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In order to increase the total amount of energy savings to be reached in 2020 and 2050 the German government launched a number of initiatives. One of the associated projects aims to support market surveillance authorities in the field of Ecodesign and Energy Labelling, thereby increasing confidence in these instruments. The surveillance of heating appliances is of great importance as the energy consumed by space heaters accounts for a significant share of the total energy demand in the European Union. In this study heat pumps are analyzed as a high efficiency technology and prospective candidate for large energy savings. It is focused on both validating the current measurement standards for heat pumps and further developing these methods for the benefit of market surveillance authorities.
The test method standards, EN 14511 and EN 14825, for testing heat pumps regarding their performance and energy efficiency are validated by conducting round robin tests in independent and accredited test laboratories. Based on these tests the reproducibility and repeatability of the standardized test methods and the laboratories in Europe are assessed.
Identifying deficiencies in the methods is a fundamental step towards a sustained improvement process. Optimization proposals will be developed based on these fundamental investigations and brought to the attention of standardization bodies.
It was figured out that the currently used test methods exhibit high complexity, high financial effort and reveal significant deviations of testing results depending on whether they were determined under laboratory or field test conditions.
New testing and calculation methodologies are developed to simplify the process with the aim to increase the accuracy and affordability of the energy efficiency testing of heat pumps.
To determine the seasonal performance of heat pumps for energy labelling this study proposes a two-point-method that could conceivably be an alternative to the European standard EN 14825 and similar test standards such as ISO 13256. Heat pumps were tested in line with the EN 14825. The reduction of measurement points, from between five to seven (EN 14825) to only two (two-point-method), leads to 60 % savings in cost and time. It is shown that the shortened method can be used to determine the seasonal energy efficiency of heat pumps with the same degree of precision compared to EN 14825.
Test methods for heat pumps
(2020)
The Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) has developed a load-based test method (compensation method) to determine the energy efficency of heat pumps and air conditioners. The method allows for testing with unfixed compressor speed and active control of the unit. Thus, at low part loads the unit under test is allowed to cycle on-off, when the frequency of the compressor drops below its minimum threshold. Therefore, the associated efficiency losses are directly measured and correction calculations as for the current steady state tests become obsolete. In addition, the testing can be performed without the support of the manufacturer by market surveillance authorities, for instance, since no frequency and expansion valve settings are required. To prove that the compensation method is repeatable and reproducible three round robin tests have been organised by BAM.