwendete Gruppenstrahlerprüftechnik optimiert. Es wurden zahlreiche Untersuchungen an anisotropen Testkörpern in V-Durchschallung und an bezüglich der Schweißnaht transversal orientierten Rissen durchgefühlt. Die Ergebnisse der auf Raytracing bzw. EFIT basierenden Simulationstools wurden untereinander und auch mit den Messergebnissen verglichen.
Untersuchung des Einflusses der Gefügedichte von Betonen auf die AKR mit neuartiger Prüftechnik
(2011)
Schutz von Beton: Aktuelle Forschung zur Wirkungsweise und Dauerhaftigkeit von Schutzmaßnahmen
(2011)
Mineralische Sekundärrohstoffe finden im Beton als Gesteinskörnung, Betonzusatzstoff, Bestandteil von Zementen oder Spezialbindemitteln Anwendung. Für den Einsatz von rezyklierten Gesteinskörnungen, Kesselsand, Steinkohlenflugasche, Silicastaub und Hüttensand bestehen bereits Normen bzw. bauaufsichtliche Zulassungen. Für weitere Reststoffe, wie Mauerwerkbruch und beim Baustoffrecycling anfallende feinkörnige, heterogene Sandfraktionen, existieren noch keine höherwertigen Verwertungswege. In einem Forschungsprojekt werden derzeit Möglichkeiten zur Verwertung von heterogenen mineralischen Bau- und Abbruchabfällen durch Herstellung von Blähgranulaten mit maßgeschneiderten Eigenschaften (Schüttdichte, Rohdichte, Korngröße und Kornfestigkeit) untersucht. Dies eröffnet die Möglichkeit einer rohstofflichen Verwertung solcher Abfälle. Im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchungen steht der Mauerwerkbruch. Er fällt mit über 20 Tonnen pro Jahr an und weist im Vergleich zum Betonbruch größere Verwertungsdefizite auf hl. Die erzeugten Granulate sollen als leichte Gesteinskörnung im Beton, Schüttung oder Pflanzsubstrat Anwendung finden.
Die ersten Ergebnisse der Granulatherstellung mit einer thermischen Behandlung zeigen, dass sich Mauerwerkbruch als Rohstoff zur Herstellung leichter Gesteinskörnungen eignet 121. Die so erzeugten Blähgranulate weisen ähnliche Eigenschaften wie herkömmliche Blähtöne auf 131. Das Hauptziel der in diesem Beitrag vorgestellten weiteren Untersuchungen war, die Rohdichte der Granulate bei gleichbleibender oder steigender Kornfestigkeit zu senken. Aus energetischer Sicht des Blähprozesses wurde neben dem thermischen Verfahren auch die Möglichkeit einer hydrothermalen Erhärtung der Granulate untersucht.
The paper presents numerical methods to detect and classify defects and inhomogeneities by means of active thermography. The objective is to determine the wall thickness of structure elements with an inaccessible back wall, for example, of pipes or Containers. As test specimens we used approximately 2 cm thick PVC samples with spatial variations in the back wall geometry. Flash lamps provided the heating. To know the thickness of the wall, we used two inversion methods and compared the results achieved. One is an iterative echo defect shape method and already tested on Steel test specimens with good reconstruction results. The second one is the Levenberg-Marquardt method, applied here to thermographic data for non-destructive testing. Since data capturing using active thermography and the presented numerical methods can easily be automated, the combination of these two procedures is a promising approach providing a broad area of application.
Reinforced concrete piles are used in case of structures that are constructed on soft ground to transfer the loads into deeper strata with sufficient bearing capacity. In order to determine the pile’s behavior and possible damage, static and dynamic pile tests are carried out. Dynamic measurements taken from the pile head can show the bearing behavior and structural integrity by using the theory of wave propagation. In order to receive more precise information about the pile features, now, a string of sensors is embedded at different levels of the pile. A fiber optic strain wave sensor, based on the extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer (EFPI), has already been developed and tested in full-scale field tests by Schallert (2010). It was possible to detect the introduced deformation caused by the static load and the dilatational wave during dynamic loading. Although the full-scale tests were successful, the engineering design of the sensor body left room - from the economical point of view - to be optimized. After laboratory tests with the optimized sensor, a cast-in-situ bored pile has been built at the BAM Test Site Technical Safety in Horstwalde, South of Berlin. Additionally to the EFPI sensors, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, temperature sensors and resistance strain gauge (RSG) sensors are embedded in order to compare the signals with each other. In this paper, the modified sensor and the Setup of the cast-in-situ bored pile along with results of dynamic tests are shown.
Ein stereo-fotogrammetrisches Messverfahren wurde zur quantitativen Analyse der Bewegungssignale eines elektrischen Multi-Sensorsystems eingesetzt. Der Vergleich von Weg- und Winkel-Zeitverläufen zeigte bereits eine recht gute Übereinstimmung, verdeutlichte jedoch auch die Notwendigkeit einer weiterzuentwickelnden Kalibriermethodik. Die Stereo-Videogrammetrie hat sich als Referenzverfahren zur Analyse und Validierung dreidimensional ausgelegter elektrischer Bewegungssensorik für den Nahbereich bewährt.
Beton mit leichten Gesteinskörnungen (Leichtzuschlägen) ist seit dem Altertum bekannt. Leichte Gesteinskörnungen vulkanischen Ursprungs wurden bereits zur Errichtung der Maya-Pyramiden in Mexiko und von monumentalen Bauwerken im Römischen Reich verwendet. Zu den berühmtesten Beispielen der ersten Anwendung von Leichtbeton in Europa gehören das Kolosseum und das Pantheon in Rom, Hier wurden sowohl natürliche als auch künstliche Zuschlagstoffe, wie Bims, Lava und zerkleinerter Ziegelsplitt, benutzt.
Mit steigender Nachfrage nach leichten Gesteinskörnungen und einer weltweit begrenzten Verfügbarkeit natürlicher Leichtzuschläge wurden synthetische leichte Gesteinskörnungen entwickelt. Ihre großtechnische Herstellung begann nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg. Heute werden leichte Gesteinskörnungen in einem breiten Schüttdichtespektrum von 100 bis 1200 kg/m3 hergestellt. Sie stellen einen wichtigen Teil der Gesteinskörnungen in der Baubranche dar.
Structural health monitoring of wind turbine blades by strain measurement and vibration analysis
(2011)
Wind turbine blades have to withstand a high number of load cycles in mostly hard weather conditions over 20 years. In a research project BAM and several partners have designed, evaluated and tested a condition monitoring system for all parts of a wind turbine. At a rotorblade with a length of 58 m fibre bragg grating sensors were applied for in-service strain measurement. Additionally a complex test rig was designed to enable real biaxial loading conditions at a representative test rotor blade to simulate the mechanical loading conditions in the lab. In this test blade with a length of 8 m also fibre bragg grating sensors were implemented to determine their influences for the structure and the condition monitoring system. Vibration measurements were carried out at different test phases. The results were compared with finite element strain and modal analysis.
Integration of magnetic functional components in LTCC Circuit boards calls for co-firing of dielectric and ferrite tapes. Ni-Cu-Zn ferrites with permeability of p=900 were developed which can be fully densified at the Standard LTCC sintering temperature of 900 °C. Successful co-firing of this ferrite with dielectric tapes requires the adaptation of the shrinkage behavior of the materials as well as the thermal expansion during the cooling period - especially in the temperature range below the transformation point of the glassy phase of the dielectric tape. To match these preconditions, a new dielectric LTCC material with steep sintering curve and high thermal expansion coefficient was designed. Sintered multilayer composed of Ni-Cu-Zn ferrite and tailored dielectric tapes are free of cracks and possess no open porosity. No significant interdiffusion between the ferrite and dielectric tapes was found by EDX measurements. Compared to pure ferrite laminates the permeability of co-sintered Ni-Cu-Zn ferrite layers is drastically reduced to 400, i.e. a decrease of more than 50 %.
To investigate the origin of this permeability reduction, Ni-Cu-Zn ferrite laminates were sintered separately, and in combination with alumina release tapes or dielectric tapes, respectively. SEM and EDX analysis of co-fired laminates reveal differences in the ferrite grain growth behavior. Ferrite laminates with homogeneous microstructure and grain size up to 50 pm exhibit large permeability. However, growth of ferrite grains does not take place near the interface between ferrite and release or dielectric tapes. There is a strong correlation between high permeability and volume fraction of large ferrite grains. Regions of fine and coarse grains inside the ferrite layers show different bismuth concentration; the Bi-content is larger in regions of fine ferrite grains.
Die Streuung der Agt-Werte von Betonstahl bleibt durch die Variation der Prüfbedingungen (Temperatur, Geschwindigkeit) innerhalb der prüfnormseitig zulässigen Grenzen weitgehend unbeeinflusst. Gleichzeitig führt die Variation der Prüfbedingungen zu einer signifikanten, für die Produktabnahme relevanten Änderung des Niveaus von Agt. Die Auswertemethodik des Zugversuches (Festlegung der Höchstkraft, Wahl des Verfahrens zur Agt-Bestimmung) hat einen signifikanten Einfluss auf Niveau und Streuung von Agt. Es werden Empfehlungen zur Minimierung der Streuung von Agt gegeben.
Fatigue testing in the VHCF ränge requires testing machines with increased frequencies. However, application of energy-saving resonance testing leads to a linkage between test frequency and specimen Parameters. The frequency ränge and the available forces of the testing machine are limiting possible specimen dimensions.
Electrodynamic shakers combine test frequencies up to 4000 Hz with forces in the kN range. Thus, a relatively wide range of tests is possible which allows studying the influence of specimen size on VHCF behaviour.
Electrodynamic shakers as well as the respective Computer control Systems and Vibration measurement techniques are well established in scientific and technical applications. We present results of a first study of VHCF testing on electrodynamic shakers conducted at BAM. Test frequency, specimen size and stress levels have been varied. One goal is to balance the needs of materials testing with the Standard test Systems of environmental Simulation to provide a powerful and flexible tool for very high cycle fatigue testing. Further investigation to optimize the technique is required.
Der Begriff „Materialfehler“ wird nicht nur im Bereich der Schadensanalyse von Laien, Juristen und Ingenieuren sondern auch in der Öffentlichkeit sehr häufig verwendet, leider mit den verschiedensten Bedeutungen. Dies führt immer wieder zu Missverständnissen. Ziel der hier vorgestellten BAM-Untersuchung und Recherche war zu klären, ob und ggf. wo es Definitionen für den „Materialfehler“ gibt, wie der Begriff in den oben angesprochenen Bereichen verwendet wird. Weiterhin wurde untersucht, ob diese Verwendungen / Definitionen in die in der Schadensanalyse definierte Begriffswelt passen bzw. welche Definition ergänzt werden sollte. Im Gegensatz zu „Material“, „Werkstoff1 oder „Werkstofffehler“ ist der häufig verwendete Begriff „Materialfehler“ erstaunlicherweise bisher nicht definiert!
Um den oft verwendeten Begriff des Materialfehlers für die Schadensanalyse und die damit befassten Bereiche einheitlich zu beschreiben, wird folgende Definition vorgeschlagen:
„Materialfehler" sind Werkstoff- und/oder Fertigungsfehler. Darin sind alle Fehler (Abweichungen von Spezifikationen/Normen) im Werkstoff bzw. dessen Herstellung/Fertigung enthalten.
Demgegenüber sind Konstruktions-/Planungsfehler oder Betriebsfehler keine Materialfehler.
In the approval procedure of transport packages for radioactive materials, the mechanical and thermal safety assessment is carried out in Germany by competent authority BAM. In recent years BAM was involved in several licensing procedures of new spent fuel and HLW package designs, where the cask body was made of Ductile Cast Iron (DCI). According to IAEA regulations package designs have to fulfill requirements for specific conditions of transport. Type B(U) packages must withstand the defined accident conditions of transport. The temperature range from -40°C up to the operational temperature has to be considered. For the cask material DCI, it is necessary to determine the brittle fracture behavior. The German guideline BAM-GGR 007 defines requirements for the fracture mechanics of DCI. Due to complex structure of the cask body and the dynamic loading a fracture mechanical assessment in an analytical kind is not always possible. Experience of recent design approval procedures show that the application of numerical calculations are applicable to determine the fracture mechanical load in the cask body. At the first step a numerical analysis has to be done to identify the loading state at the whole cask body. Secondly an analysis of a detail of the cask body is made considering the displacement boundary conditions of the global model. An artificial flaw is considered in this detailed model to calculate the fracture mechanical loading state. The finite element mesh was strongly refined in the area of flaw. The size of the artificial flaw is characterized by the ultrasonic inspection used for the quality assurance of the package. The applicant developed additional analysis tools for calculation of stress intensity factor and/or J-Integral. The assessment approach by BAM led to the decision to develop own tools to the possibility for independent check of the results.
The paper describes the authority assessment approach for the DCI fracture mechanics analysis. The validation procedure incl. the development of own tools is explained. BAM developed a post-processor called JINFEM to determine the fracture mechanical loads. The regulatory 1 m puncture bar drop test is used to give an example of the assessment procedure.
Further miniaturization of electronic packaging calls for integration of magnetic functional components into LTCC modules. For integration of magnetic function into LTCC, low fired MnZn- and NiCuZn-ferrites which can be fully densified at the standard LTCC sintering temperature of 900°C were developed. To co-fire these ferrite tapes with dielectric tapes the sintering shrinkage and the coefficient of thermal expansion of ferrite and dielectric tapes must be matched. For each ferrite material a new LTCC dielectric material was designed. The embedded ferrite tapes into new LTCC dielectric tapes can be sufficiently densified during co-firing at 900°C without any cracking. Compared to separately sintered ferrites the permeability of embedded ferrite tapes is reduced. For embedded NiCuZn ferrites permeabilities between 230 and 570 (at 2 MHz) according to the thickness of the embedded ferrite layer were measured. For embedded MnZn ferrites a permeability of 300 was measured.
Die Qualität von rezyklierten Gesteinskörnungen muss nicht nur bautechnischen Anforderungen und rechtlich verbindlichen Umweltstandards genügen, sondern ihr Einsatz in der Betonherstellung wird auch vor dem Hintergrund der Leitlinien der Nachhaltigkeit bewertet. Für die Gewinnung von rezyklierten Gesteinskörnungen bedeutet dies, dass sowohl bei den Abbrucharbeiten als auch bei der Bauschuttaufbereitung darauf geachtet werden muss, dass die gewählten Verfahren nicht nur ökonomischen Kriterien genügen müssen, sondern auch keine nachteiligen ökologischen oder sozialen Auswirkungen haben dürfen.
In verschiedenen Forschungsprojekten konnte durch ökobilanzielle Bewertungen von einzelnen Verfahren und Verfahrensabläufen gezeigt werden, dass rezyklierte Gesteinskörnungen aus Altbeton unter bestimmten Rahmenbedingungen umweltverträglich gewonnen werden können und ihre Nutzung durch die Substitution von Natursteinkörnungen sowohl zur Schonung von natürlichen Ressourcen als auch zu einer Reduzierung von Umweltbelastungen beitragen kann.
Die im Mai 2011 veröffentlichte Internationale Norm ISO 6892-2 "Metallische Werkstoffe — Zugversuch - Teil 2: Prüfverfahren bei erhöhter Temperatur" ersetzt die Europäische Norm EN 10002-5 und die Internationale Norm ISO 783.
Technische Änderungen/Ergänzungen im Vergleich zu den Vorgängernormen beziehen sich im Wesentlichen auf die Prüfgeschwindigkeiten und die Dehnungsmessung. In Anlehnung an Teil 1 der ISO 6892 (Prüfung bei Raumtemperatur) wird die Dehngeschwindigkeit als maßgebliche Prüfgeschwindigkeit mit eingeengten Bereichen (Verfahren A) empfohlen. Zum Ansetzen des Dehnungsaufnehmers und zur Festlegung der Messlänge sind nun verschiedene Verfahren möglich.
In dem Beitrag wird auch anhand von Beispielen auf mögliche Auswirkungen auf die zu bestimmenden Kennwerte eingegangen.
Ein wesentlicher Vorteil der Dünnschichtphotovoltaik gegenüber der waferbasierten Photovoltaik liegt in der monolithischen Serienverschaltung. Bei der Herstellung von Chalkopyrit(CIGSe) -Dünnschicht-Solarmodulen erfolgen dafür typischerweise ein Laser-Strukturierungsschritt (P1) und zwei mechanische Strukturierungsschritte (P2, P3). In diesem Beitrag wird gezeigt, dass die Strukturierung von CIGSe-Solarmodulen vollständig mit kurzen Laserpulsen (<10 ns Pulsdauer) und einer einzigen Wellenlänge (532 nm) möglich ist. Der P1- und P3-Schnitt erfolgen durch direkte induzierte Ablation. Für den P2-Schnitt wird gezielt der hohe Wärmeeintrag der ns-Laserpulse genutzt, um die CIGSe-
Absorberschicht lokal aufzuschmelzen und strukturell so zu verändern, dass eine elektrisch gut leitende Verbindung zwischen Front- und Rückkontakt entsteht.
Manufacturing of CIGSe thin film solar modules involves typically one laser structuring step (P1) and two mechanical structuring steps (P2 and P3) for serial interconnection. In our approach, complete laser structuring is successfully demonstrated by application of short nanosecond laser pulses (<10 ns) with a single, visible wavelength of 532 nm. The P1 and the P3 trenches are scribed by induced and direct ablation, respectively. For the P2 scribe, the thermal input of the ns laser pulses is used to transform the CIGSe absorber layer locally into a highly conductive compound to provide proper electrical interconnection. These findings promise further simplification and flexibility to thin film solar cell production.
Structuring of thin-film photovoltaic modules requires basic knowledge of the laser – thin-film interaction in order to adapt the accessible laser parameters, like wavelength, power, repetition rate and scribing speed whilst taking into account the specific material properties of the layer. We have studied the nanosecond laserablation behavior of corresponding layers (i) of silicon based thin-film solar cells with a-Si/µc-Si tandem absorber type and (ii) of back contact and absorber layer of CIGSe solar cells. The respective ablation threshold fluences were determined as integrative parameters describing the specific laser – material interaction. For the threshold determination we used two different methods and developed a new analytical approach taking into account scribing through the glass substrate as it is preferred for most structuring processes. This was done by analyzing the thin film ablation results by means of optical microscopy, profilometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, we determined the incubation coefficient of the regarded material layers which allows us to predict quantitatively the influence of the spot overlap on the scribing threshold.
Towards an industrial laser doping process for the selective emitter using phosphoric acid as dopant
(2011)
Different laser supported approaches have already been realized, proving the great potential of laserdoped selective emitters (LDSE). However, it is challenging to establish a low-cost process by using pulsed laser tools. So far a single-step process only leads to satisfying results utilizing cw-lasers. In this paper we have examined a two-step process to produce laser-doped selective emitters on multicrystalline textured standard silicon photovoltaic wafers (90-Ω/sq-Emitter, SiN-antireflection coating (ARC)). The precise ARC removal by near-infrared fs-laser pulses (30 fs, 800 nm), and the doping of uncoated silicon wafers by ns-laser pulses (8 ns, 532 nm) were systematically investigated. In the fs-experiment, optimum conditions for ARC removal were identified. In the nsexperiments under suitable conditions (melting regime), the phosphorous concentration underneath the wafer surface was significantly increased and the sheet resistance was reduced by nearly a factor of two. Moreover, electrical measurements on fired metallization fingers deposited on the laser processed wafers showed low contact resistances. Hence, wafer conditioning with combined fs-laser- and ns-laser-processes are expected to be a promising technology for producing selective emitters.
The selective emitter is a well-known technology for producing highly doped areas under the metallization grid to improve the solar cell performance. In this work, the influence of laser irradiation on phosphoric acid coated multicrystalline silicon PV-wafers on the wafer surface structure, the phosphorous depth distribution and the electrical contact resistance within the laser treated area as well as the electrical series resistance of laserprocessed solar cells was evaluated. Different laser processing settings were tested including pulsed and continuous wave (cw) laser sources (515 nm, 532 nm, 1064 nm wavelength). Complementary numerical simulations using the finite element method (FEM) were conducted to explain the impact of the laser parameters on the melting behavior (melt duration and geometry). It was found that the melt duration is a key parameter for a successful laser Doping process. Our simulations at a laser wavelengths of 515 nm reveal that low-repetition rate (<500 kHz) laser pulses of 300 ns duration generate a melt duration of ~0.35 µs, whereas upon scanning cw-laser radiation at 532 nm prolongates the melt duration by at least one order of magnitude. Experimentally, the widely used ns-laser pulses did not lead to satisfying laser irradiation results. In contrast, cw-laser radiation and scan velocities of less than 2 m/s led to suitable laser doping featuring low electrical resistances in the laser treated areas.
Die lokalen Festigkeiten im Bereich einer Schweißverbindung sind maßgebend für deren Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber mechanischen Beanspruchungen. Im Gegensatz zu anderen präparationsaufwendigen Methoden, z. B. die Untersuchung von Mikro-Zugproben, liefert die instrumentierte Eindringprüfung mit deutlich geringerem Aufwand Verläufe von Festigkeiten mit sehr guter Ortsauflösung. Es werden wahre Spannungs-Dehnungs-Kurven aus zyklischen Eindringversuchen mittels Auswertungen auf der Basis repräsentativer Spannungen und Dehnungen und auf der Basis neuronaler Netze an Punktschweißverbindungen zweier hochfester Stähle, eines TRIP-Stahls und eines martensitischen Stahls, sowie eines weichen niedrig legierten Stahls bestimmt, jeweils im Bereich des Grundwerkstoffs und der Schweißlinse.
Use of higher-alloyed metallic materials and duplex steels for transport tanks of dangerous goods
(2011)
Compatibility evaluations of selected metallic materials under the influence of dangerous goods are published in the BAM-List - Requirements for Tanks for the Transport of Dangerous Goods” as basis for substance-related prototype approvals for tank Containers designed for the carriage of dangerous goods.
There is a request of the tank manufacturing industry and transportation Companies to incorporate additional materials into the BAM-List, especially corrosion-resistant materials because of the large number of corrosive dangerous goods. One solution to solve corrosion Problems is to line the tank with a polymer, an alternative solution is the application of high-alloyed stainless steels and nickel-based alloys as there are 1.4529 (XINiCrMoCu 25-20-7, alloy 926), 1.4562 (X1NiCrMoCu32-28-7, alloy 31) and 2.4605 (NiCr23Mo16AI, alloy 59).
There is an interest to use cost-efficient steels with high strength values and concomitant adequate corrosion resistance such as duplex steel 1.4362 (X2CrNiN23-4).
This steel grade was originally developed as a substitute for the austenitic grades 1.4404 (X2CrNiMo17-12-2) and 1.4571 (X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2). Due to the lower content of the alloy elements nickel and molybdenum this duplex steel is a cost-efficient alternative to molybdenum containing austenite.
Due to the limited number of corrosion test results with welded test samples of these high-alloyed materials and the duplex steel under the influence of corrosive dangerous goods a comprehensive test Programme was performed with these materials in Cooperation with ThyssenKrupp VDM and Deutsche Edelstahlwerke GmbH. It can be concluded from the test results that the superaustenitic steels 1.4529 and 1.4562 as well as the nickel-based alloy 2.4605 are a really good alternative as tank materials for the transport of dangerous goods in comparison to the lining of the tanks. The nickel-based alloy 2.4605 shows the best resistance and is suitable as material for tanks transporting all tested corrosive substances. One exception is the temperature limit during the transport of hydrochloric acid.
The superaustenit 1.4562 is a resistant material with a wide ränge of application. Exceptions for use are: ammonium bifluoride, brine, 34 % calcium Chloride solution, hydrochloric acid, perchloric acid, 90 % 2-chloropropionic acid, nitrating acid with nitric acid content > 50 % and molten monochloroacetic acid. The alloy is limited suitable for allyl Chloride, aluminum Chloride, copper (II) -Chloride and ferric Chloride. The superaustenit 1.4529 showed the lowest resistance compared to the other two materials. This steel is not resistant in hydrochloric acid, perchloric acid, sodium Chlorite and sodium hypochlorite. The application is limited in the concentration ränge of aqueous Solutions of aluminum Chloride, copper (II) Chloride and ferric Chloride. Due to the reduced alloying content of the duplex steel 1.4362 (X2CrNiN23-4) compared to the austenitic CrNiMo-steels, a lower resistance especially in acidic media like formic, acetic or sulfuric acid was observed. Within the more than 7.000 substances contained in the BAM-List there is a large amount of dangerous goods such as hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, esters, and inorganic alkaline substances which have a large transport volume and do not corrode the duplex steel 1.4362 (X2CrNiN23-4).
The test results are included in the actual 11th edition of the BAM-List and therefore available for the costumer.
Rubbers are often used for seal applications due to their special material properties and easy use. In many applications the material is exposed to low temperatures during Operation. Therefore it is important to know the material behavior at low temperatures to determine the temperature ränge that allows a Safe Operation of the seal, e.g. in storage and transport Containers for radioactive materials.
The seal function of an elastomer is limited in temperature by the rubber-glass transition during which the material properties change from rubber-like to stiff and glass-like. For a given application this correlation is not trivial and therefore needs an in-depth investigation under consideration of the physical properties and the
application conditions.
In this work different analytical methods are used to characterize the material behavior at low temperature in the ränge of the glass-rubber-transition and are compared with the quality of Operation of a component which is here defined by the detected leakage rate.
We present the status of our work on a tube shaped 3D deformation sensor based on continuously distributed fiber optic sensing. A sensor tube of very large diameter is used to ensure high sensitivity while the transportability and applicability are still comfortable due to our application strategy. The setup is designed to use different measurement techniques in the applied optical fibers including Brillouin based measurements and interferometric optical frequency domain measurements using an OBR 4400 from Luna Technologies.
Zur Abschätzung der Lebensdauer eines bei höherer Temperatur langzeitbelasteten Bauteils wurden Zeitstandversuche, Relaxationsversuche und weitere Versuche mit unterschiedlichen Umgebungssteifigkeiten durchgeführt.
Die Zeitstandversuche, deren Versuchsführung eine unendlich niedrige Umgebungssteifigkeit simuliert, liefern geringere Lebensdauern (Bruchzeiten) im Vergleich zu Versuchen mit endlich hohen, technisch relevanten Steifigkeiten bei vergleichbarer Probensteifigkeit (Geometrie), wobei die Lebensdauern mit steigender Umgebungssteifigkeit zunehmen. Die längsten Lebensdauern zeigen Relaxationsversuche mit einer unendlich hohen Umgebungssteifigkeit aufgrund ihrer Versuchsregelung.
Für die Übertragung der an Proben gewonnenen Ergebnisse auf das Bauteil wurde das Steifigkeitsverhältnis Z zwischen der Steifigkeit der 'Probe' und der der 'Umgebung' definiert und angewandt. Das Steifigkeitsverhältnis des kritischen Bereichs im Bauteil und das der Werkstoffprobe in der Prüfmaschine sollten möglichst ähnlich sein. Dann lassen sich bei der Übertragung auf das Bauteil realistisch höhere Lebensdauern abschätzen als nur mit Kenntnis der Ergebnisse der Zeit-standversuche.
Die Restlebensdauerabschätzung von Faserkunststoffverbunden ist ein ungelöstes
Problem. Die Beobachtung der Matrixschädigung ist dabei ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur Bewertung des Schädigungszustandes insgesamt. Unter kombinierter Beobachtung mit Röntgenrefraktionsmessungen und Schallemissionsmessung wurden uni- und biaxiale Lasten statisch und zyklisch auf Kohlenstofffaserepoxidharz-Proben aufgebracht. Die uniaxiale Belastung erfolgt mittels einer eigenentwickelten Kompaktprüfmaschine direkt während der Röntgenrefraktions- und Schallemissionsmessung in der Röntgenkammer. Die biaxiale Belastung wird an Modelldruckbehältern ebenfalls mit Schallemissionsmessung durchgeführt. Hier wird der Modelldruckbehälter mit dem Röntgenrefraktionsverfahren periodisch inspiziert.
Structural performances of earthen building materials. A comparison between different typologies
(2011)
Traditional construction techniques utilizing earthen materials are often seen as inferior compared to modern ways of building. Structural earthen elements are perceived as vulnerable towards environmental influences (moisture, frost) and in particular towards the load scenarios during earthquakes. In comparison to the recent advances in research on stone and brick masonry, knowledge on the structural performance of earthen building construction is limited and scattered. Consequently the confidence in the performance of these earthen buildings constructed in the traditional techniques during earthquakes is fairly low. The research presented here aims to make a comparison of mechanical behavior between different earth masonry material typologies, consisting of earth block masonry, rammed earth and cob. The paper has been developed in the framework of a larger research program called NIKER. BAM and other seventeen research partners from the Mediterrean area are jointly involved to develop and validate innovative materials and technologies for the systemic improvement of the seismic behavior of Cultural Heritage assets
Experimental investigation of the laser-plume interaction during high power fiber laser welding
(2011)
The effect of the well-known plasma absorption and refraction in CO2-laser metal welding plumes is in case of high power solid state laser welding negligibly small. By contrast, the diffraction effects of shorter wavelength laser radiation are considerable. According
to the results of preliminary studies, the fine condensed metal particles in the welding plume can lead to essential worsening of the laser beam quality.
This work is devoted to the investigation of the lasermatter interaction during up to 20 kW ytterbium fiber laser welding of thick mild steel plates. The plume attenuation of a probe 1.3 µm wavelength diode laser beam as well as of continuous radiation in 250-600 nm
wavelength range was measured during welding with and without Ar shielding gas supply. The measured results allow it to calculate average size and concentration of fine condensed metal particles in
different plume areas using the multi-wavelength method and the Mie scattering theory. The plume temperature, which determines the condensation conditions, was measured by means of Fe I atom
spectral line emission registration.
The obtained results can be also of interest for remote metal treatment with high-power fiber or disc lasers.
In connection with the use of chemically unstable gases (especially acetylene and ethylene oxide) accidents keep on happening - amongst them also quite serious ones. These gases are known to be chemically unstable. A chemically unstable sas is a flammable gas that is able to react exolosivelv even in the absence of air or oxveen. The investigation of accidents showed that the Chemical instability of flammable gases played an important role in the severity of accidents. Therefore, this hazardous property was included in the global harmonizatiön of the Classification of Chemicals. The Classification of chemically unstable flammable gases and mixtures is an amendment to Chapter 2.2 “Flammable gases” of the UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), because most chemically unstable gases are flammable as well. The proposal to add them to the GHS originated from the experts of an informal working group of the UN Sub-Committee of Expert on the GHS (UNSCEGHS) headed by BAM, Germany. The UNSCEGHS has decided to include it in the Fourth Revised Edition of the GHS. The respective method for determining whether a gas is chemically unstable or not, is included in the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria. This paper presents some experimental investigations of these gases, the test methods, examples of new classifications and results from CHEMSAFE
Faserverbundbauteile werden durch Tränkung von Fasergewebe mit flüssigem Harz, in der Regel Epoxidharzen, und anschließender Härtung des Harzes gefertigt. Dabei kann man das Gewebe im Vorfeld mit reaktivem Harz tränken und als so genanntes Prepreg verarbeiten oder man injiziert das frisch mit dem Härter gemischte Harz in ein Werkzeug, in dem das Gewebe bereits liegt - z. B. beim RTM-Prozess. Ausgehend von der Aufgabenstellung, eine Prepregherstellung mit hohem Qualitätsstandard zu realisieren und Möglichkeiten der Fertigungskontrolle für den Prepreg-Verarbeiter aufzuzeigen, wurde an einem für die Prepregherstellung vorgesehenen Harzsystem eine weitgehende Charakterisierung des Aushärtungsverlaufs vorgenommen. Wegen der Schwierigkeit, schnell konstante Aushärtungstemperaturen zu erreichen, wurden bei allen Methoden mit einer Heizrate von 1 K/min von RT bis 200 °C aufgeheizt.
Cementitious materials, in particular concrete, are durable materials if prepared appropriately and the Service life of concrete structures is now often required to last 120 years or more. Concrete durability depends strongly on intrinsic (e.g. composition, porosity) and exterior factors (e.g. moisture condition and composition, frost cycles, load pattem). Deleterious actions leading to concrete degradation are often created by the environment. Extemal sulfate attack is one of the more spectacular damage scenarios for concrete structures caused by the ingress of sulfate ions into the pore System of the material and successive formation of expanding phases. Though in recent years well studied there are still many questions remaining conceming the mechanisms of sulfate attack. In particular over the last ten years, with the increased utilization of blended cements, new questions arose concerning the sulfate resistance of those binder Systems. In the presented study therefore a method was developed to analyze the changes of the phase composition within the micro structure due to sulfate attack. The analytical method was based on pX-Ray diffraction (pXRD) using Synchrotron radiation in Debye-Scherrer (transmission) geometry. The spatial resolution of the method is ca. 10 pm and allows the characterization of phase transformations in the wake of damaging processes in more detail compared to other techniques. Furthermore, the experimental setup provides the possibility for analyzing the phase assemblage of a given sample without destroying the micro structure. This is possible because the specimens for phase analysis consists of thick sections, which can be used for further microscopic analysis of the micro structure and micro chemistry (e.g. by SEM-EDX). Samples containing supplementary cementitious materials were measured in comparison and to reconstruct the influence of the degradation process in detail. Additionally, reaction ffonts within the samples were localized by micro x-ray fluorescence analysis (MXRF).
A three-dimensional laminar steady
state numerical model was used to investigate
the influence of an alternating current (ac)
magnetic field during high power laser beam
keyhole welding of 20 mm thick nonferromagnetic
aluminum. COMSOL
Multiphysics was used to calculate the threedimensional
heat transfer, fluid dynamics and
electromagnetic field equations. Most
important physical effects of the process were
taken into account: Thermo-capillary
(Marangoni) convection at the upper and lower
weld pool boundaries, natural convection due
to gravity and latent heat of solid-liquid phase
transition. It is shown that the gravity drop-out
associated with welding of thick plates due to
the hydrostatic pressure can be prevented by
the application of an ac magnetic field. The
application of an oscillating magnetic field of
70 mT was investigated to allow for singlepass
laser beam welding of thick aluminum
plates. The flow pattern in the molten zone and
the temperature distributions are significantly
changed.
The inelastic torsional response of an asymmetric-plan hospital building is studied. The response of the structure in the time domain as recorded by highly sensitive sensor network, integrated by a data acquisition system. The identification was performed using techniques of modal extraction in the frequency domain (frequency Domain decomposition). A calibration process was applied in order to identify a reliable structural model to be used for the seismic vulnerability assessment of the hospital building. In particular, a nonlinear static procedure accounting for mass distribution, higher modes contribution and mode-shapes correlation was proposed for the estimation of the seismic response of irregular buildings. Finally, the influence of lateral force distribution, node control during pushover and accidental eccentricity is investigated.
The paper addresses two case studies of structural monitoring and seismic assessment of medieval masonry Towers in Italy: the bell tower of Aversa and the bell tower of Capua. These monuments in the Campania region were monitored by means of full-scale environmental vibration testing. Measured responses were then used for modal identification. The procedure is based on a typical finite element model updating technique based on vibration test results. Parameters optimization is carried out by minimizing a weighted error criterion relative to the building’s modal properties. A satisfactory improvement on modal parameters is thus obtained, resulting in a close Agreement between the modal properties observed in dynamic tests and those calculated from numerical model. Seismic assessment is carried out with nonlinear static analysis of the tower under multimodal distributions of lateral loads.
Nonlinear analysis indicates the potential collapse mechanisms and evidences dangerous structural weakness which may play a role in the seismic vulnerability of the towers.
Whenever the preservation of original substance obtains priority in a restoration task, reprofiling techniques using repair mortars are a welcome solution. For ordinary concrete repair aesthetic aspects are of minor importance whereas for the restoration of natural stone elements they come to the fore. Especially for listed buildings and monuments, historico-cultural and aesthetical interests become the ruling Parameters for planning and execution of restoration tasks. Nevertheless the technical and constructive requirements have to be considered and deterioration processes have to be understood to ensure sustainability and durability of the repair task. Due o differences in the Chemical and mineralogical composition, natural stone provides a vast variety of texture and colour. Also the range of different mechanical and durability related properties is far wider than found with concrete for example. A research project dealing with the development of a modular repair mortar System for natural stone is currently set up at the BAM. To provide the conservator with the best possible options to match colour, texture and technical requirements, the System will be setup on a modular basis. Several different binder Systems on basis of cement, lime and sodium Silicate as well as polymer based Systems are planned, which can be combined with different aggregate compositions and different pigments. To evaluate the mortar performance, test procedures will be defined for tests on mortar samples and on composite specimens. In the paper the experimental Programme will be explained and first results will be presented and discussed.
The paper has been developed in the framework of a larger EC‐research program called NIKER, in which BAM and other seventeen research partners from the Mediterrean area are jointly involved. It aims to develop and validate innovative materials and technologies for the systemic improvement of the seismic behavior of Cultural Heritage assets. The death tolls brought about by recent catastrophes in
developing countries where many inhabitants lived in earthen dwellings (Gujarat, India 2001, Bam, Iran 2003 and Concepción, Chile 2010 Earthquakes, Tamil Nadu 2004 Tsunami) have brought about research studies aimed at improving earth construction in terms of strength, seismic resistance and speed of construction.
In comparison to the recent advances in research on stone and brick masonry, knowledge on the material properties and failure mechanisms of earthen Building construction is limited and scattered.
The research presented here by aims making a comparison of mechanical behaviour between different earth masonry material typologies, consisting of earth block masonry, rammed earth and cob.
It has been shown in fire tests that polypropylene fibres reduce or avoid explosive spalling of high performance concrete. In the critical temperature ränge up to 300 °C the permeability of HPC increases by using polypropylene fibre. Due to this the water vapour, which is the main reason for explosive spalling, can escape. There exist different theories in the literature conceming the micro structural mechanisms, which cause an increase in the permeability. Within the framework of an internal research project at BAM an innovative methodology was developed for experimental verifying of existing theories and to get new insights into this problem The methodology used is unique and has been undertaken here for the first time. This consists of the combination of acoustic emission and ultrasonic measurement during temperature loading and the non-destructive micro structural analysis of cooled down samples with the aid of micro X-ray computed tomography. For the validation of the nondestructive test methods scanning electron microscopic images of prepared samples were undertaken. The results show that due to the thermal decomposition of the polypropylene fibres micro canals emerge. These are connected due to a simultaneous micro cack formation.
Monitoring of fire damage processes in concrete by pore pressure and acoustic emission measurements
(2011)
This paper presents the combined use of acoustic emission (AE), gas pore pressure and temperature measurements (PT). The simultaneous application of both techniques represents a new methodology in the context of fire spalling and contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms of fire spalling, particular with regard to the interaction of micro cracking and pore pressure evolution. The study presents fire tests on normal strength concrete specimens with and without reinforcement at ISO Standard fire and at hydrocarbon (HC) fire. Supported by AE-analysis, it can be shown that due to the higher heating rate of the HC-fire in comparison to the ISO Standard fire the damage processes inside the concrete during the exposure are increased combined with augmenting the concrete permeability. As a consequence lower pore pressures were measured. However, despite the lower pore pressures, explosive spalling was observed.
Im Vortrag wird neben der apparativen Prüftechnik das allgemeine methodische Vorgehen für Modell-Verschleißuntersuchungen im Bereich des partial slip vorgestellt. Im Detail wird für Dental-Implantat-Werkstoffe eine Rangfolge aufgestellt, die vergleichend die Verschleißresistenz unterschiedlicher Ti-basierter Werkstoffe zeigt. Wird durch die Kaubewegung eine mehrachsige Beanspruchung in die Kontaktflächen der Schraubverbindung eingeleitet, kann durch partial slip im Randbereich dieser Kontaktfläche ein Verschleißprozess initiiert werden, der die Lockerung des Implantats begünstigt. Eine gute Verschleißresistenz verhindert oder schiebt die vorzeitige Lockerung hinaus.
Um das Werkstoffverhalten in Bezug auf eine vorzeitige Lockerung der Implantatkrone bei geschraubten zweiteiligen Implantaten zu charakterisieren, wurden zylindrische Probekörper unter partial slip Fretting-Bedingungen mit Zyklenzahlen bis n = 200 000 beansprucht. Die Frequenz der aufgebrachten Tangentialkraft betrug 2 Hz, um die Kaubewegung zu simulieren.
Die tribologischen Untersuchungen wurden auf einem Eigenbau-Tribometer mit der Kontaktgeometrie „gekreuzte Zylinder“ durchgeführt. Die zylindrischen Proben wurden aus den Werkstoffen Titan Grade 4 und der Ti-Legierung Ti6AI4V gefertigt. Ein Teil dieser Ti-basierten Proben wurde oberflächengehärtet. Die bisher erzielten Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die oberflächenbehandelten Proben dazu neigen, unter der Belastung die Kontaktfläche zu vergrößern. Dies deutet auf einen Effekt bekannt als „junction growth“ und damit auf eine erhöhte Versetzungsbeweglichkeit der randschichtgehärteten Proben hin. Einen Einfluss der Zwischenstoffe konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden.
Mechanisms of degradation of concrete by external sufate ions under laboratory and field conditions
(2011)
The durability of concrete is a major challenge for the construction, which devotes one third to one half of its annual investment to building maintenance. The lack of fieid data regarding concrete durability, especially in the case of exposure to Sulfate ions (“sulfate attack”) makes it dijficult to determine the appropriate fest methods andperformance criteria. Additionally, the increased use of sustainable blends (cement with mineral admixtures, typically slag from the iron industiy) suffers from a lack of experience regarding their long-term performance. Most results for sulfate resistance are derived from accelerated laboratoiy tests xvhere performance criteria are based only on macroscopic properties, especially expansion. To fill this gap and better widerstand the mechanisms of sulfate attack under real conditions, a parallel study of laboratoiy micro-concrete and fieid concrete samples under sulfate exposure was undertaken, focussing on microstructural changes in addition to the conventional macroscopic characterisation.
Four exposure regimes were designed in the laboratoiy: full immersion (ponding), pH-control, semi-immersion and wet/diy cycles. Pure Portland blends and slag blends witli high level of slag replacement (70 wt.-%) were investigated.
The exposure regime has been found to play a major role in the damage process. In ponding conditions, the damage process takes place in three stages characterised by a first period of induction, followed by surface damage thatfinally extends to the bulle of the material. Paradoxically, the w/c-ratio does not seem to have much impact on the ionic transport phenomena but might be more decisive in the microstructure mechanical strength against local stresses. The slag blends, considered as sulfate resistant in ponding exposure, revealed badperformances under wet/diy cycles. This beliaviour was attributed to poor proper physical resistance of the slag hydrates against diying.
The fieid concretes selected for the comparison with the laboratoiy cases were partially buried in a sulfate-enriched soil in Argentina. A pure Portland blend and a slag blends with high level of slag replacement (80 wt.-%) were investigated. The submerged part of the samples could be compared to the laboratoiy ponding exposure, wliile the upper layer of the samples subjected to weathering could be compared to the laboratoiy wet/diy cycles exposure. The fieid obsen’ations tend to confirm the laboratoiy results and validate the fest settings.
It has been underlined that a direct relationship between damage (e.g.; cracking/expansion) andphase assemblage was not evident. However, the study highlights that sulfate combination with the hydrates of the cement (e.g.; C-S-H) and with those of the slag would play a rote in the initiation of the expansion, which would be attributed to a swelling of the hydrates or to the precipitation offine ettringite after the Saturation level in sulfate of the hydrates has been reached.
Mehr als 25 Jahre nach dem ersten Einbau eines sogenannten Fahrbahnüberganges aus Asphalt und nach nunmehr 13-jähriger Erfahrungen mit den gütesichernden Maßnahmen des technischen Regelwerks in Deutschland kann eine insgesamt positive Bilanz gezogen werden. Diese Ausführungsvariante der Bauart flexibler Fahrbahnübergang hat mittlerweile einen akzeptierten Platz auf dem Gebiet der Brückenausstattung für Bauwerke mit einer freien Dehnlänge bis zu 30 m eingenommen. Die generelle Bewährung ist aktuelle Motivation, durch stoffliche und konstruktive Weiterentwicklungen die bauartbedingten Vorteile in einen größeren Anwendungsbereich zu überführen. Die baurechtliche Grundlage dafür bilden die neuen europäisch harmonisierten Zulassungsregelungen. Erste Erfahrungen aus der versuchstechnischen Bewertung neuartiger Ausführungsvarianten werden vorgestellt.
Durch die Absenkung des Chromatgehaltes der Zemente verändern sich die elektrochemischen Reaktionen von verzinkten Betonstählen in der Frischbetonphase. Mit Hilfe von elektrochemischen Messungen sowie Stabauszugsversuchen wurde an chromathaltigen und chromatreduzierten Zementen die Auswirkung des Chromats auf die Deckschichtbildung am Zink und auf das Verbundverhalten untersucht. Mit den Ergebnissen konnte eine Beeinträchtigung der Verbundzone als Folge der Chromatreduzierung für die Zementarten CEM I und CEM II nachgewiesen werden. Die Störung der Verbundzone ist in Bezug auf die sich ausbildende Porenstruktur als dauerhaft anzusehen. Die Auswirkungen auf das Verbundverhalten werden mit zunehmendem Betonalter weitgehend kompensiert. Die Ergebnisse der bezogenen Verbundspannung bei Verschiebewegen von 0,1 mm und 0,5 mm liegen trotz der Gefügestörung noch im Bereich der Erwartungswerte für den unverzinkten Betonstahl. Unter baupraktischen Gesichtspunkten muss die auftretende Gefügestörung hinsichtlich der Verbundspannung daher keine Berücksichtigung finden.
Die Kombination elektrochemischer und computertomographischer Untersuchungs-Verfahren bietet die Möglichkeit, elektrochemische Messungen zerstörungsfrei verifizieren und richtig interpretieren zu können. Die Ermittlung der durch Lochkorrosion geschädigten Stahloberflächen ermöglicht es Probekörper zu entwickeln, die ein der Praxis entsprechendes Schadensbild aufweisen. Ein weiterer Vorteil stellt sich in der Minimierung der Probenmatrix dar. Die klassische Versuchsdurchführung erfordert die Zerstörung von Proben nach jeder Vorschädigungsstufe. Dies kann durch den Einsatz der Computertomografie vermieden werden. Die elektrochemischen Messwerte können flächenbezogen ermittelt werden, solange sich die Korrosionserscheinungen vollständig innerhalb des durch die CT abgebildeten Untersuchungsbereiches befinden.