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The purpose of "The Metallographist":
The results of the important researches regarding metallography are disseminated throughout the scientific papers and transactions of scientific societies chiefly of France, England, Germany and the United States, and even if the busy engineer or metallurgist, the metal producer or consumer in general, had the necessary knowledge of the three languages, and easy access to these publications, he could not possibly find time to go over such an amount of literature in order to extract from it what is of interest and importance to him. This is precisely the work which The Metallographist proposes to do for its readers by presenting to them every three months a clear, exhaustive and comprehensive review of what has been accomplished in metallography during the previous quarter.
The most important articles and memoirs will be reproduced in full, while those of minor importance will be condensed, accompanied in every case by such explanatory notes as will make them comprehensible and fruitful for others besides specialists. The Metallographist will publish moreover, besides the results of the investigations carried on in the Boston Testing Laboratories, original articles by eminent authorities and active workers who have kindly promised their collaboration. The editor will never lose sight of the fact that the importance of these investigations, to the world at large, lies chiefly in their ability to lead to deductions of industrial value, and his presentation of the subject will be conducted accordingly.
The purpose of "The Metallographist":
The results of the important researches regarding metallography are disseminated throughout the scientific papers and transactions of scientific societies chiefly of France, England, Germany and the United States, and even if the busy engineer or metallurgist, the metal producer or consumer in general, had the necessary knowledge of the three languages, and easy access to these publications, he could not possibly find time to go over such an amount of literature in order to extract from it what is of interest and importance to him. This is precisely the work which The Metallographist proposes to do for its readers by presenting to them every three months a clear, exhaustive and comprehensive review of what has been accomplished in metallography during the previous quarter.
The most important articles and memoirs will be reproduced in full, while those of minor importance will be condensed, accompanied in every case by such explanatory notes as will make them comprehensible and fruitful for others besides specialists. The Metallographist will publish moreover, besides the results of the investigations carried on in the Boston Testing Laboratories, original articles by eminent authorities and active workers who have kindly promised their collaboration. The editor will never lose sight of the fact that the importance of these investigations, to the world at large, lies chiefly in their ability to lead to deductions of industrial value, and his presentation of the subject will be conducted accordingly.
The purpose of "The Metallographist":
The results of the important researches regarding metallography are disseminated throughout the scientific papers and transactions of scientific societies chiefly of France, England, Germany and the United States, and even if the busy engineer or metallurgist, the metal producer or consumer in general, had the necessary knowledge of the three languages, and easy access to these publications, he could not possibly find time to go over such an amount of literature in order to extract from it what is of interest and importance to him. This is precisely the work which The Metallographist proposes to do for its readers by presenting to them every three months a clear, exhaustive and comprehensive review of what has been accomplished in metallography during the previous quarter.
The most important articles and memoirs will be reproduced in full, while those of minor importance will be condensed, accompanied in every case by such explanatory notes as will make them comprehensible and fruitful for others besides specialists. The Metallographist will publish moreover, besides the results of the investigations carried on in the Boston Testing Laboratories, original articles by eminent authorities and active workers who have kindly promised their collaboration. The editor will never lose sight of the fact that the importance of these investigations, to the world at large, lies chiefly in their ability to lead to deductions of industrial value, and his presentation of the subject will be conducted accordingly.
The purpose of "The Metallographist":
The results of the important researches regarding metallography are disseminated throughout the scientific papers and transactions of scientific societies chiefly of France, England, Germany and the United States, and even if the busy engineer or metallurgist, the metal producer or consumer in general, had the necessary knowledge of the three languages, and easy access to these publications, he could not possibly find time to go over such an amount of literature in order to extract from it what is of interest and importance to him. This is precisely the work which The Metallographist proposes to do for its readers by presenting to them every three months a clear, exhaustive and comprehensive review of what has been accomplished in metallography during the previous quarter.
The most important articles and memoirs will be reproduced in full, while those of minor importance will be condensed, accompanied in every case by such explanatory notes as will make them comprehensible and fruitful for others besides specialists. The Metallographist will publish moreover, besides the results of the investigations carried on in the Boston Testing Laboratories, original articles by eminent authorities and active workers who have kindly promised their collaboration. The editor will never lose sight of the fact that the importance of these investigations, to the world at large, lies chiefly in their ability to lead to deductions of industrial value, and his presentation of the subject will be conducted accordingly.
The purpose of "The Metallographist":
The results of the important researches regarding metallography are disseminated throughout the scientific papers and transactions of scientific societies chiefly of France, England, Germany and the United States, and even if the busy engineer or metallurgist, the metal producer or consumer in general, had the necessary knowledge of the three languages, and easy access to these publications, he could not possibly find time to go over such an amount of literature in order to extract from it what is of interest and importance to him. This is precisely the work which The Metallographist proposes to do for its readers by presenting to them every three months a clear, exhaustive and comprehensive review of what has been accomplished in metallography during the previous quarter.
The most important articles and memoirs will be reproduced in full, while those of minor importance will be condensed, accompanied in every case by such explanatory notes as will make them comprehensible and fruitful for others besides specialists. The Metallographist will publish moreover, besides the results of the investigations carried on in the Boston Testing Laboratories, original articles by eminent authorities and active workers who have kindly promised their collaboration. The editor will never lose sight of the fact that the importance of these investigations, to the world at large, lies chiefly in their ability to lead to deductions of industrial value, and his presentation of the subject will be conducted accordingly.
The purpose of "The Metallographist":
The results of the important researches regarding metallography are disseminated throughout the scientific papers and transactions of scientific societies chiefly of France, England, Germany and the United States, and even if the busy engineer or metallurgist, the metal producer or consumer in general, had the necessary knowledge of the three languages, and easy access to these publications, he could not possibly find time to go over such an amount of literature in order to extract from it what is of interest and importance to him. This is precisely the work which The Metallographist proposes to do for its readers by presenting to them every three months a clear, exhaustive and comprehensive review of what has been accomplished in metallography during the previous quarter.
The most important articles and memoirs will be reproduced in full, while those of minor importance will be condensed, accompanied in every case by such explanatory notes as will make them comprehensible and fruitful for others besides specialists. The Metallographist will publish moreover, besides the results of the investigations carried on in the Boston Testing Laboratories, original articles by eminent authorities and active workers who have kindly promised their collaboration. The editor will never lose sight of the fact that the importance of these investigations, to the world at large, lies chiefly in their ability to lead to deductions of industrial value, and his presentation of the subject will be conducted accordingly.
An electrochemical demonstration of the energy cycle and maximum quantum yield in photosynthesis
(1953)
1. The electrochemical method of Tödt for the determination of oxygen gas has been applied to the measurement of (1) the quantum requirement of photosynthesis and (2) the course of the light reaction and the dark back-oxidation over very short time periods (seconds).
2. With this new and independent, galvanometric method, the earlier results obtained by us with manometry have been confirmed, that is, attainment of a limiting quantum requirement of about 3 in the cycle of light and dark reactions. All significant objections raised regarding the time lag of manometry, as used by us, are thereby refuted.
3. Quantum requirements with single illumination periods as short as 5 seconds have been reported, and much shorter periods are shown possible.
4. The new electrochemical method opens up a field of investigation closed, on a time basis, to manometry. Nevertheless, manometry, with which the energetics of photosynthesis was discovered, can never be given up: for it alone of all methods gives information about both gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Deterioration of wood by Marine Fungi in India and its special significance for Fishing-crafts
(1958)
The radiation-induced degradation of PMMA is known to be inhibited by low-molecular-weight substances, mainly of aromatic structure. In the case of linear and angular condensated aromatic compounds a protection of 80 % was attained. The efficiency is proportional to the concentration up to beginning saturation. Its dependence from resonance energy and from the first excited singulet state allows the conclusion that the additives act by means of excitation transfer and radical scavenging. The yield of chain-scissions is noticed to be constant up to high doses. This suggests that the additives are not destroyed by reason of the considerable radiation resistance of aromatic compounds. The fact that the mixtures are more intensively coloured than the pure polymer in spite of lower degradation is in contradiction to this assumption. This colouration, not noticed at the pure additives at corresponding doses, is a sign of a significant decomposition of the additives combined with the protection of the polymer against degradation. The object of our investigation was to study this connection in detail with special regard to energy transfer.
Adhesion bonding at a bimetallic interface is considered in terms of the electronic structure of combined metals in a highly simplified model. If specific surface properties are neglected, the contact area may be interpreted by a `jellium' model of thinned atom cores smeared on the interface and imbedded in a thinned sea of electrons. Adhesion bond strength will then depend primarily on free-electron density. In addition to the free-electron `jellium' formalism, the electronic structure of metals and the character (s, p, d) of electrons free for adhesion bonding must be considered. For metal single crystals an influence of the structure of the Fermi surface can also be pointed out. The adhesional pairs of dissimilar metals are assumed to fall into line with groups of `donor-acceptor' combinations of different strengths of adhesion.
Particle boards are of increasing economic importance. Without special treatment they are destroyed by termites. Deterioration of unprotected material as well as possibilities and present knowledge of preservation against termite attack are briefly described. Recent laboratory experiments with particle board treated to make it resistant to humidity and basidiomycete fungi showed that only one organic preservative out of four protected the boards also against termite attack; one of two water-soluble preservatives gave promising results. Heterotermes indicola (Wasmann) from India proved to be more aggressive and resistant to the preservatives than Coptotermes amanii (Sjöstedt) from Kenya and Nasutitermes nigriceps (Haldemann) from Guatemala. Kalotermes flavicollis (Fabr.) from Italy was also very tolerant to the fungicidal preservatives. Further development of treatments of particle board against termites is required.
Fluoride compounds have gained a considerable importance in wood preservation, especially in Germany and some other countries of Europe. They are used as single compounds or in mixtures of different compounds. The International Research Group on Wood Preservation which continues the activities of a former O.E.C.D.- Group, was aslced to prepare a survey on fluorides in wood preservation together with other papers on the present state of knowledge of wood preservatives and methods of application.
Monofluorides and silicofluorides have been used in the field of wood preservation for about 60 years and special development and application of bifluorides (hydrogen fluorides) have been going on for 30 years. Much scientific work has been carried out on fluorides and much experience in practical use is available. It thus seems to be useful briefly to summarise the information on this group of compounds in wood preservation. Due to the voluminous literature, i.e. some 270 papers which are cited in the references, only an introduction into the Problems and main results but not a detailed review of the publications is possible. The subjects dealt with in the publications are indicated in the references.
With some exceptions the brief survey is limited to the compounds and mixtures without chromium, which remain leachable in the wood. Questions of toxicity to human beings, animals and plants are not discussed in this paper.
Two introductory reports on a Systems approach to tribology, refs (1) and (2), have been discussed at the previous meeting of IRG-OECD (London, 1973). The new concepts derived from General Systems Theory, and Mathematical Systems Analysis are combined in the present report and applications in tribology are worked out in greater detail.
In introducing the subject it is pointed out once more:
(i) all tribo-mechanisms are by definition complex Systems;
(ii) friction and wear are operators of tribo-systems (in terms of either a verbal or a mathematical theory of sets);
(ii) therefore friction coefficients and wear rates cannot be instrinsic material properties.
The nature of complexity in the verbal description of tribo-mechanisms is analyzed, and logical ruies, needed in the analytical procedure, are given;the mathematics are summarized in the Appendix.
A general classification of tribo-mechanisms is developed by step-wise analysis, and mathematical expressions for friction and wear processes in steady state Systems are given.
The recent experimental advances made by IRG-OECD (refs (15) and (16)) on failure criteria in thin film lubrication are presented in the terminology of Systems analysis, but merely äs an example for the formalization of non-linear tribo-processes.
It is concluded that neither the verbal nor the mathematical Systems analysis have, at present, more predictive power than a conventional Interpretation of experimental results. However, dangerous logical errors in the concepts of friction and wear can now be eliminated and, by doing so, a new outlook on tribometry is gained. The practical engineering consequences for the future, functional control of tribo-machinery have already been predicted by Schlösser (ref. 18).
Determination of the thermal diffusivity of solids from the phase velocity of temperature waves
(1974)
Scattering of Ions - V. Elastic Scattering on the Symmetric Rare Gas Ion - Rare Gas Atom Systems
(1974)
Termites and Fungi
(1975)
A new device for simultaneous measurement of friction force, normal force and friction coefficient
(1975)