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Analytical applications of high resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry
(2017)
High-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-MAS) has been apply for the determination of non-metals and isotope analysis, extending so the application range of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). This seminar is divides in two main parts. First, here is presented a comprehensive mechanistic study of molecule formation in graphite furnaces, a key step into the recovery of analytical signals in AAS and MAS. Therefore, a well-known system for fluorine determination was studied: the molecule formation of CaF, with Zr as permanent modifier. Through a kinetic approach, an Arrhenius behaved pseudo first order reaction respect to F- was observed and by spectroscopic methods (XPS, XAS, EDX) an intermediate state was possible to be elucidated. Here it is proposed a mechanism, where zirconium works as heterogeneous catalyst: after a pyrolytic step, it is activated the intermediate ZrO(OCaF) and at higher temperatures, CaF(g) is released from the zirconium-coated graphite surface. Second, we have developed analytical methods using HR-CS-MAS as detector for quantification of fluorine in consume-care products with declared per-fluorinated ingredients. Ad, the high resolution of the instrumentation allows identify isotopic shifts in some observed molecular spectra. Consequently, the molecular spectra of enriched isotopes of B were investigated and so the potential of HR-CS-MAS for the determination of isotopic ratios is established.
Boron and Magnesium present two and three stable isotopes respectevely. It is due to their relatively large mass difference (~ 10%) that isotope fractionation leads to considerable isotope amount ratio variations in the nature. These have been used as a proof of provenance of mineral and biological samples, to estimate a contamination source and to the determination of geological processes by erosion or subduction. Additionally, boron is employed in the nuclear industry due to the capability of its isotope 10B to thermal-neutron capture and therefore 10B enriched boric acid solutions are used in the cooling system of thermonuclear facilities and in the alloying of steel and carbides for protective shielding. Traditionally, isotope ratio variations have been determined by mass spectroscopic methods.
Here an alternative faster and low cost method for isotope ratio determination is proposed: high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-MAS). Isotope amount ratios have been determined by monitoring the absorption spectrum of boron monohydride (BH) for boron and Magnesium monofluoride (MgF) for magnesium in a graphite furnace HR-CS-MAS. Bands (0→0) and (1→1) were evaluated. Partial least square regression (PLS) for analysis of samples and reference materials were applied. For this, a spectral library with different isotopes ratios for PLS regression was built. Results obtained are metrologically compatible with those reported by mass spectrometric methods. Moreover, a precision and accuracy of the method of ± 0.5 ‰. This accuracy and precision is comparable with those obtained by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) and multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) for boron isotope ratio measurements
Lithium (Li), Boron (B), Nitrogen (N), Magnesium (Mg), and Calcium (Ca) are pivotal elements across various spheres such as the hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere, significantly impacting (bio-) geochemical and physiological processes. These elements exhibit stable isotopes with substantial roles in geological, environmental, and biological studies. The traditional method for measuring isotope amount ratios has been through mass spectrometry, which, despite its accuracy, comes with high operational costs, the need for skilled operators, and time-consuming sample preparation processes.
Combining optical spectroscopy with chemometrics introduces an innovative, cost-effective approach by the hand of high-resolution continuum source atomic and molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-AAS and HR-CS-MAS) for the analysis of isotope ratios in Li, B, N, Mg, and Ca. By analyzing the atomic or molecular absorption spectrum of the in-situ generated cloud of atoms of diatomic molecules (e.g., Li, BH, NO, MgF, CaF) during the electronic transition from the fundamental state, this method allows for the rapid determination of isotope ratios directly from sample solutions without the need for complex sample preparation.
For each element, the respective atomic or molecule's absorption spectrum was deconvoluted into its isotopic components using partial least squares regression or machine learning algorithms. Robust calibration models were developed, calibrated with enriched isotope, and validated against certified reference materials. Spectral data underwent preprocessing to optimize the modeling to determine the optimal number of latent variables.
The findings showcase that this optical spectrometric method yields results that agree with those obtained via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), offering a promising, cost-effective, and rapid alternative for isotope analysis with precisions as low as ± 0.2‰. This approach is a significant advancement in analytical chemistry, providing a new way to study isotope variations in biological, environmental, and geological samples.