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Pyrotechnics are increasingly used in stage and theatre productions to realize visual and aural effects such as explosions, fires, and smoke emissions. Preceding the use on stage, a hazard or risk assessment has to be conducted by the operators and assessed by the respective enforcement bodies. A significant hazard aligned with pyrotechnics at indoor venues is the formation of smoke, may it be deliberately generated to visualize a respective effect or unintentionally liberated as a by-product of other effects. An estimation of the impact of smoke on the audience is quite challenging, as it strongly depends amongst others on the venue geometry, Ventilation conditions and the specific type of articles being used.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) offers the possibility to receive relevant time dependent information, such as smoke concentration, temperature, velocity etc. for every desired location within the 3D fluid domain and may therefore be used to estimate the smoke dispersion in a specific venue. The entire approval process for the use of specific pyrotechnics prior to the events could be supported by this approach.
This paper shows the advantages and weak-points of the application of CFD for a study case. Within this case, the dispersion of smoke due to the burn-off of pyrotechnics inside a chamber with defined boundary conditions was modeled and compared with respective aerosol measurements.
Before fireworks articles are permitted to be placed on the EU market, they need to undergo several tests to demonstrate their functional behavior. The European Directive, 2007/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 May 2007 on the placing on the market of pyrotechnic articles, defines so-called “essential safety requirements” (ESR, refer to the respective Annex I) which must be met by all pyrotechnic articles. The specific tests and further requirements on function and construction are defined in the downstream harmonized Standards. By application of these Standards, a conformity assumption to the ESR is triggered.
In case of consumer fireworks, the EN 15947 applies. The provisions of Directive 2007/23/EC were implemented into German legislation in October 2009 and numerous conformity assessment procedures (e.g. approval tests) of consumer fireworks have since been performed by the European notified body, BAM.
This paper focuses on consumer fireworks and aims at giving an overview of the achieved results, such as observed failure rates, nonconformities depending on the fireworks types, findings of prohibited Chemicals, etc. A comparison with other published test results is presented as well.
We examine the participation of public sector researchers in standardisation bodies. Whereas previous research emphasized on patents and publications as Outputs of research activities, we also consider standardisation in this study. The latter has not been adequately taken into account when measuring productivity, despite its contributions to technology transfer. Based on data of more than 600 researchers from the BAM Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, we perform multivariate regression to determine the influence of researchers' activities on the participation in standardisation. We make the assumption that basic research scientist publish their results mainly in high quality scientific journals, whereas applied research scientist concentrate more in technical and industry-oriented publications and patent applications. We find a difference between basic and applied research scientists regarding their probability of participating in standardisation committees and a significant influence of career qualifications in terms academic title.
Protection and repair of concrete structures is one of the outstanding topics of the last 20 years of research and development in the concrete research. Reinforced concrete is spread technically relevant for approximate 100 years, as a new construction technology. For decades, concrete as a building material was established and known as a building material of unlimited possibilities and durability, to resist all exposures. The concrete structures were considered untouchable by environmental influences. But at least since the 70s of the 20th Century was obvious due to increased structural damage that concrete components and structures require special protection and rehabilitation measures. Otherwise they will not achieve their planned life time. In this period were also the development of the first regulations for the protection and repair of concrete structures, which were crucially shaped by the former senior public officials in Berlin, Germany. Since that time, for the different application areas: structural engineering, bridge engineering, power plant construction, drinking water construction, wastewater constructions, road and railway constructions, etc partly independent partly closely linked sets of rules were developed.
These national Standards have been superposed by the European harmonization of construction products in the late 90s. CEN as a European Standards Institution has published since 2009 in the EN 1504 series of six product Standards and 4 additional supporting Standards that should govern the repair area. On a world scale the ISO works in TC 71/SC7 on “Maintenance and repair of concrete structures” to develop regulations.
Currently in the whole African subcontinent no binding regulations for concrete repair are available, although a variety of concrete structures are present. There is thus the opportunity to adapt the rules as far as necessary and adapt to African conditions. The contribution would give a brief overview of the Standard techniques and the applicability in Africa.