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- Radar (8)
- Concrete (5)
- Ultraschall (5)
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Influence of concret properties on the calibration of radar, ultrasonics and active thermography
(2008)
Ultrasonic Reflection Properties at Interfaces Between Concrete Steel and Air: Imaging and Modelling
(2006)
During the re-use process of existing concrete memebers like foundations information about geometry and location of piles or strip foundation is necessary. Ultrasonic echo with a need of only one-sided access may provide this information and help the engineer to assess foundations. Cost effectiveness by the re-use of foundations gains an increasing economic role due to decreasing average economic lifetime of buildings on urban sites. Results of systematic ultrasonic echo investigations at a slab from 75 cm to 125 cm thickness with ten different reinforcement ratios are presented. The influence of the varying reinforcement ratio and thickness on the reliability of the results is shown. Available data-processing algorithms based on reconstruction calculation and imaging of results to reveal the geometry of a slab and the location of piles or strip foundations are introduced. Practical guidance for the application of ultrasonic echo and its limits are presented to ensure reliable results.
Non-destructive Testing of a Post tensioned Concrete Bridge Applying an Automated Measuring System
(2004)
In diesem Beitrag wird die Anwendung von Radiographiesystemen zum Auffinden von Holzschäden beschrieben. Die Anlage besteht aus einer mobilen Röntgenblitzröhre und einem digitalen Radiographiesystem mit Speicherfolie oder einem Flachdetektor. An Hand der durchgeführten Versuche an Laub- und Nadelbäumen sowie an Eichenbalken der Marienkirche der Lutherstadt- Wittenberg wird die Detektion innerer Schäden gezeigt.
Kurzfassung
Die Anwendung niederfrequenter Ultraschall-Echotechnik mit Longitudinal- und Transversalwellen für die Materialuntersuchung von Holzbauteilen wird beschrieben. Weiterhin wird der Einfluss der Holzfasern auf die Schallgeschwindigkeiten und Oberflächenwellen an Hand von Messergebnissen aufgezeigt. Die Leistungsfähigkeit des Ultraschall-Echoverfahrens an ungeschädigten Holzkörpern und Körpern mit eingebrachten Bohrungen in Faserrichtung (Kernfäulnissimulation) wird dargestellt. Es ist zudem möglich, bei koppelmittelfreier Ankopplung mit Transversalwellen indirekt Fäulnis von der ungeschädigten Bauteilseite aus zu orten. Als Referenzverfahren werden die Bohrwiderstandsmethode oder die Röntgendurchstrahlung eingesetzt.
The structural safety, durability and performance of the infrastructure is of primary interest in every country. An efficient system for early and regular structural assessment as well as for quality assurance during and after the construction of new structures and of reconstruction processes is urgently required. At BAM, NDT methods to be applied in civil engineering are developed and their application improved. From the experience of on-site assessments, quality assurance systems and methodologies for regular inspections are elaborated. This work is mainly performed in the frame of externally funded research projects.
Non-destructive testing (NDT) of concrete structures is performed using pulse-echo methods. According to the type of the applied waves it can be classified as acoustic (Impact-Echo, Ultrasonics) and electromagnetic methods (Radar). The results are visualised through different imaging processes. This work is performed in the frame of a research project promoted by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (FOR384).The objective of data fusion is to use the complementary information of the different methods. Radar can detect metallic reflectors in concrete (metallic ducts and concrete reinforcement) very well. This method is not able to locate defects behind these reflectors (injecting defects, defects behind close concrete reinforcement), because the electromagnetic waves are completely reflected at metals. The acoustic methods are able to compensate this deficit i.e. acoustic waves can penetrate through metal. But acoustic waves in the ultrasonic range are completely reflected by air layers. Air layers have smaller influence on radar propagation, so that both methods complement each other.In order to be able to combine the NDT-data from several methods records at the same volume, the different data setsmodes of signals must be adapted. The ultrasonic and radar data have to be reconstructed with programs based on the Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT) before data fusion. Subsequently, a conversion of the data into a uniform format has to be carried out. This is a prerequisite in order to keep the data exchange between the project partners as simple as possible. After the data sets are imported and transferred into a common reference system, they can be processed with operations according to the purpose of the investigation. Results, which have been achieved in concrete test specimen with radar and ultrasonics, will be presented and will show the feasibility of the data fusion method.
Ultrasonic investigation is an established non-destructive testing method for detection of defects and material characterisation. In the last years scanning ultrasonic echo methods were developed especially for the application in civil engineering.
The different scanning ultrasonic echo methods are modified with respect to the type of the transducer applied, the number and the arrangement of transducers and the frequency used. Also different algorithms are used to analyse the measured data, for instance SAFT (Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique) reconstruction. The results are typically presented as B- and C-scans, obtained from raw data or the SAFT reconstructed data.
Since 2001 several German research institutes co-operate within the scope of the research initiative Non-destructive Evaluation of Concrete Structures Using Acoustic and Electromagnetic Echo-Methods (FOR 384) supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). One of the tasks is to investigate these ultrasonic echo methods for special applications like the detection of cavities in concrete structures or faults in tendon ducts.
Concrete test specimens with intentional faults have been manufactured and investigated. Parameters were defined to assess the results more objectively. Currently three parameters -signal/noise-ratio, lateral edge resolution and uniformity- are considered. For the first time results of different working groups on the same imaged objects are compared quantitatively. It should help to get more knowledge about the ultrasonic inspection of typical faults in civil engineering structures.
Since several years ultrasonic imaging techniques are used for testing concrete elements. Combined with a reconstruction calculation they lead to an acoustic imaging of scatterers and reflectors from the inside of the concrete element. For several testing problems it is an advantage to use a two dimensional synthetic aperture and to combine it with a three-dimensional reconstruction calculation (3D-SAFT, Synthetic Aperture Focussing Technique).
This enables the analysis of the tested volume by means of B-scans in two directions and C-scans (projections parallel to the surface), respectively. Using the 2D-scanning technique, especially the disturbing influence of the reinforcing rebars can be minimised.
In this contribution the state of the art of this method is demonstrated and analysed. Examples of the application are presented, concerning
Localisation of honeycombing and compaction faults
Characterisation of cracks (especially measuring the crack depth)
Investigation of tendon ducts
The results presented are obtained in the frame of a research initiative Non-destructive Evaluation of Concrete Structures Using Acoustic and Electromagnetic Echo-Methods supported by the German Science Council (FOR 384 of DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft). The methods are assessed and improved in cooperation with the partners participating in the project.
Zusammenfassung
Die Anwendung des Ultraschallecho-Verfahrens zur Hohlstellenortung in Holzbalken wird beschrieben.
An Hand der Versuchsergebnisse wird der Einfluss der Anisotropie des Holzes auf die Messkopfanordnung und Schallgeschwindigkeit dargestellt. Mit der optimierten Messanordnung ist die erfolgreiche Detektierung von Nachbildungen von Minderdicken und Kernfäule möglich. Besonders klar sind Schäden in Faserrichtung (Kernfäulenachbildung) nachzuweisen. Die sehr guten Ergebnisse zeigen die Anwendbarkeit des Ultraschallecho-Verfahrens an Holz.
Entwicklung einer Gruppenstrahler-Sendeeinheit für Ultraschalluntersuchungen von Betonbauteilen
(2002)
Zusammenfassung
Die Ultraschall Phased-Array-Technik oder auch Gruppenstrahlertechnik wird erfolgreich in der zerstörungsfreien Werkstoffprüfung an Metallen und Kunststoffen eingesetzt. Mit dieser Technik kann durch zeitlich gesteuerte Anregung der einzelnen Wandlerelemente des Arrays das Schallbündel im Probekörper verschoben, geschwenkt und/oder fokussiert werden. Der für Beton anwendbare Frequenzbereich liegt in der Regel von 50 kHz bis 200 kHz. Die Erzeugung der notwendigen Verzögerungen der Sendespannungen für die Schallbündelsteuerung kann in diesem Frequenzbereich durch kommerziell erhältliche Komponenten der Rechnertechnik erreicht werden. Die Hardware-Entwicklung beschränkt sich somit nur auf die Leistungssendestufen und das Interface zwischen dem Steuerrechner und dem Leistungsteil.
Die Phased-Array-Sendeapparatur besteht aus einem Steuerrechner mit eingebauten Timerbaugruppen und einem externen Leistungsteil mit 10 eingebauten Sendern für die Ultraschallprüfköpfe. Als Kompromiss zwischen Schaltungsaufwand und bestmöglicher Anregung werden z. Zt. Rechtecksendestufen mit einstellbarer Impulsbreite verwendet. Durch die variable Impulsbreite kann, je nach verwendeten Prüfköpfen, die Anregung optimiert werden.
Orientierende Messungen wurden an einem 50 cm dicken Betonprobekörper mit einem Größtkorn von 8 mm durchgeführt. Die Möglichkeiten des Fokussierens und des Schwenkens des Schallbündels sind in Durchschallung überprüft worden. Es erfolgte danach ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit einer Modellrechnung auf Grundlage der Punktquellensynthese.
Verfahrensentwicklung zur Qualitätssicherung Fester Fahrbahnen mit zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren
(2002)
A research project is described involving a comparison of different non-destructive test methods for concrete bridges. A cooperative test series was started with the aim to compare and evaluate the performance and benefits of the latest technical developments in this field. For this purpose test specimens with localized defects were produced. Different modifications of radar, ultrasonic-echo and impact-echo methods were investigated. Including two- and three- dimensional reconstruction models. The experiments were accompanied by numerical simulation of the propagation of sound waves and microwaves. The results showed that the radar and the ultrasonic methods were efficient tools to locate the tendon ducts accurately if the reinforcing bars were not to narrowly spaced. The ultrasonic imaging methods were capable of identifying injection and compaction faults in a blind test. The good performance of the impact-echo method with regard to locating tendon ducts which was claimed in several publications could not be validated in the present investigations. The simulation models provided valuable information on how to improve the experimental test program and its evaluation.