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Experimental characterization of the thermodynamic behavior of multicomponent gas mixtures of accurately known composition with traceability to National Standard is of great importance for testing the current reference equation of state (EoS) for natural gases and related mixtures, GERG-2008. Natural gas composition may change considerably due to the diversity of origins, or the possibility to incorporate hydrogen, biomethane or other non-conventional energy gases.
In this work, density measurements for three synthetic mixtures, representing two biomethane mixtures and a typical natural gas composition, are presented. Results are compared to the current reference EoS for natural gases and related mixtures, i.e., GERG-2008 and AGA8-DC92.
Dangerous goods are transported as air freight in commercial aircrafts. Using plastic jerrycans or plastic containers, liquids or gases can escape by leakage or permeation effects. Prior research by the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) showed that the lower explosion limit can be reached when transporting dangerous goods in sea-freight containers under normal transportation situations. This motivated the presented study of the transportation situation of dangerous goods in cargo compartments of commercial airplanes. The scope of this paper is to present the experimental method used for validating a numerical model for CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations. The CFD model will be used in a future study to evaluate the potential risk from transporting dangerous goods.
The objective of this paper is to present the model mock-up of an aircraft cargo compartment and some examples of three dimensional velocity profiles of the air flow in the mock-up. The velocity profiles are calculated using numerical simulations and measured by Laser-Doppler-Anemometry (LDA) experiments. The mock-up is a generic model of a wide-body aircraft lower deck cargo compartment in a 1:10 scale. Geometry, air exchange rates and inlet as well as outlet flow conditions in the cargo compartment are modeled using realistic boundary conditions. The commercial CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) code ANSYS CFX 14 is used for numerical flow simulations applying RANS (Reynolds-Averaged-Navier-Stokes) equations and turbulence models. The turbulence models studied are the renormalization group k-ε-model (RNG), the Reynolds-Stress model by Launder, Reece and Rodi (LRR) and the SST-k-ω-model by Menter (SST).
The flow measurement with LDA in the mock-up of a cargo compartment proves to be a feasible method for producing data to validate CFD simulations. Qualitative evaluation of the results shows a good overall agreement between numerical and experimental results. The experimental validation indicates that the implemented CFD model is capable of reproducing the flow situation in the model mock-up.
Chemically unstable gases - flammability of ethylene oxide mixtures in sterilization processes
(2008)
For the assessment of explosion hazards by industrial
sterilization processes with ethylene oxide (EO), the flammability
regions of 3-component systems EO/nitrogen/air, EO/carbon
dioxide/air and EO/water vapor/air were determined. The tests were
performed at temperatures of 20 °C and 100 °C and at pressures of
40 kPa and 100 kPa in accordance with the standard test method EN
1839-B.
The observed flammability regions are similar in shape and
typical for mixtures with ethylene oxide. According to the molecular
heat capacities the regions get larger with nitrogen and smaller with
carbon dioxide. They become larger with increasing pressure and
increasing temperature.
Using experimental data a semi-empirical model was created
that allows the calculation of flammability limits of process gases in
sterilization processes. Such process gases can consist of EO,
nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor and air.
The model is based on the assumption that the adiabatic flame
temperatures along the boundary curves of a flammability region
have a certain temperature profile that is nearly independent of the
type of the inert gas. The adiabatic flame temperatures were
calculated by using the Gaseq Code.
Using a temperature profile calculated from only one
experimental system EO/inert gas/air it is possible to predict the
flammability limits of systems with other inert gases or of process
gases containing several inert gases.
Das Tabellenwerk "Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen" ist in zwei Bänden herausgegeben worden. Während im ersten Band "Brennbare Flüssigkeiten und Gase" vorrangig die sicherheitstechnischen Kenngrößen reiner Stoffe im Gemisch mit Luft behandelt werden, stehen im Band 2 "Explosionsbereiche von Gasgemischen" die Eigenschaften von Gemischen aus Brenngas, Oxidator und Inertgas im Mittelpunkt. Damit soll erstmals dem Wunsch von Industrie und Behörden entsprochen werden, in einem Tabellenwerk komplette Datensätze zu den Explosionsbereichen von Stoffgemischen in gedruckter Form zur Verfügung zu stellen. Den Explosionsdiagrammen kann man die Zusammensetzung von explosionsfähigen Gemischen entnehmen. Sie sind damit Grundlage für Maßnahmen des primären Explosionsschutzes, z. B. für die Inertisierung.
Die Daten für die Explosionsdiagramme wurden überwiegend der Datenbank CHEMSAFE, Update 2008, entnommen. Diese Datenbank, die gemeinsam von der Gesellschaft für Chemische Technik und Biotechnologie e. V. (DECHEMA), der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) sowie der Physikalisch-Technischen Bundesanstalt (PTB) herausgegeben wird, enthält von Fachleuten bewertete sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen. Die Kenngrößen brennbarer Flüssigkeiten werden traditionell von der PTB, die Kenngrößen brennbarer Gase und Stäube sowie die entsprechenden Explosionsdiagramme werden von der BAM bearbeitet, die auch den zweiten Band dieses Tabellenwerkes herausgibt.