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Potential Mapping - What could we measure and what should we able to detect – guideline B03 of DGZfP
(2022)
“Electrochemical potential mapping according to guideline B3 of DGZfP (German Society for Non-Destructive Testing) is a recognized technique for the localization of corroding reinforcing steels.
Areas of corroding reinforcement steel can be located in a non-destructive manner by means of this procedure. Half‐cell potential measurements are used in order to detect chloride‐induced corrosion. However, it is not recommended in order to assess the risk of carbonation‐induced corrosion. For this purpose, determining the carbonation depth and the concrete cover appears more appropriate. The content of this specification exclusively refers to the application of mobile, local variable reference electrodes, which are only placed on the concrete surface while measuring. The technique distinguishes itself thereby from the range of corrosion monitoring systems with stationary installed reference electrodes and sensor systems, respectively, whereby it is possible to continuously track measurements within the area of the installed electrodes. However, these methods are not dealt with in this specification.”
This work presents machine learning-inspired data fusion approaches to improve the non-destructive testing of reinforced concrete. The principal effects that are used for data fusion are shown theoretically. Their effectiveness is tested in case studies carried out on largescale concrete specimens with built-in chloride-induced rebar corrosion. The dataset consists of half-cell potential mapping, Wenner resistivity, microwave moisture and ground penetrating radar measurements. Data fusion is based on the logistic Regression algorithm.
It learns an optimal linear decision boundary from multivariate labeled training data, to separate intact and defect areas. The training data are generated in an experiment that simulates the entire life cycle of chloride-exposed concrete building parts. The unique possibility to monitor the deterioration, and targeted corrosion initiation, allows data labeling.
The results exhibit an improved sensitivity of the data fusion with logistic regression compared to the best individual method half-cell potential.
Electrochemical potential mapping according to guideline B3 of DGZfP (German Society for Nondestructive Testing) is a recognized technique for the localization of corroding reinforcing steels. In reinforced concrete structures the measured potentials are not necessarily directly linked to the corrosion likelihood of the reinforcing steel. The measured values may be significantly affected, different from, e.g., stress measurement, by different influences on the potential formation at the phase boundary metal/concrete itself as well as the acquisition procedure. Due to the complexity of influencing factors there is a risk that the results are misinterpreted. Therefore, in a training concept firstly the theoretical basics of the test method should be imparted. Then, frequently occurring practical situations of various influencing factors will be made accessible to the participants by a model object specially designed for this purpose. The aim is to impart profound knowledge concerning the characteristics of potential mapping for detecting corrosion of reinforcing steel in order to apply this technique in practice as reliable and economical test method.
Large scale reinforced concrete test specimen for potential mapping under practical conditions
(2017)
Electrochemical potential mapping according to guideline B3 of DGZfP German Society for Non- Destructive Testing) is a recognized technique for the localization of corroding reinforcing steels. In reinforced concrete structures the measured potentials are not necessarily directly linked to the corrosion likelihood of the reinforcing steel. The measured values may be significantly affected, different from e.g. stress measurement, by different influences on the potential formation at the phase boundary metal/concrete itself as well as the acquisition procedure. Due to the complexity of influencing factors there is a risk that the results are misinterpreted. To investigate these influencing factors under practical conditions it requires a specimen with similar damage patterns, dimensions and more factors e.g. metallic mounting parts. Recently the BAM realized such a large scale test specimen for this purpose.
Large scale reinforced concrete test specimen for potential mapping under practical conditions
(2017)
Electrochemical potential mapping according to guideline B3 of DGZfP (German Society for Non-Destructive Testing) is a recognized technique for the localization of corroding reinforcing steels. In reinforced concrete structures the measured potentials are not necessarily directly linked to the corrosion likelihood of the reinforcing steel. The measured values may be significantly affected, different from e.g. stress measurement, by different influences on the potential formation at the phase boundary metal/concrete itself as well as the acquisition procedure. Due to the complexity of influencing factors there is a risk that the results are misinterpreted. To investigate these influencing factors under practical conditions it requires a specimen with similar damage patterns, dimensions and more factors e.g. metallic mounting parts. Recently the BAM realized such a large scale test specimen for this purpose.
Determining a pore structure’s mechanical and chemical data on lime rendering exposed outdoors and including masonry in the laboratory, with regard to their behaviour on moisture transport and weathering was the objective. In search of clues for a dose-response relation - i.e. upon a connection between the emission rate of SO2 and NOx on one hand and the degree of damage to mainly plaster having a lime component on the other - it has been of interest to what extent their structural characteristics including pore space are modified and so consequently also physico-technical properties and chemical composition. For determining corresponding criteria, a widely diversified spectrum of test methods such as to obtain data concerning porosity and moisture transport, mechanical behaviour, and chemistry as well is available. A description of the manufacture of plate-shaped rendering specimens with lime putty, industrially hydrated lime and dolomitic hydrate (the last two also having a cement admixture) and also hydraulic lime as binding agents is included. First deposition velocity and absorption rate for SO2 were determined in laboratory tests on these materials in dry and moist states. After their exposure on outdoor racks at six locations in the Berlin region with differing SO2 atmospheric contents over at least 5 years, the samples of course show timedependent modifications of chemical and physical qualities which are especially reflected in the form of profiles of structure, strength and concentration, e.g. for sulphate. Local climatic differences, however, partly exert a greater influence on material than emissions. Similar investigations were performed on samples of comparable composition exposed 4 and 17 years. But the real surprise is furnished by the renderings’ behaviour depending upon orientation and upon height at a building. Since weathering behaviour and moisture Transport (absorption, storage, release) are directly interdependent, further criteria are necessary for a critical assessment of a plasters’ pore structure. Starting from sands, plasters were characterized. The structural parameters were lastly influenced by the respective contents of sand, binder and mixing water. These results and those gained from bricks naturally find their expression in masonry sections manufactured there from, and above all in their capillary and evaporative behaviours, and also when applying different test liquids. Summary and cited literature is given at the end of this report.
Case studies
(2013)
In this paper, some quite different survey tasks are described, and it can be seen that corrosion surveys will follow a certain scheme of data acquisition (first NDT measurements, than detailed testing on suspect areas), but the individual scope of on-site measurements may have a vast variety according to the local circumstances, and the interpretation always has to refer to a wider set of information than the data readings only.