Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Zeitschriftenartikel (3)
- Dissertation (2)
- Posterpräsentation (1)
Schlagworte
- Layer-by-layer deposition (6) (entfernen)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
The characteristics of TiO2 coatings can greatly influence their final performance in large‐scale applications. In the present study, self‐assembly of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in multiple layers was selected as a deposition procedure on various substrates. For this, the main prerequisite constitutes the surface modification of both NPs and substrate with, for example, silane coupling agents. A set of functionalized TiO2 NPs has been produced by reaction with either (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) or (3‐aminopropyl)phosphonic acid (APPA) to functionalize the NP surface with free amino‐groups. Then, the complementary functionalized NP set can be obtained from an aliquot of the first one, through the conversion of free surface amino groups to aldehydes by reaction with glutaraldehyde (GA). Several types of TiO2 NPs differing in size, shape, and specific surface area have been functionalized. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), SEM/ energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), XPS, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and Time‐of‐Flight (ToF)‐SIMS analyses have been carried out to evaluate the degree of functionalization, all the analytical methods employed demonstrating successful functionalization of TiO2 NP surface with APTES or APPA and GA.
The characteristics of TiO2 coatings can greatly influence their final performance in large-scale applications. In the present study self-assembly of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in multiple layers was selected as a deposition procedure on various substrates. For this, the main prerequisite constitutes the surface modification of both NPs and substrate with e.g. silane coupling agents. A set of functionalized TiO2 NPs has been produced by reaction with either (3- aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) or (3-aminopropyl)phosphonic acid (APPA) to functionalize the NP surface with free amino-groups. Then, the complementary functionalized NP set can be obtained from an aliquot of the first one, through the conversion of free surface amino-groups to aldehydes by reaction with glutaraldehyde (GA). Several types of TiO2 NPs differing in size, shape and specific surface area have been functionalized. FTIR, TGA, SEM/EDS, XPS, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and ToF-SIMS analyses have been carried out to evaluate the degree of functionalization, all the analytical methods employed demonstrating successful functionalization of TiO2 NP surface with APTES or APPA and GA.
Switchable Surfaces: Mono- and Multilayers of Stimuli-Responsive Supramolecules on Solid Supports
(2016)
Rotaxanes are mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) that are considered to be excellent prototypes for the development of molecular machines. They comprise a discrete number of molecules that are bound to each other via non-covalent interactions. Mechanically interlocked means that a covalent bond must be broken in order to separate the molecules from another. If the rotaxanes are furthermore provided with different binding sites, they can perform a con-formational change and thus a nanoscopic movement by the application of an external stimu-lus. However, this movement is not directed in solution and a macroscopic effect is therefore, if at all, very difficult to realize. The integration of rotaxanes into a reference system by, for example, the immobilization on a surface is regarded as a promising approach to convert the generated nanoscopic motion into a macroscopic effect.
The present work describes the immobilization of chloride-switchable rotaxanes onto surfaces using a variety of methods. In detail, the applied methods are the metal-mediated layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly and the covalent deposition using click chemistry, which can be con-sidered as separate approaches. Before the rotaxanes were immobilized, the deposition meth-ods were first established and gradually improved on the basis of earlier results by using dif-ferent macrocycle and guest molecules. Various template layers – so-called self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) – were used. These are terminated with pyridine or terpyridine for the metal-induced LbL deposition. Azide-terminated SAMs are used for the covalent deposition.
In the course of that, the following objectives were achieved: The deposition of diterpyridin functionalized macrocycles in multilayers with a preferential orientation was investigated and verified by transmission-UV/Vis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as well as near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS). In order to produce the multilayer, metal-ions and macrocycles were alternately deposited onto various SAMs. To enable further process control for the LbL deposition, Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) has been extended by use of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) which is capable of analyzing even very small changes in the deposition procedure. By using two different macrocycles and four metals, a mixed multilayer was fabricated that can be programmed by its deposition sequence. The treatment of the multilayers with appropriate guest molecules showed that they are on one hand addressable to the lowest layer by an external stimulus and that they are on the other hand able to incorporate a relatively large amount of the guest. Additionally, the covalently deposited supramolecules are also able to bind guests and to adapt to their structures. In both cases, the reversibility could be shown by appropriate experiments. Finally, the introduction of pyridine-functionalized nanoparticles into the multilayers led to a higher guest uptake, which can be explained by the reduction of the macrocycle-order due to the uneven surface of the nanoparticles.
Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit der Herstellung von programmierbaren, supramolekularen Multischichten und Komposit-Multischichten auf Gold- und Siliziumoberflächen durch Anwendung eines koordinationschemischen Schicht-auf-Schicht-Selbstorganisationsverfahrens und den damit verbundenen Synthesen, Beschichtungen und Analysen. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, wurde zunächst eine Vielzahl von pyridin- und terpyridinterminierten selbstorganisierten Monoschichten (SAM) hergestellt und auf Gold- und Siliziumoberflächen abgeschieden. Die Abscheideprozedur wurde optimiert wobei zur Analytik der Oberflächen Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie (XPS), winkelabhängiger kantennaher Röntgenabsorptionsfeinstrukturspektroskopie (NEXAFS-Spektroskopie), Flugzeit-Sekundärionen-Massenspektrometrie (ToF-SIMS), Transmissions-UV/Vis-Spektroskopie sowie Rasterkraftmikroskopie (AFM) eingesetzt wurde. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich hochgeordnete monomolekulare und gemischte Monoschichten erzeugen lassen. Die terminalen funktionellen Gruppen dieser SAMs konnten als Ligand zur Komplexbildung mit Übergangsmetallionen verwendet werden.
Diese koordinative Haftschicht wurde zur Verknüpfung zunächst von Testliganden und später von terpyridin-terminierten Tetralactam-Makrozyklen (TLM) und darauf basierenden Etherrotaxanen verwendet. Hierbei wurden ebenfalls die Beschichtungsbedingungen optimiert, um einen vollständigen Bedeckungsgrad zu erreichen. Unter Verwendung dieser Bedingungen wurden anschließend Multischichten aus TLMs und Fe(II)-Ionen sowie alternierend Fe(II) und Ni(II) abgeschieden. Die Analyse der hergestellten Multischichten zeigte reproduzierbar ein regelmäßiges, kontrollierbares Wachstum und eine Vorzugsorientierung. Durch den Einsatz von pyridin- und terpyridin-terminierten TLMs mit variierenden Metallionen konnte gezeigt werden, dass es möglich ist, die Abfolge verschiedener Schichten der Multischicht gezielt festzulegen.
Im weiteren Verlauf der Arbeit wurden pyridin-terminierte Goldnanopartikel hergestellt und in die Multischichten integriert, um so Komposit-Multischichten herzustellen. Letztlich konnte gezeigt werden, dass die erzeugten Multischichten genutzt werden können, um über nicht-kovalente Wechselwirkungen reversibel Gastmoleküle zu binden und freizusetzten.
The adhesion of thick poly(allylamine)-polyphosphate layers (1 µm) deposited by the wet-chemical layer-by-layer technique (LbL) onto polyethylene or polystyrene (each 100 µm) was very low. To promote the adhesion of these LbL layers the polyolefin substrates were oxidized at the surface by short exposure to the oxygen plasma (2 or 5 s) and subsequently coated with an interlayer of plasma-deposited poly(allylamine) or poly(allyl alcohol) (100 nm). The plasma polymer interlayers have improved strongly the adhesion between polyolefin substrates and polyphosphate coatings. Such phosphate coatings are interesting for life sciences (nucleotide formation) but also for fire retardancy in combination with N-rich compounds such as melamine.
The intention was to prefer chemical and hydrogen bonds for adhesion promoting because of their high binding energy. Therefore, the introduced oxygen-containing groups at the polyolefin surface could interact with the OH or NH2 groups of the adhesion-promoting plasma polymer interlayer. These groups were also able to interact strongly with the poly(allylamine)-polyphosphate topcoating.
The coated polyolefins were investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in Attenuated Total Reflectance mode (FTIR-ATR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Thermo-Gravimetric Analyses (TGA) and Atomic Force Spectroscopy (AFM) and 90° peel test.
Coordination chemistry was applied to deposit pyridine-functionalized gold nanoparticles on silicon substrates. The particles were synthesized through the Brust/Schiffrin route with a subsequent ligand exchange reaction yielding well-defined particles of two different sizes. Multilayer deposition was carried out on a pyridine-terminated SAM, anchored on a hydroxyl-terminated silicon surface. Analogously, Hunter/Vögtle-type tetralactam macrocycle multilayers were deposited as well as mixed layers containing both either in an alternating sequence or as a macrocycle multilayer with a terminating nanoparticle layer. These composite layers were examined with respect to their ability to bind squaraine axles in the macrocycle cavities. The amount of guest bound is higher for the composite layer with alternating macrocycles and nanoparticles.