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Impact echo is an acoustic method based on the use of transient stress waves generated by an elastic impact; it is used for nondestructive testing of concrete structures. In practical applications, the signals obtained often are superimposed by further mechanical vibrations and the so-called geometry effects, which are caused mainly by surface waves. Because of attenuation in the concrete as well as the divergence of the acoustical waves, impact echo signals are transient. As a result, the frequency content changes over time. Normally the analysis is carried out on the Fourier power spectrum of the signal. However, the Fourier spectrum is still affected by the mentioned effects and has well-known deficiencies for short transient signals within longer time sweeps. Application of the Hilbert-Huang transform is presented as a refined method for the time-frequency analysis of nonstationary impact echo data. The basic properties of the method and its practical application for time-frequency analysis of impact echo data, signal filtering, and pattern identification are presented.
Coarsening of grain-refined semi-solid Al-Ge32 alloy: X-ray microtomography and in situ radiography
(2007)
A single-bounce capillary with an ellipsoidal shape has been used for two-step focusing in combination with a Fresnel zone plate (FZP). The FZP serves as a first microfocusing element and produces a demagnified micrometer image of the source, before the elliptical capillary makes a last final compression of the beam. With 15 keV X-rays from the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility BM5 bending magnet, the two-step demagnification system produced a focus of about 250 nm with a gain of more than 1000. The use of an ellipsoidal capillary as a micro-mirror under off-axis illumination using micro-prefocusing optics might open up new opportunities in nanofocusing developments.
The optical transmission stability was investigated for commercially available polymer optical fibers (POFs) which were exposed to a climate of 92°C and 95% relative humidity for about 3300 h. The optical transmission stability of POFs was correlated to their thermooxidative stability. POFs possessed identical core material, poly(methyl methacrylate), but they differed in the materials used for the claddings. The optical transmission was measured online using a prototype device called multiplexer. The chemiluminescence (CL) technique was applied to characterize the thermooxidative stability and degradation of POFs. CL analysis reveals the thermooxidative degradation of bare POFs (core and cladding), predominantly of the claddings, as a result of climatic exposure. Ultraviolet-visible transmittance measurements demonstrated more changes in the claddings as compared to the cores due to degradation. The CL and optical measurements data indicated that the optical transmission stability of POFs was dependent mainly on the thermooxidative stability of the claddings and their chemical compositions.
The viscosity of silica glasses with different water contents was measured by penetration of sapphire microspheres in the range from 1012-1014·7 Pas at ambient pressure. Commercial silica glasses were used together with hydrous silica glasses, which were prepared by melting glass powder plus water in an internally heated pressure vessel at 2-3 kbar and 1350-1450°C. The temperature dependence of the viscosity of silica glasses with total water contents Cw of 5·4×10-4, 7·0×10-4, 1·00×10-2, and 1·55×10-2(Cw in mass fractions) can be described by Arrhenius equations. From the results, the linear dependence of the T12 isokom (K) with the logarithm of the water content was determined as T12=192-409 logCw. The analysis of the compositional dependence of the T12 isokom in the H2O-Na2O-SiO2 system reveals a temperature depression of up to 200 K for mixed water- and sodium-bearing glasses compared to H2O-SiO2 and Na2O-SiO2 glasses with same molar silica content. From these findings we conclude that protons may contribute significantly to the mixed alkali effect in glasses.
Für die Sanierung und Ertüchtigung bestehender, vorwiegend nicht ruhend beanspruchter Stahltragwerke mittels Schweißen ist bei der ingenieurmäßigen Bemessung neu eingebrachter Schweißverbindungen der Nachweis der Betriebsfestigkeit zu führen. Um für die Restlebensdauerermittlung den Anteil der vergangenen ermüdungsrelevanten Belastung abschätzen zu können, wurden experimentelle Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Hierbei erfolgte u.a. die Einprägung einer definierten Vorbelastung in einen äußerlich ungekerbten Grundwerkstoff, anschließend die Kerbung und die Ermüdungsbeanspruchung der Probe bis zum Bruch. Dieses Vorgehen repräsentiert einen bereits vorbelasteten Altstahl, an dem nachträglich eine Reparatur durchgeführt wurde. Aus den Ergebnissen lässt sich ableiten, dass die aufgebrachten Vorbelastungen in der Regel keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die erreichbare Lebensdauer ausüben, wenn eine Oberflächenbearbeitung durchgeführt und ein ausreichender Einbrand gewährleistet wird. Dies bedeutet, dass die eingeprägte Vorgeschichte bestehender Konstruktionen beim Nachweis der Betriebsfestigkeit von neu eingebrachten Schweißkerbdetails vernachlässigt werden kann.
Welding of existing steel structures - Effect of prior load cycles.
When existing structures under fatigue load are to be strengthened or refurbished by welded joints fatigue assessment is required for new welds. For the analysis of existing structures or determining of their remaining fatigue life, experimental investigations were carried out in order to estimate the effect of prior load cycles on the material. Mild steel specimens were preloaded cyclically, then surface treatment was applied and a notch representative for a real weld of a structure was introduced. The results of fatigue tests were compared with fatigue tests on similar non-preloaded specimens. It has been found that there is no significant effect of prior load cycles if the surface is treated prior to welding and enough fusion penetration depth is given. Therefore, fatigue assessment of new welds on old materials does not need to take into account prior load cycles.
Parkhaus "Am Gericht" in Frankfurt am Main - Eine Sanierung mit kathodischem Korrosionsschutz
(2007)
Parkhäuser haben nach mehreren Jahrzehnten der Nutzung häufig Sanierungsbedarf in Bezug auf die tragende Stahlbetonkonstruktion, die durch eingedrungene Chloride aus eingeschlepptem Tausalz und die hierdurch hervorgerufene Korrosion der Bewehrung in der Tragfähigkeit erheblich beeinträchtigt sein kann. Das Verfahren des kathodischen Korrosionsschutzes kann hier als elektrochemisches Instandsetzungsverfahren eine wirtschaftliche und zuverlässige Alternative zu herkömmlichen Sanierungsverfahren bieten. Voraussetzungen sind intensive Voruntersuchungen, die Kenntnis der sinnvollen Anwendungsgrenzen des Systems, eine qualitativ hochwertige bauliche Umsetzung des Systems und die Nutzung der Möglichkeiten der Überwachung des Instandsetzungserfolges durch Monitoring, was am Beispiel des Parkhauses Am Gericht in Frankfurt am Main erläutert wird.
Parking garage Am Gericht in Frankfurt am Main - a refurbishment with cathodic corrosion protection.
After several decades in use a refurbishment is often necessary for the bearing structure of reinforced concrete parking garages due to chlorides, which have been brought into concrete by road salt, and the resulting corrosion of the reinforcement, which may lead to a serious decrease of the bearing capacity. With the system of the cathodic protection of the reinforcement exists a cost-effective and reliable technique as an alternative to common solutions. An intensive investigation of the structure, the knowledge of the reasonable limits of the system, excellent design and execution of the construction work and the monitoring of the working system are nevertheless required, which is illustrated by the example of the parking garage Am Gericht in Frankfurt am Main.