Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2021 (5) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
- Buchkapitel (5) (entfernen)
Referierte Publikation
- nein (5)
Schlagworte
- Adobe masonry (2)
- Mechanical behaviour (2)
- Standards (2)
- Adobe (1)
- Brandprüfungen (1)
- Bus fire (1)
- Bussicherheit (1)
- Decomposition (1)
- Experimental tests (1)
- Fire behaviour (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (5) (entfernen)
The characterization of the mechanical properties and behaviour of adobe masonry is fundamental for the understanding of the structural behaviour of adobe constructions. Thus, in the last decades, experimental studies focused on this topic have been carried out by different authors. Many of the existing experimental works, however, were carried out aiming to support broader studies focused on the seismic behaviour of adobe constructions and are not very detailed. Moreover, authors tend to adopt different procedures in their experimental work, since there are few indications in existing standards for testing adobe masonry. The wide variety in materials used, both for the adobes and mortars, further complicates this work, making it difficult to compare results obtained in different studies. This chapter provides an overview of the indications given by standards and other technical recommendations for the mechanical testing of adobe masonry. It presents a review of existing research on the mechanical behaviour of adobe masonry, addressing studies that focus on: (i) compression behaviour, (ii) shear behaviour, (iii) joint shear behaviour. It provides a global analysis of the existing knowledge, suggesting improvements for normative documents and identifying future Research needs.
The mechanical characterization of adobe bricks is an important first step in the study of the behaviour of adobe masonry. For this reason, in the last decades, different authors have conducted research on the mechanical behaviour of adobes from various regions of the world. Despite the importance of mechanical characterization, there are still only a few standards and normative documents with clear indications for the mechanical testing of earthen materials and, in general, These indications are not thorough and vary among different countries. Consequently, authors tend to adopt different types of test specimens and procedures in their experimental work, thus obtaining results that are not directly comparable. The fact that the materials and procedures traditionally used are also not standardized,varying greatly from region to region, also contributes to the difficulty of comparing results from different studies. This chapter presents a review of the indications provided by codes, standards and other technical recommendations for the mechanical testing of adobe bricks, as well as a detailed review of procedures adopted, and results obtained by different authors regarding the mechanical characterization of traditional adobe bricks. This chapter focuses, in particular, on the behaviour of adobe bricks when subjected to simple compression. It provides an overview of the existing knowledge and identifies needs for future research and development.
Motor Vehicles
(2021)
The amount of plastic and synthetic materials is still growing in all sectors of everyday life. In the automotive industry, plastic materials are now widely used in vehicles because of their excellent mechanical properties and their light weight combined with low production costs. However, plastic materials are flammable and can generate toxic smoke gases which can endanger passengers’ lives in the event of fire.
Brandsicherheit von Bussen
(2021)
Grundsätzlich lässt sich sagen, dass Busbrände relativ häufig auftreten, auch wenn sich das im öffentlichen Bewusstsein nicht unbedingt widerspiegelt. In Deutschland gibt es keine einheitliche Brandstatistik, nach einer eigenen Internetrecherche brennt im Schnitt aber etwa an jedem zweiten Tag ein Bus in Deutschland.
Auch eine interne Umfrage eines Verbands von Busbetreibern bestätigte die Häufigkeit von Bränden: Ungefähr 1 Prozent der Busse hatte im Jahr einen Brandfall – wobei hier auch kleinere Ereignisse mitgezählt wurden. Die britische Statistik bestätigt diese Zahlen. Sie führt für die letzten 10 Jahre ca. 11900 Brände pro Jahr in Fahrzeugen, davon ca. 315 pro Jahr in Bussen auf. Brände in Bussen sind für die Passagiere eine große Gefährdung, da sie sich meist sehr schnell ausbreiten.
Zwei schwere Brände ereigneten sich in Deutschland 2008 und 2017.
The Burning of Plastics
(2021)
The burning of a polymer is a physico–chemical process strongly influenced by the coupling of a chemical reaction – oxidation of fuel – in the gas phase with a chemical decomposition reaction – pyrolysis – in the condensed phase via heat and mass transfer. The heat and mass flux control the intensity of fire and the ablation of fuel. Indeed, the temperature profile as a function of time may be one of the most important responses of a specimen to understand its burning behavior. Further, several physical phenomena, such as the heat absorption of the materials, thermal conductivity, and also melt flow and dripping, play a major role in determining ignition, flammability, and fire behavior. The burning of a polymer is very complex. The various phenomena interact with each other, e. g., pyrolysis also influences the viscosity of the melt, and, thus, whether dripping or charring results in a protective layer, increasing the shielding effect of the residual protective layer. Only a detailed and comprehensive description opens the door to a well-founded understanding of the burning behavior of polymeric materials.