Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2013 (9) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
- Buchkapitel (3)
- Zeitschriftenartikel (2)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (2)
- Dissertation (2)
Schlagworte
- Polymer (9) (entfernen)
The influence of material properties on bacterial attachment to surfaces needs to be understood when applying polymer-based biomaterials. Positively charged materials can kill adhered bacteria when the charge density is sufficiently high but such materials initially increase the adherence of some bacteria such as Escherichia coli. On the other hand, negatively charged materials have been shown to inhibit initial bacterial adhesion, but this effect has only been demonstrated in relatively few biomaterial classes and needs to be evaluated using additional systems. Gradients in surface charge can impact bacterial adhesion and this was tested in our experimental setup.
Moreover, the evaluation of bacterial adhesion to biomaterials is required to assess their potential for biological applications. Here, we studied the bacterial adhesion of E. coli and Bacillus subtilis on the surfaces of acrylonitrile-based copolymer samples with different amounts of 2-methyl-2-propene-1-sulfonic acid sodium salt (NaMAS) comonomer. The content related to NaMAS based repeating units nNaMAS varied in the range from 0.9 to 1.5 mol%.
We found a reduced colonized area of E. coli for NaMAS containing copolymers in comparison to pure PAN materials, whereby the bacterial colonization was similar for copolymers with different nNaMAS amounts. A different adhesion behavior was obtained for the second tested organism B. subtilis, where the implementation of negative charges into PAN did not change the overall adhesion pattern. Furthermore, it was observed that B. subtilis adhesion was significantly increased on copolymer samples that exhibited a more irregular surface roughness.
Ceramic parts possessing an ordered porosity were produced for the first time by powder-based three-dimensional printing of a preceramic polymer followed by pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere. The main parameters involved in the process were investigated, and the precision of the printed and ceramized parts was assessed by means of scanning electron microscopy and micro computed tomography. The influence of two different printing solvents was investigated and the use of a mixture of 1-hexanol and hexylacetate in particular allowed the production of parts with a relative density of 80% both in the polymeric and in the ceramic state. The mixing of a cross-linking catalyst directly with the printing liquid greatly simplified the process, minimizing the necessity of preprocessing the starting powder. Three-dimensional printing of a preceramic polymer not containing any inert or active fillers was proved to be a feasible, convenient and precise process for the production of porous ceramic possessing a complex, ordered structure, such as stretch-dominated lattices.
Polymer contact mechanics
(2013)
Polymer nanolayers
(2013)
Polymer Adhesion
(2013)
Focused femtosecond laser pulses are used to create scattering damage in the core of polymer optical fibers (POF). The resulting structures are investigated regarding morphology by light microscopy and backscattered intensity using optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR). Quasi-distributed optical fiber sensing is proposed by evaluating backscatter changes at the inscribed scatter centers. Application examples for quasi-distributed measurement of fiber bends and temperature are demonstrated.
Mixtures of hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) and oxygen have been used for deposition of SiO2-like layers by plasma polymerization under low-pressure conditions onto polyethylene and polystyrene used as basecoat. Water glass was cast onto these 0.5 pm plasma thick siloxane-like layers with a thickness of 5 to 40 mu m. The adhesion of these bilayer systems and their flame resistance were tested. The effect of different plasma parameters such as monomer/gas ratio, pressure and power input into the discharge on the deposition rate and the composition of the formed layers was studied. Characterization and chemical composition of the formed films were performed using infrared, X-ray photoelectron and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Peel strengths of composites were measured and the locus of peel front propagation was detected. Thermal properties of composites were analyzed by thermo-gravimetric analysis. Finally, the fire-retardant properties of thick coated polymers were determined by exposure to flames and the behavior of coatings on the polymers during flaming was observed visually.
Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites based on Layered Double Hydroxide and Carbon Nanotubes
(2013)
Polymer based nanocomposites by melt blending of synthesized ZnAl-Layered Double Hydroxide (ZnAl-LDH) and Polyolefines [Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene (PE)] and also Polylactide (PLA) with MgAl-LDH and multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) were investigated. The LDH was organically modified by using a surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) to increase the interlayer spacing of the LDH, so that polymer chains can intercalate the inter layer galleries. Some amount of maleic anhydride grafted PP and PE were incorporated in the nanocomposites based on PP and PE respectively to enable the interaction of the non-polar polymers (PP and PE) with the LDH. The resulting morphology was investigated by a combination of Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), Small and Wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS) and broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (BDS). In case of LDH based nanocomposites (PP, PE and PLA), the homogeneity of the nanocomposites and the average number of stack size (4 – 7 layers) were determined using scanning micro focus SAXS (BESSY II). DSC investigations of PP and PE based LDH nanocomposites showed a linear decrease in crystallinity as a function of filler concentration. The extrapolation of this decreasing dependence to zero estimates a limiting concentration of 40 wt% and 45 wt% respectively. Above this amount of LDH the crystallinity of the polymers is completely suppressed. This finding is in agreement with WAXS investigations where the area below the crystalline reflections and amorphous halo were calculated and used to estimate the degree of crystallinity. PLA/LDH nanocomposites presented a little different behavior, the crystallinity of the polymer at first increases and then decreases as a function of LDH concentration. In this case the crystallinity will be suppressed at around 15 wt%. The dielectric spectra of the nanocomposites based on PP/LDH and PE/LDH show several relaxation processes which are discussed in detail. The intensity of the dynamic glass transition increases with the concentration of LDH. This is attributed to the increasing concentration of the exchanged anion dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) which is adsorbed at the LDH layers. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the β-relaxation provides information about the structure and the molecular dynamics in the interfacial region between the LDH layers and the polymer matrix which is otherwise dielectrically invisible (low dipole moment, non-polar). In case of PLA/LDH, three relaxation processes related to dynamic glass transition and one localized fluctuations were identified and analyzed in detail to understand the morphology. For this system, one dynamic glass transition process originates from the fluctuations of the interfacial molecules, second from the PLA matrix (polar polymer, C=O in the main chain) and the third from segments confined between the intercalated LDH sheets. Additional thermal investigations were carried out for PP/LDH and PLA/LDH samples. The increase in the rigid amorphous fraction (RAF) was observed in both the cases. This is attributed to the polymer molecules which are in close proximity to LDH sheets, as they hinder their mobility. This is analyzed in detail and related to the BDS results. PLA based MWCNT nanocomposites were investigated by BDS as initial result. The findings showed that between 0.5 and 1 wt% of CNT, a percolating network of the nanotubes is formed which leads to DC conductivity. This is due to the high aspect ratio of the CNTs and also the van der Waals interaction between the nanotubes which forms a network leading to conductivity.
Vereint unter dem Begriff Ingenieurmethoden haben Brandsimulationen Eingang in die Fortentwicklung des Baurechts gefunden und werden vermehrt zur Unterstützung von Brandschutzkonzepten und -nachweisen eingesetzt. Aktuelle Software verbindet Verbrennungsmodelle mit numerischer Strömungsmechanik und eignet sich so für die flexible Bearbeitung unterschiedlichster Fragestellungen. Darüber hinaus bieten erste Programme die Möglichkeit, Untermodelle zur Beschreibung des Feststoffabbrands bzw. der Pyrolyse von Brandlasten einzufügen. In der Polymerwissenschaft stellt die Untersuchung und Optimierung des Brandverhaltens einschließlich der Pyrolyse eine wichtige Aufgabe dar. Aufgrund des Brandrisikos ist die Verwendung polymerer Werkstoffe häufig eingeschränkt. Die Entwicklung flammgeschützter Materialien hat daher eine besondere Bedeutung und es existieren detaillierte Methoden zur Charakterisierung brandrelevanter Materialeigenschaften. Vor diesem Hintergrund zielt die vorliegende Arbeit darauf ab, die Potentiale und Herausforderungen der komplementären Nutzung von Brandsimulation und polymerwissenschaftlichen Methoden zu untersuchen. Hierfür wurden vier Brandszenarien ausgewählt: Der Brand in einem Einfamilienhaus in der Dimension Kubikdekameter (dam³), der Single Burning Item SBI Test in der Dimension Kubikmeter (m³), der Cone Kalorimeter Test in der Dimension Kubikdezimeter (dm³) und der UL 94 Test in der Dimension Kubikzentimeter (cm³). Die Brandszenarien werden zunächst ausführlich charakterisiert. Anschließend wird ein jeweils passendes Simulationsmodell erstellt und berechnet und die Berechnungsergebnisse werden mit den realen Ausprägungen verglichen. Schließlich werden die Simulationen, unterstützt durch eine Parameterstudie, bewertet. In den Untersuchungen zu den vier Brandszenarien werden durch die komplementäre Nutzung von Brandsimulation und Polymerwissenschaft belastbare numerische Berechnungen erarbeitet. Grundlage für die Ergebnisse sind die detaillierte Charakterisierung der brandrelevanten physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften der Werkstoffe und die damit verbundene Qualität der Eingabeparameter. Für das Brandszenario Einfamilienhaus wird der Brandverlauf in einer komplexen Geometrie mit unterschiedlichen Brandlasten realistisch berechnet. Für den SBI Test und den Cone Kalorimeter Test stehen die Wärmefreisetzungsrate bzw. die Massenverlustrate im Mittelpunkt der Simulation und zeigen eine hohe Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen. Für den vertikalen UL 94 Test werden darüber hinaus erstmals das komplexe Zusammenspiel von Pyrolyse, Verbrennung und Tropfverhalten simuliert und die unterschiedlichen Klassifizierungen und Zeitmaßstäbe übereinstimmend mit den Experimenten aus den Berechnungen abgeleitet. Anhand der Beispiele werden erweiterte Anwendungsbereiche von Brandsimulationen durch gezielte Nutzung der polymerwissenschaftlichen Kenntnisse aufgezeigt. Gleichzeitig weisen insbesondere die Untersuchungen zu den Brandszenarien Cone Kalorimeter Test und UL 94 Test auf den wertvollen Beitrag von Brandsimulationen für die Polymerwissenschaft hin. Durch Parametervariationen können aufbauend auf einem validierten Simulationsmodell zusätzliche Erkenntnisse über die Struktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehungen von Polymeren hinsichtlich des Brandverhaltens gewonnen werden, um die Entwicklung flammgeschützter Materialien zielführend zu unterstützen.