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- 2016 (520) (entfernen)
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Ein wesentliches Grundbedürfnis ist die Sicherheit, d. h. die Gewissheit, in einer sicheren Umgebung zu leben und zu arbeiten. Die existenzielle Sicherheit ist eine notwendige Voraussetzung zur Befriedigung aller weiteren notwendigen Bedürfnisse. Auch die Technik ist ohne Sicherheit nicht denkbar. Trotz aller Bemühungen kommt es aber immer wieder zu Unfällen, aus welchen Gründen auch immer. Eine Strategie, Unfälle zu verhindern bzw. deren Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit zu minimieren ist es, zwischen einem Objekt mit einem hohen Gefährdungspotenzial und seiner Nachbarschaft, Barrieren zu errichten, z. B. durch eine schützende Isolierung, Sicherheitsabstände oder durch eine Erdüberdeckung. Die erdgedeckte Verlegung von Pipelines ist Stand der Technik. Über die Überdeckungshöhen scheint es jedoch verschiedene Auffassungen zu geben. Im folgenden Beitrag werden dazu einige Beispiele vorgestellt.
Zinc oxide is a wide bandgap semiconductor with unique optical, electrical and catalytic properties. Many of its practical applications rely on the materials pore structure, crystallinity and electrical conductivity. We report a synthesis method for ZnO films with ordered mesopore structure and tuneable crystallinity and electrical conductivity. The synthesis relies on dip-coating of solutions containing micelles of an amphiphilic block copolymer and complexes of Zn2+ ions with aliphatic ligands. A subsequent calcination at 400 °C removes the template and induces crystallization of the pore walls. The pore structure is controlled by the template polymer, whereas the aliphatic ligands control the crystallinity of the pore walls. Complexes with a higher thermal stability result in ZnO films with a higher content of residual carbon, smaller ZnO crystals and therefore lower electrical conductivity. The paper discusses the ability of different types of ligands to assist in the synthesis of mesoporous ZnO and relates the structure and thermal stability of the precursor complexes to the crystallinity and electrical conductivity of the zinc oxide.
Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio changes due to machining in porous microcracked cordierite
(2016)
Microstructural changes in porous cordierite caused by machining were characterized using microtensile testing, X-ray computed tomography, and scanning electron microscopy. Young's moduli and Poisson's ratios were determined on similar to 215- to 380-mu m-thick machined samples by combining digital image correlation and microtensile loading. The results provide evidence for an increase in microcrack density and decrease of Young's modulus due to machining of the thin samples extracted from diesel particulate filter honeycombs. This result is in contrast to the known effect of machining on the strength distribution of bulk, monolithic ceramics.
The growing interest in artificial bioorganic Interfaces as a platform for applications in emerging Areas as personalized medicine, clinical diagnostics, biosensing, biofilms, prevention of biofouling, and other fields of bioengineering is the origin of a need for in Detail multitechnique characterizations of such layers and interfaces. The in-depth analysis of biointerfaces is of special interest as the properties of functional bioorganic coatings can be dramatically affected by in-depth variations of composition.
In worst cases, the functionality of a device produced using such coatings can be substantially reduced or even fully lost.
The preparation and characterization of a Titanium dioxide (TiO2) by a simple, cost effective, facile and eco-friendly green synthesis method using Peltophorum pterocarpum plant extract is presented. The green synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). XRD results show that the prepared TiO2 NPs were significantly crystalline with various percentages of anatase and rutile phases. The nanoparticles were found to have different diameters ranging from 20 to 80 nm. No evidence of any intermediate or different TiO2 phases were found in XANES measurements performed at the Ti K- and L-edge. It is shown that the TiO2 NPs with high uniformity, high surface area and minimum aggregation can be prepared with relative ease and the desired anatase: rutile phase ratio can be obtained by controlling the experimental conditions.
Soft x-ray spectromicroscopy techniques have seen great amount of development in the recent years, and with the development of new diffraction limited synchrotron source, many new nanoscale and mesoscale characterization opportunities of applied materials are foreseen. In this perspective, the authors present some examples that illustrate the capabilities of spectromicroscopy techniques, namely, 2D and 3D spatially resolved chemical quantification, surface and bulk sensitive measurements, and polarization dependent measurements as applied to iron oxide nanoparticulate materials of biological, geological, and other origins.
Insects with complete metamorphosis (holometaboly) are extremely successful, constituting over 60% of all described animal species. Complete metamorphosis confers significant advantages because it enables organisms to optimise life-history components through temporal partitioning, and thereby to exploitmultiple ecological niches. Yet holometaboly can also impose costs, and several lineages have evolved life cycle modifications to avoid complete metamorphosis.
In this review, we discuss different strategies that have evolved that result in the loss of complete metamorphosis (type I and type II paedomorphosis). In addition, the ecological pressures and developmental modifications that facilitate this avoidance are considered, as well as the importance of life cycle complexity in life-history evolution. Interestingly, only female holometabolous insects have entirely avoided complete metamorphosis, and it is always the ancestrally juvenile morphology that is retained. These findings point to a strong sex-biased trade-off between investment in reproduction and development. While the loss of complete metamorphosis in females has occurred independently on several occasions across holometabolous insects, only a small number of species possessing this ability have been described.
Thus, complete metamorphosis, which originated only once in insects, appears to have been almost fully retained. This indicates that significant modifications to the holometabolan metamorphic ground plan are highly constrained, and suggests that the transition to complete metamorphosis is evolutionarily irreversible.
In this study, a new reliable, economic, and environmentally-friendly one-step synthesis is established to obtain carbon nanodots (CNDs) with well-defined and reproducible photoluminescence (PL) properties via the microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatment of starch and Tris-acetate-EDTA (TAE) buffer as carbon sources. Three kinds of CNDs are prepared using different sets of above mentioned starting materials. The as-synthesized CNDs: C-CND (starch only), N-CND 1 (starch in TAE) and N-CND 2 (TAE only) exhibit highly homogenous PL and are ready to use without need for further purification.
The CNDs are stable over a long period of time (>1 year) either in solution or as freeze-dried powder. Depending on starting material, CNDs with PL quantum yield (PLQY) ranging from less than 1% up to 28% are obtained. The influence of the precursor concentration, reaction time and type of additives on the optical properties (UV-Vis absorption, PL emission spectrum and PLQY) is carefully investigated, providing insight into the chemical processes that occur during CND formation. Remarkably, upon freeze-drying the initially brown CND-solution turns into a non-fluorescent white/slightly Brown powder which recovers PL in aqueous solution and can potentially be applied as fluorescent marker in bio-imaging, as a reduction agent or as a photocatalyst.
In this contribution, two large-area EDS detectors were tested according to the procedure proposed recently by Procop et al. In a first step, the optimal working distance (WD) in the two different SEM chambers was determined by moving the sample stage in the Z direction and monitoring the count rates from a field of view of 25.6 μm. The WD at which the highest intensity was measured was selected as the optimal position. Next the Cu Kα peak was measured at different relative EDS positions while it was partially removed from the fully inserted position. The spectrum at each location was collected for 10 sec using the highest pulse rate and intermediate current (2.3 nA) to minimize pile up effects (13% dead time). The ‘inverse squared normalized intensities vs. relative EDS position’ used to extract the true detector – specimen distance shows a non-linear relationship even at the minimal relative positions, which indicates shadowing due to obstruction or use of an unsuitable and/or off-centered collimator. The normalized count rates measured as a function of the EDS distances, results in a too low GCE (too low true solid angles) for both tested detectors. The search for sources of losses of signal due to possible shadowing effects is in progress.
In the present study we have investigated whether the effect of water on properties of borate glasses resembles that of alkali oxide. Soda-lime-borate glasses with nominal compositions of x Na2O, 10 CaO, (90-x) B2O3 (x = 5, 15 and 25 mol%) were doped with up to 8 wt.% H2O by processing glass powder + distilled water in platinum capsules in an internally heated gas pressure vessel at 1523 K and 500 MPa. The water content of hydrous glasses was determined by Karl-Fischer titration and near-infrared spectroscopy. The glass transition temperature T-g. was derived from DTA and micropenetration experiments for which the effect of water loss at the surface of the hydrous glasses was studied. Heating glass samples at 10 K min(-1) in the DTA resulted in T-g values which are close to T-12 isokom temperatures confirming the equivalence of enthalpy relaxation and viscous relaxation for borate glasses. For all three glass series it is shown that T-g strongly decreases whereas the liquid fragility strongly increases upon the addition of water. These findings reveal that H2O primarily causes breaking of B-O-B bonds rather than supporting 4-fold coordinated boron as it is well-known for alkali oxides in this concentration range. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.