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As industrial demand for graphene-based materials (GBMs) grows, more attention falls on potential environmental risks. The present article describes a first assessment of the environmental releases of GBMs using dynamic probabilistic material flow analysis. The model considered all current or expected uses of GBMs from 2004 to 2030, during which time there have already been significant changes in how the graphene mass produced is distributed to different product categories. Although the volume of GBM production is expected to grow exponentially in the coming years, outflow from the consumption of products containing GBMs shows only a slightly positive trend due to their long lifetimes and the large in-use stock of some applications (e.g., GBM composites used in wind turbine blades). From consumption and end-of-life phase GBM mass flows in 2030, estimates suggest that more than 50% will be incinerated and oxidized in waste plants, 16% will be landfilled, 12% will be exported out of Europe, and 1.4% of the annual production will flow to the environment. Predicted release concentrations for 2030 are 1.4 ng/L in surface water and 20 μg/kg in sludge-treated soil. This study’s results could be used for prospective environmental risk assessments and as input for environmental fate models.
Im Zusammenhang mit den Untersuchungen zu den Möglichkeiten von gekühlten Transporten von Lithiumbatterien werden unterschiedliche Zerstörungsmethoden vorgestellt und diskutiert. Insbesondere wird dabei das neu entwickelte Nageltool und die vorläufigen Untersuchungen für den Einfluss von Ultratiefkühlung auf unbeschädigte Lithiumbatterien vorgestellt.
In Germany, BAM is the competent authority in the field of dangerous goods transport. The international dangerous goods transportation rules are presented and their adaptation into German law is described. BAM is responsible for dangerous goods packaging testing, manufacturer surveillance, packaging approvals and inspection of IBC and provides “Gefahrgutregeln” (GGR) to define the processes, e.g. of dangerous goods packagings approvals and surveillance.”
For the realization of a sustainable energy economy, it is of great importance to develop CO2 -neutral methods producing multi-carbon organic chemicals used as feedstock in the chemical industry as well as carbon-neutral fuels. A promising method to alleviate the greenhouse effect and thereby forming value-added chemicals or syngas as an energy carrier, is through the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). In this work, a bioelectrotechnological approach is developed, in which the CO2RR reaction products (CO and H2) are directly fed to bacteria (acetogens), who use them as “reduction equivalents” to further metabolize CO2 to valuable carbon compounds. Therefore, a bio-electrochemical system consisting of a bioreactor coupled to a CO2 electrolysis cell will be established. Currently, scarce catalysts such as Ag and Au are used as for the CO2RR which may hamper the use of decentral CO2 conversion technology for cost reasons.
The technological viability of the bacteria-assisted electrolysis depends on the usage of efficient, biocompatible, and selective electrocatalysts prepared from inexpensive precursors. Porous transition metal and nitrogen co-doped carbons (M-N-Cs) have emerged as precious-metal free electrocatalysts for the direct electrochemical reduction of CO2 into CO and are excellent candidates for scale-up and deployment in technological applications. Furthermore, Co/Ni/Zn functioning as the catalytically active sites will be used, as they are expected to depict non-bactericidal properties in contrast to Cu and Ag catalysts. The non-bactericidal property could e.g., allow for application within the hybrid device (bio-electrochemical system), without the need to separate bacteria and cathode catalyst. The MNCs with the most promising electrocatalytic activity and selectivity will be evaluated in abiotic conditions in the hybrid bio-electrochemical reactor system.