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Thickness determination in active thermography for one and multilayer semitransparent materials
(2017)
Flash thermography is a well-known non-destructive testing technique and has proven to be a valuable tool to examine material defects and to determine thermal material parameters and the thickness of test specimens. However, its application to semitransparent materials is quite new and challenging, especially for semitransparent multilayer materials like glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP). Here, in order to deduce the thickness of coated and uncoated semitransparent specimens as well as the depth of defects in such specimens by means of flash thermography, we apply an analytical model based on the quadrupole method by Maillet et al. to calculate the temperature development during the flash thermography experiment.
The model considers semitransparency of the sample and thermal losses at its surface. It supports the use of an arbitrary temporal shape of the heating pulse to properly describe the measurement conditions for different heat sources. By fitting the results of the analytical model to experimental data it is possible to determine the thickness of the specimen, provided the thermal material parameters are known, e.g., by calibration experiments with samples of the same material with known thickness.
We will show that thickness determination of semitransparent test specimens is possible both for transmission and reflection configuration, with and without a blackened sample surface at either front or back side of the sample. As an example, Figure 1 shows the experimentally obtained temperature differences of the surface of a blackened GFRP sample in transmission configuration with the coating facing the flash lamp (usual configuration, (a)) or the infrared camera (unusual configuration, (b)). Using the proposed method, the thickness of the sample can be determined for both configurations.
Impulsthermografie ist ein bekanntes zerstörungsfreies Prüfverfahren, welches sehr gut geeignet ist, um geometrische Eigenschaften von Materialfehler, thermische Materialparameter sowie die Dicke von Objekten zu bestimmen. Die Anwendung auf semitransparente Materialien ist jedoch recht neu und anspruchsvoll, insbesondere für semitransparente Mehrschichtmaterialien wie glasfaserverstärkte Kunststoffe (GFK). Um die Dicke beschichteter und unbeschichteter semitransparenten Proben mittels Impuls-Thermografie bestimmen zu können, verwenden wir ein analytisches Modell, welches auf der Quadrupol-Methode basiert.
Unser 1D-Modell berücksichtigt:
• die Semitransparenz der Probe,
• die Wärmeverluste an den Seitenflächen,
• beliebige zeitlichen Form des Heizimpulses (um die Messbedingungen für verschiedene Wärmequellen korrekt zu beschreiben),
• mögliche Flächenabsorption an der Vorder- oder Rückseite (für beschichtete Proben),
• und Mehrschichtsysteme.
Durch Anpassung der Ergebnisse des analytischen Modells an experimentelle Daten ist es möglich, die Dicke der Probe zu bestimmen, sofern die thermischen Materialparameter bekannt sind. Diese können z.B. durch Kalibrierungsmessungen an Proben desselben Materials mit bekannter Dicke bestimmt werden.
Pulsed thermography is a well-known non-destructive testing technique and has proven to be a valuable tool for examination of material defects, to determine thermal material parameters, and the thickness of test specimens through calibration or mathematical models. However, the application to semitransparent materials is quite new and demanding, especially for semitransparent materials like epoxy, polyamide 12, or glass fiber reinforced polymers with epoxy or polyamide matrix.
In order to describe the temporal temperature evolution in such materials, which are recorded with an infrared camera during pulse thermography experiments, much more influences have to be considered, compared to opaque materials:
- The wavelength of the excitation source and the spectral range of the infrared camera
- The angles between the specimen, the excitation source and the infrared camera
- The area behind the specimen
- The roughness of the material surface
- The scattering mechanism within the material
Here, we will consider all these influences and describe how they can be treated mathematically in analytical or numerical models (using COMSOL Multiphysics software). These models describe the temperature development during the pulse thermography experiment in reflection and transmission configuration. By fitting the results of the mathematical models to experimental data it is possible to determine the thickness or the optical and thermal properties of the specimen.