Additive manufacturing (AM) offers significantly greater freedom of design compared to conventional manufacturing processes since the final parts are built layer by layer. This enables metal AM, also known as metal 3D printing, to be utilized for improving efficiency and functionality, for the production of parts with very complex geometries, and rapid prototyping. However, despite many technological advancements made in recent years, several challenges hinder the mass adoption of metal AM. One of these challenges is mechanical anisotropy which describes the dependency of material properties on the material orientation. Therefore, in this work, stainless steel 316L parts produced by laser-based powder bed fusion are used to isolate and understand the root cause of anisotropy in AM parts. Furthermore, an efficient and accurate multiscale numerical framework is presented for predicting the deformation behavior of actual AM parts on the macroscale undergoing large plastic deformations. Finally, a novel constitutive model for the plastic spin is formulated to capture the influence of the microstructure evolution on the material behavior on the macroscale.
Digital detectors such as phosphor imaging plates (IP) and digital detector arrays (DDA) enable radiographic inspection with higher efficiency and improved image quality in comparison to the classic film technique. The mobile mechanised tomographic system TomoCAR (tomographic computer aided radiology) was developed first for inspection of circumferential welded seams of pipes. It consists of the manipulator based position control of an X-ray tube in front of the region to inspect and a digital detector array behind it. The high contrast sensitivity technique was combined with planar tomography. The tomographic reconstruction allows the three-dimensional (3D) representation of the material structure and included defects, equivalent to a metallographic cross sectioning. The hardware design is based on a specially developed flat X-ray tube and a direct converting CMOS detector array on CdTe basis. TomoCAR is applied for sizing of volumetric and planar defects. It allows the reliable detection of planar defects with openings larger than 25µm by subpixel resolution due to the achieved high signal-to-noise ratio. TomoCAR was successfully qualified as the result of a German pilot study on the basis of the European Network of Inspection and Qualification (ENIQ) guidelines for application in the nuclear power industry. Application examples are presented. The TomoCAR design was modified for in situ inspection of large aircraft components under production conditions. A gantry gate based planar tomograph was constructed and tested for inspection of the integrity of large flat CFRP panel components of up to 3 m × 9 m size. The integrity of imbedded stringers has been successfully observed. Different trials were performed to prove the finding rate of cracks in embedded stringers, which will be presented and discussed.
Erstarrungsverhalten und Schweißeignung austenitischer Stähle beim Laserstrahl- und Hybridschweißen
(2006)
Das Verarbeitungsverhalten kaltgewalzter, nichtrostender austenitischer Feinbleche wird entscheidend durch die Größe der Körner im Mikrogefüge beeinflusst. Um die Rekristallisationsglühung auf eine bestimmte Korngröße hin steuern zu können, ist eine kontinuierliche zerstörungsfreie Kontrolle der Korngröße im Kaltband nach der Glühung erforderlich.
Diese Publikation berichtet einführend über Grundlagen der Wirbelstromprüfung, um dann die derzeit geläufigen Verfahren zu erörtern. Es folgen die Prüfergebnisse der Impuls- Wirbelstromprüfung, wobei nur reine Fehlersignale ohne Einfluss von Störparametern untersucht werden. Ergänzungen durch Beispiele aus dem Bereich der kerntechnischen Qualitätssicherung.