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- 2019 (1913) (entfernen)
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- Vortrag (1102)
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Referierte Publikation
- nein (1913) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Additive Manufacturing (49)
- Corrosion (49)
- Korrosion (45)
- LIBS (30)
- Additive manufacturing (27)
- Concrete (26)
- Fluorescence (26)
- Nanoparticles (24)
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Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (390)
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (308)
- 6 Materialchemie (274)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (236)
- 3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher (188)
- 9 Komponentensicherheit (188)
- 4 Material und Umwelt (186)
- 5 Werkstofftechnik (139)
- 2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit (133)
- 7.6 Korrosion und Korrosionsschutz (114)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (1102)
Corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete is one of the major deterioration mechanisms limiting the service life of reinforced concrete structures. While for conventional (Portland cement-based) concretes a great amount of experience exists in this regard, the factors that determine the onset of reinforcement corrosion in alkali-activated materials are incompletely understood yet. One aspect of corrosion protection is leaching and the accompanying changes of the concrete pore solution. In the present study, alkali-activated fly ash mortars with embedded carbon steel rebars were exposed to de-ionised water for periods up to 330 days, and the electrochemical response of the steel (free corrosion potential, polarisation resistance), the alteration of the mortar (ohmic resistance, mechanical strength, pore size distribution) as well as the pore solution composition were monitored. Although substantial alkali leaching was observed, the pH of the pore solution remained at values sufficient to protect the embedded steel from depassivation. The mortar did not exhibit indications of significant deterioration. Thus, the present results suggest that leaching is not critical for protection of steel reinforcement in alkali-activated fly ash mortars and concretes.
The production of Portland cement causes a substantial environmental impact, since the calcination of limestone results in high emissions of carbon dioxide. The use of supplementary cementitious materials such as calcined clays as partial replacement for Portland cement offers a solution to limit this environmental impact. This paper investigates four clays from deposits in central Germany with the aim of obtaining pozzolans for the production of Portland-pozzolana cement. The results obtained show that the calcined clays possess pozzolanic properties, which differ depending on calcination temperature and the relative amounts of Kaolinite and 2:1 clay minerals.
Mortars for application on concrete, e.g. repair mortars or protective coatings, need to have a durable bond to the substrate. This bond is determined by the adhesion between the two materials and by the differential deformations of the mortar and the substrate. In the present contribution, the hygric deformations (shrinkage/expansion) of novel one-part alkali-activated mortars and their bond to concrete substrates are studied. Shrinkage of the mortars was studied at 50 % r.H., while expansion was studied on mortars stored over an open water surface (> 99% r.H.). The bond behaviour was studied by pull-off tests according to DIN EN 1542 and by optical microscopy.
The alkali-activated mortars exhibit hygric deformations much lower than the deformations of an established, commercial mortar for sewer maintenance that was tested as reference in parallel with the alkali-activated mortars. The bond behaviour of the alkali-activated mortars depends strongly on their mix-design and curing. Optical microscopy showed that in the
mortars with lower bond strength, cracks developed in the mortar during curing. Mortars with appropriate mix-design and curing did not exhibit cracking, and their pull-off strength (up to >3 MPa) conformed to the requirements of relevant standards.
The future competitiveness of the process industry and their providers depends on its ability to deliver high quality and high value products at competitive prices in a sustain-able fashion, and to adapt quickly to changing customer needs. The transition of pro-cess industry due to the mounting digitalization of technical devices and their provided data used in chemical plants proceeds. Though, the detailed characteristics and con-sequences for the whole chemical and pharmaceutical industry are still unforeseeable, new potentials arise as well as questions regarding the implementation. As the digitali-zation gains pace fundamental subjects like the standardization of device interfaces or organization of automation systems must be answered. Still, process industry lack of sufficient system and development concepts with commercial advantage from this trend.
Compared to traditional batch processes, intensified continuous production allows new and difficult to produce compounds with better product uniformity and reduced con-sumption of raw materials and energy. Flexible (modular) chemical plants can produce various products using the same equipment with short down-times between cam-paigns, and quick introduction of new products to the market.
Full automation is a prerequisite to realize such benefits of intensified continuous plants. In continuous flow processes, continuous, automated measurements and closed-loop control of the product quality are required. Consequently, the demand for smart sensors, which can monitor key variables like component concentrations in real-time, is increasing. Low-Field NMR spectroscopy presents itself as such an upcoming smart sensor1,2 (as addressed, e.g., in the CONSENS project3).
Systems utilizing such an online NMR analyzer benefits through short development and set-up times when applied to modular production plants starting from a desired chemi-cal reaction3. As an example for such a modular process unit, we present the design and validation of an integrated NMR micro mixer based on computational modelling suited for a desired chemical reaction. This method includes a proper design of a con-tinuous reactor, which is optimized through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for the demands of the NMR sensor as well as for the given reaction conditions. The system was validated with a chemical reaction process.
Intensified continuous processes are in focus of current research. Compared to traditional batch processes, intensified continuous production allows the synthesis of new and difficult producible compounds with better product uniformity and reduced consumption of raw materials and energy. Flexible (modular) chemical plants can produce various products using the same equipment with short down-times between campaigns, and quick introduction of new products to the market. Consequently, the demand for powerful Process Analytical Technologies, which can monitor key variables like component concentrations in real-time, is increasing. Low-Field NMR spectroscopy presents itself as such an upcoming smart sensor1,2 (as addressed, e.g., in the CONSENS project3,4).
Continuous measurement approaches can usually be differed in On- or In-line which both have advantages and drawbacks. On the one hand On-line measurements are easy to integrate even in existing setups through bypass systems, on the other hand issues like the representativity of the sampling must be considered. In the case of Inline analysis, where the whole fluid stream is analyzed, this issue can be avoided. Nevertheless, homogeneity of the mixture must be assured using NMR spectroscopy.
This talk shall give a brief summary of current Online and Inline Low-Field NMR approaches. Furthermore, current research results using a tailor-made flow cell for inline analysis are shown pointing out the working range as well as limitations of these method in combination with NMR spectroscopy.
Polymers at interfaces play a major role in a broad variety of applications ranging from engineering purposes (for instance polymer based nanocomposites) to high tech implications (for instance light emitting diodes). Here the glass transition and glassy dynamics is considered for epoxy-based nanocomposite with Layered Double Hydroxide nanofiller and for thin films of a misicble polymer blend of PVME/PS with thicknesses down to 7 nm. The materials are investigated by spectroscopic techniques (broadband and specific heat spectroscopy), as well as by fast scanning calorimetry and small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering.
For inorganic/polymer nanocomposites a so-called Rigid Amorphous Phase (RAF) is formed in the interfacial region by adsorption of polymer segments onto the nanoparticles. The segmental dynamics of RAF is expected to be altered, as compared to the pure matrix, which might percolate into the entire system, affecting the overall nanocomposite properties. A combination of two relaxation spectroscopy techniques (Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS) and Specific Heat Spectroscopy (SHS) in a form of Temperature Modulated DSC (TMDSC)) as well as Fast Scanning Calorimetry (FSC) was employed to investigate the structure and molecular mobility of nanocomposites based on Epoxy and Layered Doubled Hydroxides with different nanoparticle content.
First, BDS investigations proved the existence of a process, which is present only for nanocomposites, assigned to the dynamics of polymer segments within RAF. Second, the amount of RAF was quantified by analyzing the change of specific heat capacity step of nanocomposites, comparing to the pure material.
Thirdly, the glass transition of nanocomposites was studied with FSC, applying high heating rates (500-10 000 K/s). Considering that all techniques probe essentially the same molecular process, an activation plot was constructed, delivering a complete picture of the molecular mobility and structure of the polymer nanocomposites including RAF.
A goal of this work is to extend the model, which was initially developed for laser induced plasmas, to plasmas used in chemical reactors, in particular, the inductively-coupled-RF discharge plasma. The model predicts equilibrium chemical compositions of reaction mixtures as functions of plasma temperature and stoichiometry of reactants. The mixtures investigated are BCl3/H2/Ar and BF3/H2/Ar where Ar serves as the plasma-forming gas and H2 as a binding agent which binds the active species Cl and F and Cl- and F-containing intermediates to produce gaseous B and its condensate. An additional goal is to obtain information about intermediate reaction products for different ratios of BCl3/H2 and BF3/H2 and at different temperatures and different Ar flow rates.
It is found that the desired components B and B2 appear at appreciable concentrations of >0.1% and ~0.01% respectively only at temperatures above 3000 K. It is also established that the effect of charged species on the reaction products is miniscule for temperatures below 5000 K. The expected yield of boron as a function of the original mole fraction H2/BCl3 and H2/BF3 is calculated. The mole fractions are varied in the range 0.1-1000 and the temperature in the range 1000-10000 K. It is shown that the yield of boron increases with increasing the molar ratio H2/BCl3 and H2/BF3 up to ~100 in the temperature range 2000-5000 K. At higher temperatures, T>5000 K, the boron concentration reaches its maximum and does not depend on the concentration of hydrogen; all molecules dissociate and chemical reactions proceed only between charged particles (mostly elemental ions) and electrons. The calculated plasma parameters and composition are compared with experimental data obtained by optical emission spectroscopy. The calculated plasma temperature and electron density are shown to be in good agreement with the measured ones.
Die warmfeste austenitische Gusseisenlegierung EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 (häufig auch als Ni-Resist D-5S bezeichnet) wurde hinsichtlich ihres mechanischen Verhal-tens bei hoher Temperatur charakterisiert. Dazu wurden (isotherme) niederzyklische (LCF-) und (nicht-isotherme) thermomechanische Ermüdungsversuche (TMF) zwischen Raumtemperatur und 900 °C durchgeführt. Diese Ergebnisse dienten (zu-sammen mit weiteren Versuchsdaten) der Kalibrierung werkstoffmechanischer Modelle. Bei den höchsten Prüftemperaturen wurde Schädigung in Form von Kriechen beobachtet und metallographisch dokumentiert.
Metalle
(2019)
Dieses Standardwerk bietet eine Darstellung der Struktur und Eigenschaften der Metalle und ihrer Anwendungen als Werkstoffe. Im ersten, wissenschaftlichen Teil werden der atomare und mikroskopische Aufbau, die thermodynamischen und die grundlegenden physikalischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften der Metalle beschrieben sowie die Grundlagen der thermisch aktivierten Reaktionen und der Phasenumwandlungen. Die wichtigsten experimentellen Untersuchungsmethoden werden erläutert, wobei die mikroskopischen und Beugungsverfahren einen Schwerpunkt bilden.
Im zweiten, technischen Teil werden die Werkstoffgruppen der Metalle und ihre anwendungsbezogenen Eigenschaften behandelt. Dabei wird auf die zugrunde liegenden Legierungen und die Verfahren zur gezielten Einstellung ihrer Eigenschaften eingegangen. Schwerpunkte bei der Darstellung der Werkstoffe sind die Stähle, die teilchengehärteten Legierungen, die Magnetwerkstoffe und die pulvermetallurgisch hergestellten Werkstoffe. Außerdem werden die Oberflächeneigenschaften und die Verfahren zur Oberflächenbehandlung dargestellt.
Overview about the surface initiated microstructure formation in glass surfaces. Samples which are exposed to a temperature treatment, can develop a crystalline microstructure above Tg at the surface. These separated crystals can be preferably oriented towards the surface of the sample. First experiments about the origin of these orientation phenomenon as well as the potentially causing mechanisms are presented and discussed within the presentation.
Acoustic levitators generate acoustic standing waves between a transducer and a concave reflector. These acoustic waves are separated by multiple integer numbers of half wavelengths. Thus, acoustic levitation is the effect that a small volume (5 nL-10 μL) of sample can be levitated in a contact-free manner. Until now, levitation in analytical chemistry has primarily been associated with optical techniques such as Raman, X-Ray or UV/Vis spectroscopy. Less common applications are combinations of acoustic levitation with mass spectrometry. One reason for this being that the acoustic field surrounding the droplet effectively shields the sample, thus making it inaccessible to most ambient ionization techniques. Any effective investigation of acoustically-levitated droplets therefore requires the physical removal of some of the sample from the confine region of the acoustic trap before analysis.
High purity halides of III-VI group elements, especially chloride and fluorides, are used in gas phase technologies for obtaining high purity materials and coatings. The reduction of halides in hydrogen-halide mixtures can be achieved in various discharge plasmas, e.g. inductively coupled, ark, and even laser-induced plasmas. Existing models of such plasmas are not sufficiently accurate to predict a yield of the targeted compounds and to describe the plasma processes involved in formation of these compounds. Besides, a construction of costly plasma-chemical reactors can be alleviated by the prior modeling of plasma processes that may occur in such reactors.
A goal of this work is to extend the model, which was initially developed for laser induced Plasmas, to plasmas used in chemical reactors, in particular, the inductively-coupled-RF discharge Plasma. The model predicts equilibrium chemical compositions of reaction mixtures as functions of plasma temperature and stoichiometry of reactants. The mixtures investigated are BCl3/H2/Ar and BF3/H2/Ar where Ar serves as the plasma-forming gas and H2 as a binding agent which binds the active species Cl and F and Cl- and F-containing intermediates to produce gaseous B and its condensate. An additional goal is to obtain information about intermediate reaction products for different ratios of BCl3/H2 and BF3/H2 and at different temperatures and different Ar flow rates.
It is found that the desired components B and B2 appear at appreciable concentrations of >0.1% and ~0.01% respectively only at temperatures above 3000 K. It is also established that the effect of charged species on the reaction products is miniscule for temperatures below 5000 K. The expected yield of boron as a function of the original mole fraction H2/BCl3 and H2/BF3 is calculated. The mole fractions are varied in the range 0.1-1000 and the temperature in the range 1000-10000 K. It is shown that the yield of boron increases with increasing the molar ratio H2/BCl3 and H2/BF3 up to ~100 in the temperature range 2000-5000 K. At higher temperatures, T>5000 K, the boron concentration reaches its maximum and does not depend on the concentration of hydrogen; all molecules dissociate and chemical reactions proceed only between charged particles (mostly elemental ions) and electrons. The calculated plasma parameters and composition are compared with experimental data obtained by optical emission spectroscopy. The calculated plasma temperature and electron density are shown to be in good agreement with the measured ones.
Ergebnisse aus dem AiF Forschungsvorhaben IGF 18823 N/1 "Optimierung von Korundschleifprozessen"
Ein Referenzwerkstoff mit einem definierten Oberflächenzustand wurde zunächst umfassend mittels elektrochemischer Korrosionsuntersuchungen, KorroPad-Untersuchungen und oberflächenanalytischer Verfahren charakterisiert. Anhand definierter Schleifversuche an diesem Referenzzustand wurden anschließend verschiedene Schleifparameter variiert, deren Auswirkungen auf die Korrosionsbeständigkeit mit den gleichen Methoden beurteilt wurden. Somit war es möglich, den Einfluss einzelner Schleifparameter auf das Korrosionsverhalten aufzuzeigen.
Elektrochemische Messungen sind für eine moderne Korrosionsforschung und –prüfung unverzichtbar. Aus dem Verständnis der Grundlagen können durch gezielte Modifizierung der Versuchsbedingungen unterschiedliche Fragestellungen beantwortet werden, wodurch bestehende Grenzen der Anwendung immer wieder verschoben werden können. Außerhalb etablierter Anwendungen stellen Auswahl und Einsatz geeigneter Verfahren sowie die Interpretation der Ergebnisse eine anspruchsvolle Aufgabe dar, die zwingend eine ausgewiesenen Fachexpertise voraussetzen.