The temperature dependences of the periods of the crystal lattices of the γ and γ' phases, their dimensional mismatch (misfit), and volume fraction of the γ' phase of an experimental single-crystal hightemperature nickel-based alloy have been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis in the temperature range of 18–1150°C. The temperature ranges in which intense changes in the structural and phase characteristics of the alloy under study take place have been determined.
The origin of the intrinsic wear resistance of NbC-based materials is investigated through an assessment of the tribological performance of fully dense, crack-free spark plasma sintered Nb2O5 (here as a reduced polymorph: monoclinic Nb12O29 or NbO2.416). The most likely wear mechanism on NbC is the tribo-oxidation to Nb2O5. The unlubricated (dry) friction and wear behavior of alumina (99.7%) mated against rotating disks of crack-free niobium(V)oxide (Nb2O5) under unidirectional sliding (0.03–10m/s; 22°C and 400°C) and oscillation (f=20 Hz, dx=200 mm, 2/50/98% rel. humidity, n=105/106 cycles) will be presented. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the crack-free Nb2O5 are assessed. The tribological data obtained are benchmarked with different NbC grades, ceramics, cermets and thermally sprayed coatings.
Das tribologische Profil von binderlosem NbC und mit 8% bzw. mit 12% Cobalt oder 12% Fe3Al gebundenem NbC wird unter unidirektionaler Gleitreibung (v= 0,1-10 m/s, T= 22°C und 400°C) und unter oszillierender Gleitreibung vergleichend gegenüber Ingenieurkeramiken und Hartmetallen dargestellt. Zusätzlich werden die 4-Punkt-Biegebruchfestigkeit, elastische Eigenschaften (E,G) bis 1.000�C die lastabhängige Mikrohärte sowie die Phasenzusammensetzung und Gefügestrukturen vorgestellt. Die Verschleißkoeffizienten des binderlosen NbC lagen bei T unterhalb von 10-6 mm³/N?m, während diejenigen der cobaltgebundenen NbCs mit ansteigender Gleitgeschwindigkeit von 2-4 10-6 mm³/N?m bei 0,1 m/s auf 5-7 10-7 mm³/N.m bei 10 m/s abnahmen. Die Verschleißkoeffizienten bei 400°C lagen für die NbCs generell unterhalb von 10-6 mm³/N.m. Das tribologische Lasttragevermögen im Trockenlauf, ausgedrückt als PV-Wert, nimmt mit ansteigender Gleitgeschwindigkeit auf 100 W/mm² zu. Bedingt durch die geringe Löslichkeit von NbC in Legierungen offenbarten erste Zerspanversuche mit verschiedenen Stählen eine gegenüber WC-basierten Schneidstoffen signifikant angehobene Zerspanungsvolumina. Somit offenbart NbC in offenen und geschlossenen Tribosystemen Anwendungspotentiale.
The tribological profile of rotating disks made in binder-less niobium Carbide (hot-pressed NbC) and cobalt-bonded NbCs (NbC-8Co and NbC-12Co) mated against alumina (99.7%) were determined under unidirectional sliding tests (0.1 m/s to 8.0 m/s; 22°C and 400°C) as well as in oscillation tests (f= 20 Hz, Ax= 0.2 mm, 2/50/98% rel. humidity, n= 105/l 06 cycles) under unlubricated (dry) conditions. In addition, the microstructure and mechanical properties of HPNbCl and NbC bonded with 8 vol.-% and 12 vol.-% cobalt were determined as well. The tribological data obtained were benchmarked with different ceramics, cermets, hard metals and thermally sprayed coatings, where the NbCs bonded with 8% and 12% Co presented above 7 m/s the lowest wear rates so far in such a bench mark. HP-NbCl, NbC-8Co and NbC-12Co exhibited low wear rates under dry sliding associated with PV high load carrying capacities. The tribological profile established revealed a strong position of NbC bearing materials under tribological considerations and for closed tribo-systems against traditional references.
The tribological and mechanical properties of niobium carbides (NbC) bonded with cobalt of Fe3Al
(2014)
The tribological and mechanical properties of niobium carbide bonded with 8 vol.-% (NbC-8Co), 12 vol.-% of cobalt (NbC-12Co) or 12 vol.-% of Fe3Al (NbC-12Fe3Al) are presented. Rotating discs made of metal-bonded niobium carbide were mated against alumina (99.7%) under unlubricated (dry) unidirectional sliding tests (0.1 m/s to 12.0 m/s; 22 °C and 400 C) as well as in oscillation tests (f=20 Hz, Δx=0.2 mm, 2/50/98% rel. humidity, n=105/106 cycles). Microstructure and phase compositions were determined as well. The tribological data obtained were benchmarked with different ceramics, cermets, hard metals and thermally sprayed coatings, where NbC bonded with 8% and 12% Co presented above 7 m/s the lowest wear rates so far in such a benchmark. Binderless NbC (HP-NbC1) and the metal-bonded NbCs exhibited low wear rates under dry sliding associated with P·V high load carrying capacities. NbC-based hard metal bonded with 12 vol.-% of Fe3Al resulted in a higher hardness level than for 12 vol.-% cobalt. The tribological profile established revealed a strong position of NbC-bearing materials under tribological considerations and for closed tribosystems against established reference tribo-couples.
This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the influence of polypropylene (PP) fibres on the thermal strain of high strength concrete (HSC) at temperatures up to 750°C. Concerning this topic only few results can be found in the literature and systematic investigations are missing. However, basic knowledge is necessary to understand the internal damage processes as well as for structural design.
To explain the differences in the thermal strain of HSC with and without addition of PP fibres the internal damage processes were investigated with acoustic emission (AE) analysis and ultrasound (US). Furthermore the weight loss was measured continuously during heating to monitor the drying of the specimen. This novel approach by combining these different methods with strain measurements at high temperatures allows the integral description of the internal damage processes. The results reveal significant differences in the thermal strain of HSC when PP fibres are added. Between 200°C and 250°C the thermal strain of HSC with PP fibres is superimposed by shrinkage caused by accelerated drying. Above 250°C it is lower than that of plain HSC without PP fibres. It is supposed that it is caused by a more homogeneous distribution of micro cracks whereby the fibre beds acting as defects in the concrete.
Hence this paper gives a contribution to the general understanding of the impact of PP fibres in HSC at high temperatures and points out the influence of the fibres on the thermal strain of HSC.