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Amorphous polymers
(2012)
The nature of the amorphous state in polymers is a classical topic in soft matter science with an immediate impact on modern technology. The chapter introduces the central concepts in this field and reviews a wealth of experimental information obtained by structural and dynamic techniques, such as neutron and X-ray scattering, broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mechanical and specific heat spectroscopy, among others, covering dimensions between atomic (0.1 nm) to macroscopic (100 nm) length scales and timescales spanning more than 12 orders of magnitude, from picoseconds to seconds and longer. The theoretical models to describe the experimental findings are discussed in detail. Special attention is given to polymers having different architectures such as rings, stars, and block copolymers, and to the dynamics in nanometer thin layers.
Fractionation
(2012)
The enormous diversity of polymers with respect to molecular weight, molecular architecture, and – in the case of copolymers – also the content and arrangement of dissimilar monomers requires well-targeted methods for the separation of the different species that are contained in a given sample. This chapter presents the most abundant fractionation procedures, which are either based on thermodynamic driving forces (like in the case of liquid–liquid phase separation) or on kinetic effects (as with field-flow fractionation).
In the last two decades, the solubility of gases in ionic liquids has attracted a lot of attention. While at the beginning most publications dealt with the solubility of a single gas in a pure ionic liquid, recently the interest starts to shift to the – from an application-oriented point of view – more challenging area of the simultaneous solubility of several gases in an ionic liquid and/or the solubility of a single gas in solvent mixtures with ionic liquids. The current state of information on experimental data (and the phenomena encountered) in such systems is summarized and discussed.
Infrared thermography
(2012)