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Safety aspects of the storage containments of hydrogen are independent from the kind of usage: The main criteria is the resistance against the pressure load. On the 2nd level there are aspects specific to the usage as e.g. crash loads etc.
Safety is achieved when the probability (frequency) of a failure during the service life is acceptable!
But an aspect common for all usages is the scatter of properties resulting from the material and the production. Therefore, it is worth to have a look on the current approach of minimum burst ratios from an unknown point of view: the basic populations of a product – based on exemplarily assessments.
According to this approach, several diagrams with Monte-Carlo generated basic populations in new and aged conditions have been shown. Thus, it has been demonstrated that not the conditions at the begin of life are the critical ones. No, the end of life properties are the critical ones.
This has been combined with the acceptance rate of borderline basic populations. The approach of minimum burst ratios leads to the acceptance rate of 40 % and higher for the approval of critical basic populations – critical due to their production scatter.
This problem becomes much more critical when taking into account the unknown effects of degradation and in-service ageing.
Therefore, we cannot support the proposed reduction of minimum burst ratio without having a stronger assessment of production scatter.
Hydrogen is an attractive energy carrier that requires high effort for safe storage. For ensuring safety, storage cylinders must undergo a challenging approval process. Relevant standards and regulations for composite cylinders used for the transport of hydrogen and for its onboard storage are currently based on deterministic (e.g. ISO 11119-3) or to some respect semi-probabilistic criteria (UN GTR No. 13; with respect to burst strength).
This paper provides a systematic analysis of the load cycle properties resulting from these regulations and standards. Their characteristics are compared with the probabilistic approach of the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing BAM. The most important aspect of comparing different concepts is the rate for accepting designs with potentially unsafe or critical safety properties. This acceptance rate is analysed by operating Monte-Carlo simulations over the available range of production properties.
Featuring a detailed analysis of current approval requirements and the relevant safety assessment methods for gas cylinders in general and with main focus on composite cylinders for storing ompressed natural gas and hydrogen, this book demonstrates how current regulations and standards limit the ability to reduce cost and weight. Based on this data, it then highlights the potential offered by the proposed approval procedure based on probabilistic safety assessment.
After addressing the economic potential of probabilistic safety assessments, the book details working procedures and improving cycles and (slow) bursts as methods for assessing residual strength. It then discusses methods for statistically evaluating test data, as well as sample- size and distribution character considerations. A definition of sample strength is elaborated in terms of the performance sheets developed by the author. On this basis, it discusses safety as a property of service life and interpreted as an issue of degradation, and explores aspects of artificial aging for simulating the end-of-life reliability level. Lastly, the book considers control and inspection aspects: quality of production, degradation prediction using destructive sample tests parallel to operation, retesting periods and correcting for underand overestimates of safe lifetime.
Presented in schematic diagrams, illustrations and tables, this information enables manufacturers and operators to use this new approach in practice and supports the improvement of current regulations and standards.
Composite materials show a degradation of properties depending on Service life. This creates the necessity to find tailored methods to determine strength and residual strength of composite cylinders. The determination can be done e.g. by load cycles tests. The result needs a Statistical assessment for the precise description of strength. Especially the Statistical assessment of load cycle strength properties has a high uncertainty. It is unclear if a Log-Normal distribution, a WEIBULL distribution or others, describe the scatter behaviour of residual strength properties correctly. Distribution functions aim at approximating the frequency of occurrence of residual load cycle strength for high survival rates. An assumption has to be found and confirmed to prevent overestimation of reliability.