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Schlagworte
- Radar (39)
- Beton (37)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (26)
- Concrete (25)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung im Bauwesen (24)
- Monitoring (23)
- Non-destructive testing (21)
- Bewitterung (18)
- Korrosion (16)
- Ultraschall (16)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (14)
- 6 Materialchemie (10)
- 6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse (10)
- 4 Material und Umwelt (7)
- 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (7)
- 7.4 Baustofftechnologie (5)
- 7.1 Baustoffe (4)
- 2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit (3)
- 3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher (3)
- 4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse (3)
Die Produktion von elektronischen, optischen und elektro-mechanischen Mikro- und Nanosystemen stellt hohe Anforderungen an die Messtechnik, um die Fertigungsprozesse zu optimieren und die Qualität zu prüfen. Existierende Messverfahren unterliegen Beschränkungen hinsichtlich des Auflösungsvermögens, der Messfeldgröße und des Ergebnisses der Messung. Der kombinierte Einsatz von Sensoren mit unterschiedlichen Fähigkeiten in den Auflösungsstufen mittels einer intelligenten Messstrategie ermöglicht eine effiziente Prüfung.
Neben den geeigneten Prüfstrategien werden auch Methoden zur Fusion und Auswertung der Daten von Sensoren mit unterschiedlichen Auflösungsfähigkeiten benötigt. Datenfusion bezeichnet dabei das Zusammenfügen verschiedener Messungen, um entweder unterschiedliche Eigenschaften eines Messobjekts in einem gemeinsamen Koordinatensystem angeben zu können oder um aus verschiedenen Messungen derselben Eigenschaft des Messobjekts einen Datensatz von höherer Qualität gegenüber den einzelnen Datensätzen zu erhalten. Voraussetzung für die Datenfusion ist Registrierung, die eine Überführung von Messdaten unterschiedlicher Messfelder oder Messmittel in ein gemeinsames Koordinatensystem darstellt und Thema dieses Beitrages ist.
The net section limit load FY is a key input parameter for the accuracy of any
elastic-plastic flaw assessment procedure of the R6 type. Unfortunately available limit load
solutions are of variable quality since they have been obtained over decades by different
methods. As a consequence the results of the fracture analyses such as the critical load or
crack size are limited in their accuracy and are often significantly conservative. A further
problem is that common limit load solutions based on ligament yielding are inadequate in a
number of cases even for through crack configurations and should be replaced by some
kind of local yielding solutions. In the present paper a simple and straightforward reference
load definition is proposed instead of the limit load which strictly corresponds to a ligament
yielding parameter Lr = 1 in the R6 Routine and similar approaches such as SINTAP and
FITNET. This can be determined by finite element simulation for any geometry. In addition to
a previous study on thin wall notched plates the method is applied to plates containing
shallow semi-elliptical surface cracks. The results demonstrate that the approach provides a
suitable extension and improvement of the existing methods.
Abstract Hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) elastomer was thermo-oxidatively aged at different temperatures up to 150 °C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), compression stress relaxation (CSR) and international rubber hardness degree (IRHD) microhardness were used to characterise the chemo-mechanical changes of HNBR O-rings during thermo-oxidative ageing. FTIR shows the development of carbonyl, methyl and ester groups but the nitrile content was not affected by ageing. The effect of sample geometry during CSR was investigated. CSR data were converted through integrated kinetic laws. The conversion has proven its sensibility to detect heterogeneous ageing. This was confirmed by the IRHD measure-ments across the section of O-rings. The influence of compression during ageing was assessed through IRHD measurements across the section of compressed and uncom-pressed aged O-rings. The DLO effect was more pronounced in compressed O-rings. By applying the model of Wise et al., theoretical IRHD and oxidation profiles were determined on the basis of IRHD experimental data of compressed O-rings. Good agreements between the experimental and the theoretical IRHD profiles in the core region were obtained. However, near the edge, the theoretical IRHD values were overestimated.
The glass transition behavior of ultra-thin supported polymer films is discussed controversially in the literature for around 20 years. Substantial efforts have been archived to understand it. In this contribution, a combination of methods sensitive to bulk properties of a system, like dielectric or specific heat spectroscopy with surface analytics, for instance, atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle measurements, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to study the glass transition of ultra-thin supported films. All investigations were carried out on identically prepared and treated samples. Different systems with different complexities going from more or less flexible homopolymers over rigid main chain macromolecules to polymer blends have been studied. For the investigated flexible macromolecules, the dynamic glass transition temperature estimated within the frame of the linear response approach is independent of the film thickness down to several nanometers and identical to the bulk value. For polystyrene it was found the thermal glass transition temperatures can depend on the film thickness. This different behavior is not well understood till now and needs further experimental clarification. For the investigated main chain polymers polycarbonate and polysulfone. Dynamic and thermal glass transition temperature estimated from the dielectric measurements increases with decreasing film thickness. This is discussed in the frame of a strong interaction of the polymer segments with the surface of the substrate. In general for homopolymers, the interaction energy of the polymer segments with the substrate surface cannot be considered as the only parameter, which is responsible for the change in the thermal glass transition with the film thickness. For the investigated miscible blend system of polystyrene/poly(vinyl methyl ether) at a composition of 50/50 wt-% a decrease of the dynamic glass transition temperature with decreasing film thickness is found. This is explained by the formation of a poly(vinyl methyl ether)-rich surface layer with a higher molecular mobility.
Within the project COORAL (German acronym for 'CO2 purity for capture and storage') first studies on piping steels exposed to CO2 and artificial brine with high chloride concentration have been carried out. Corrosion behavior of martensitic Cr13 steel (1.4034) was investigated in a corrosive environment (artificial saline brine, T = 60 °C, CO2-flow rate 3 – 5 L/h, atmospheric pressure, exposure times from 1 h up to 14 days) using electrochemical and metallographic techniques. Different corrosion kinetics were observed as a function of exposure times and chloride concentration in the artificial brine. In CO2-saturated brine pitting corrosion was observed at free corrosion potential, whereas in the brine without addition of NaCl a stable passive layer built up. Predictions about corrosion mechanism are made and verified by means of surface analytical techniques.
Summary
Das schon seit über 100 Jahren angewendete Punktschweißen ist auch heute noch das dominierende Fügeverfahren für Dünnblechstrukturen aus Stahl im Rohkarosseriebau. Die Schweißstellen sind dabei in Hinsicht auf die Lebensdauer häufig die schwächsten Stellen eines Bauteils. Es werden deshalb im Bereich Entwicklung und Konstruktion zur Auswahl geeigneter Schweißparameter für die zu verbindenden Werkstoffe sowie für den Ort und die Anzahl der erforderlichen Schweißungen Kennwerte benötigt, die das Ermüdungsverhalten von Punktschweißverbindungen charakterisieren. Solche Kennwerte werden von Berechnungsingenieuren auch benötigt, um das Ermüdungsverhalten von geschweißten Strukturen numerisch zu analysieren und die Lebensdauer vorherzusagen. Das Ermüdungsverhalten von Punktschweißverbindungen ist ein Strukturverhalten und hängt u.a. vom Grundwerkstoff, der konstruktiven Gestaltung der Struktur und der Beanspruchung in der Schweißzone ab. Der Einfluss dieser Größen auf die Zeitfestigkeit von Schweißverbindungen wird im Allgemeinen an bestimmten Proben durch Wöhler- Versuche ermittelt. Als Kennwerte für eine festgelegte Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit werden die Höhe und die Neigung der Wöhlerlinie ermittelt. Die in [1] erläuteten Probleme in Hinsicht auf das Ermitteln aussagefähiger Kennwerte führten in den letzten Jahren zu der neuen Entwicklung, nämlich der grundlegenden Klärung der Zusammenhänge von Probensteifigkeitsverlauf, Rissentstehung und Risswachstum sowie lokaler Beanspruchung in der Schweißzone. Das thermometrische Verfahren, mit dessen Hilfe Rissentstehung und Risswachstum erfasst werden können, wird nachfolgend erläutert.
Engineering design of spot-welded components as well as computational analyses of the local stress in the weld zone require relevant fatigue test data. Those test data, however, are dependent on the applied specimens, on the specimen restraint, on the load introduction into the weld zone as well as on the definition of the specimen failure. The discussion of the advantages and drawbacks as well as of the influence of these factors shows that a deliberate selection of specimens is necessary for different test purposes. For the comparability of the test results it is essential in addition to specify comparable test conditions, e.g., specimen fixturing, load introduction and definition of the specimen failure. On account of the variety of variants, a standardization of suitable specimens and respective test conditions hence constitutes an approach to the determination of relevant and comparable test results.
The tribological behaviour under dry sliding conditions of Magneli phase Ti4O7 and e-phase Ti2Cr2O7 with α-alumina as a sliding partner has been characterised at room temperature by oscillating sliding. The mechanical properties as well as Vickers hardness measurements do not reveal big differences between the materials, and 4-point bending strengths are around 200 MPa for both materials. Although the friction coefficients are in the medium range of 0.6 and do not differ much between the materials, the wear behaviour is very different. At room temperature, the wear coefficient of Ti2O7 is strongly dependent on relative humidity, and wear is highest under dry conditions when relative humidity is low as it is typically found for many ceramic materials. Ti2Cr2O7 shows remarkably different wear behaviour with the lowest wear in dry conditions. The measured coefficients of wear at low relative humidity of 4% are more than 2 orders of magnitude lower than those for Ti2O7.
Stribeck curve
(2014)
The importance of lubricants in virtually all fields of the engineering industry is reflected by an increasing scientific research of the basic principles. Energy efficiency and material saving are just two core objectives of the employment of high-tech lubricants. The encyclopedia presents a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge in the realm of lubrication. All the aspects of fundamental data, underlying concepts and use cases, as well as theoretical research and last but not least terminology are covered in hundreds of essays and definitions, authored by experts in their respective fields, from industry and academic institutes.
COMPOSITE MATERIALS OF A 99.7 % ALPHA-ALUMINA MATRIX WITH PLATELETS OF SILICON CARBIDE (SICP) HAVE BEEN PREPARED BY GELCASTING. DENSIFICATION WAS CARRIED OUT BY GAS-PRESSURE SINTERING WITHOUT FURTHER SINTERING AIDS. FIVE DIFFERENT COMPOSITIONS WITH 0, 5, 10, 15, AND 20 VOL.% SICP RESP. HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED AND TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES WERE CHARACTERIZED. INCREASING AMOUNT OF SICP AS RIGID PARTICLES IN THE FINE GRAINED MATRIX COMPLICATE THE DENSIFICATION PROCESS. WITH THE APPLICATION OF 50 BAR AR PRESSURE DURING THE FINAL SINTERING STEP AT A TEMPERATURE OF 1700 DEGREE C THE DENSITY OF THE SAMPLES COULD BE INCREASED BY 3-5%. INVESTIGATION OF THE TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AGAINST STEEL AS A COUNTERBODY UNDER UNLUBRICATED OSCILLATING SLIDING CONDITIONS SHOWED A HIGH COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION AND AN INCREASING WEAR RATE UP TO A SICP CONTENT OF 10 VOL. % . AT 15 AND 20 VOL. % SICP RESP. BOTH THE COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION AND THE COEFFICIENT OF WEAR DROP DOWN.
Fretting
(2014)
The importance of lubricants in virtually all fields of the engineering industry is reflected by an increasing scientific research of the basic principles. Energy efficiency and material saving are just two core objectives of the employment of high-tech lubricants. The encyclopedia presents a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge in the realm of lubrication. All the aspects of fundamental data, underlying concepts and use cases, as well as theoretical research and last but not least terminology are covered in hundreds of essays and definitions, authored by experts in their respective fields, from industry and academic institutes.
Der Einfluss des E-Moduls und des Grundöls auf das Wälzverhalten von DLC- und Diamantbeschichtungen
(2004)
Thermally sprayed TiO2-x coatings under mixed lubrication and unlubricated sliding conditions
(2004)
The inevitable increase of torque or load, because of lightweight approaches, pushes the oil-film temperatures on the teeth flanks of gears above 200°C, and requires alloys with higher strength and toughness properties. Furthermore, the real temperature on surfaces during the physical vapor deposition (PVD) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of thin films can exceed the annealing temperature of the state-of-the-art bearing and gear materials, such as AISI 52100 (1.3505), 16MnCr5 (1.7131), 21NiCrMo (1.6523), and 30CrMoV9 (1.7707). Such trends call for slip-rolling-resistant, alternative alloys suited for contact stresses above P0max of >2.2 GPa. The tribological profile under slip-rolling conditions at 120°C in a factory engine oil (SAE 0W-30, ACEA A3/B4, ν120°C = 5.33 mPa, HTHS150°C = 3.0 mPa) until 10 × 106 load cycles between P0max of 2.25 GPa to 3.92 GPa of uncoated 100Cr6 (1.3505, PBQ), 102Cr6 (1.2067), Cronidur 30 (1.4108, DESU), 45SiCrMo6 (1.8062, CVEM), 40SiNiCrMo1 [vacuum arc remelting (VAR)], CSS-42L (AMS 5932, vacuum induction melting (VIM)-VAR, and carburized), 36NiCrMoV1-5-7 (CAB), ASP2012 (ASP), and 20MnCr5 (1.7131, carburized) was established in twin disk machines (Amsler-type and 2Disk). The present benchmark illuminates the tribological impact of uncoated bearing steels in comparison to uncoated alternative steel alloys on friction, wear and slip-rolling resistance, as well as load carrying capacity. Iron-based steel alloyed with silicon or molybdenum reduces alloying costs and avoids thermo-chemical treatments. This benchmark suggests considering an extension to fracture toughness from hardness and strength as a relevant property for slip-rolling alloys. If slip-rolling resistant, the wear rates of the metallurgical different steels were more or less within one order of magnitude, but the influence of increasing contact stresses on the tribological profile differed significantly.
Tribologisches Hochtemperaturverhalten keramischer Werkstoffe unter Festkörperreibungsbedingungen
(1988)
Tribologie des céramiques
(2013)
Les ceramiques modernes sont differentes des ceramiques traditionnelles (carrelage, materiaux de construction, porcelaine); on les distingue par des adjectifs tels que « techniques », « industrielles » ou « thermomecaniques ». Les ceramiques industrielles sont caracterisees par leur caractere refractaire marque et de grandes duretes. Leur mediocre tenacite explique leur sensibilite ä la presence de defauts, d'oü leur reputation d'etre peu resistantes et cassantes.
Les ceramiques techniques sont utilisees pour:
• leurs proprietes electriques ou dielectriques;
• leurs proprietes magnetiques et de supraconducteurs ;
• leurs proprietes optiques;
• leurs proprietes chimiques;
• leurs proprietes biologiques;
• leurs proprietes nucleaires.
En outre, eiles sont employees pour leurs proprietes mecaniques, thermomecaniques et tribologiques, ainsi que pour leur tenue face ä la corrosion. Nous allons nous concentrer sur leur comportement tribologique.
Tribologisches Verhalten
(2004)
Hochtemperaturtribologie
(2010)
Biolubrifiants
(2013)
Les huiles perdues, les fuites accidentelles et les lubrifiants perdus rejoignant les sols et les eaux (comme ce fut le cas pour le lac de Constance par exemple) sont l'un des points de departs de la mise en route des lubrifiants « neutres pour l'environnement».
Meme en prenant en compte les voies du recyclage, la combustion dans les moteurs et les fuites connues, environ 30 % (entre 20 % et 40 %, selon les etudes du votume de lubrifiants entrent dans l'environnement par des voies non maitrisees ou sont probablement mis en decharge de maniere illegale. Avec de tels chiffres publies, les arguments des lobbyistes de l'industrie petrochimique, affirmant que, dans la plupart des applications, les fluides sont enfermes dans des reservoirs dos et etanches, ne convainquent pas les politiques. C'est aussi peut-etre parce qu'en Allemagne, environ 60 % des particuliers changent leur huile eux-memes.
Dans une annee d'economie normale, environ 4,5 millions de tonnes de lubrifiants neufs sont vendues dans l'Europe des 15.
Polyalkyleneglycols are oxygen containing base oils, which enable a) polymer-free formulations with high intrinsic viscosity indices favorable for fuel economy, b) bio-no-tox properties and c) low viscosity formulations with low evaporaions. The oxygen present in each monomer of the backbone of polyalkylene glycols defines intrinsic properties, such as high viscosity indices, low NOACK-evaporation, extreme pressure, high hear capacities, etc., thus enabling metal-, ash- and polymer-free engine oil formulations supporting the functional benefits, such as improved of fuel economy or no adverse effects on after-treatment devices.
Wear
(2014)
Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and end-users perceive “wear” or “oil drain” differently. Spare parts, Services, and accessories contribute to an important portion to the profit of the OEMs. Maintenance and shutdowns define the operational costs of end-users. Thus, the strategy in order to exploit “wear” depends from the market structure and is up to the reader and/or applicant. The topic “Service Life/Durability/Life Cycle” represents a very ambiguous one and was already thematized in earlier times.
Numerical simulation of hydrogen removal heat treatment procedures in high strength steel welds
(2007)
Due to their extreme high hydrogen contents, high molecular weight (HMW-) and ultra-high molecular weight (UHMW-) polyethylene (PE) are a comprehensible choice as neutron radiation shielding material in casks for storage and transport of radioactive materials. But as a direct consequence of inserting radioactive material in such casks, gamma radiation occurs. Hence, the impact of gamma radiation on the molecular structure of polyethylene has to be taken into consideration. Consequently, PE has to withstand any type of gamma radiation induced degradation affecting safety relevant aspects in order to be applicable for long term neutron radiation shielding purposes during the whole storage period (in Germany, for instance, up to 40 years). The scope of our investigation comprises an estimation of the impact of gamma radiation and temperature on the molecular and supra molecular structure of the two types of PE used as neutron radiation shielding cask components. A further point which is worth exploring is to what extent these changes are detectable by conventional analysis methods. Therefore, thermoanalytical measurements were performed such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermo mechanical analysis (TMA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). Additionally optical and weighing methods were applied. With those methods it is possible to detect structural changes in polyethylene induced by exposure to gamma radiation. The observed amounts of changes of the irradiated material are not safety relevant for the application of polyethylene as neutron radiation shielding material; moreover, some properties actually improve via irradiation.
Numerous externally loaded as well as self-restraint hot cracking test procedures have been developed over the years to evaluate soldidification crack phenomena. But the interpretation and the subsequent transfer of test results towards component weldments has still to be regarded as a decisive challenge. Some progress has been achieved by hypothesizing crack / no crack criteria referring to uniform and uniaxial loading of the solidification front during welding. But, as the present results show, solidification cracking significantly depends on the geometry of the solidification front, which has so far not been considered in the respective criteria. In this contribution, the position of solidification cracks is correlated with the positiondependent strain rates along the solidification front and with the positiondependent curvature of the weld pool. Especially at positions of high curvature, an increased rate of shrinkage can be predicted on the basis of a geometrical Rate of Feeding (ROF) Rate of Shrinkage (ROS) model, corresponding to the measured positions of the solidification cracks. The assumption of position-dependent strain and strain rates along the solidification front during Varestraint-Testing has been confirmed by means of numerical simulations.
A compressed overview is given of developments in colour-difference evaluation that trace back to the early beginnings by MacAdam. The correlation of colorimetric measures of coloured samples with judgements on small colour differences follows normal statistics, but in a three-dimensional space. A wide diversity of experimental conditions in investigations of the colour-difference effect made comparisons of different studies troublesome. Some external influential factors could be identified. Recently developed data sets resulted from much better control of experimental conditions. They form a new basis for deriving colour difference formulae. The CIE is the international body to encourage field research for optimising new colour-difference formulae. The various stages for recommending formulae and exchanging extensive investigation documents make a close link between practitioners and theorists, however, in general industrialists have a faster response. Nonetheless, the CIE still remains the mother-body for international discussion and agreement. Recent developments in colour-difference evaluation show an acceleration of the work of CIE TCs. Their studies first improved the CIELAB-formula, and second now try to fill the gap between the CIE94 and the older CMC(l:c) solutions. A new idea is introduced to optimise the formalism of a formula not at the components of differential terms, but at the co-ordinates which keeps the vector definition of colour-difference as in the CIELAB-formula. An international discussion is proposed on this aspect as a forthcoming step to further improvement of colour-difference evaluation.
Raman spectroscopic investigations in tribologically stressed contacts of (Ti,Mo)(C,N) ceramics
(1997)
Ein zentrales Fundament moderner Gesellschaften ist eine intakte Abwasserinfrastruktur. Schäden infolge biogener Schwefelsäurekorrosion von konventionellen Betonen haben jedoch zu einem erheblichen Sanierungsbedarf geführt. Alkaliaktivierte Mörtel besitzen aufgrund eines hohen Säurewiderstands das Potential, einen Beitrag zur langfristigen Lösung dieses Problems zu leisten. Dazu müssen jedoch zunächst die Faktoren, die den Haftverbund zwischen diesen Mörteln und dem Betonsubstrat bestimmen, besser verstanden werden, um die Eigenschaften der Beschichtungssysteme gezielt anpassen und verbessern zu können. Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert hierzu einen Beitrag und zeigt dadurch Wege zu einer technisch machbaren und nachhaltigen Sanierung von Abwasserbauwerken auf.
Zusammenfassung
Die Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) ist eine analytische Methode mit der die Elementverteilung auf der Oberfläche von Proben orts- und tiefenaufgelöst ermittelt werden kann. Ein intensiver, infraroter Laserstrahl wird auf die Oberfläche fokussiert. Durch die hohe Energiedichte werden einige Mikrogramm Material verdampft und ein Plasma gebildet. Bei der Ausdehnung und Abkühlung des Plasmas wird die charakteristische Fluoreszenz der verdampften Elemente abgestrahlt und mit spektroskopischen Mitteln analysiert. Die Empfindlichkeit der Methode liegt im ppm-Bereich, die typische Messgenauigkeit beträgt einige Prozent. Die Ergebnisse liegen quasi on-line vor, es ist keine Probenpräparation notwendig und die Apparatur ist vor Ort einsetzbar.
Im Artikel werden Anwendungen der LIBS zur Untersuchung von Baustoffen beschrieben. Die Ergebnisse der Ermittlung der Salzverteilung in Baustoffen, der Untersuchung der Betonzusammensetzung und dem Nachweis von hydrophobierten Schichten auf unterschiedlichen Baustoffen werden vorgestellt.
The Chloride content is an important factor which influences the durability of concrete structures. The standard methods are mostly intricate, time consuming and require a chemical laboratory. This article describes the application of a spectroscopic method, the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), for the determination of Chloride contents in concrete and mortar specimens. LIBS can be used on-site, needs no sample preparation and is able to investigate rapidly a large number of different measuring points. The LIBS set-up and the experimental conditions to detect Chlorides are reported. Calibration curves are presented and the limit of detection (LOD) is determined. Results measured on different concrete cores are presented and compared with the results of standard chemical methods.
"Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry" is the benchmark reference in chemistry and chemical and life science engineering, covering inorganic and organic chemicals, advanced materials, pharmaceuticals, polymers and plastics, metals and alloys, biotechnology and biotechnological products, food chemistry, process engineering and unit operations, analytical methods, environmental protection, and much more.
The present article is part of the topic collection "Environmental Protection and Industrial Safety". It covers plant and process safety, focusing on hazardous materials and process conditions.