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In this article, we present a laboratory experiment to monitor the accelerated corrosion in concrete using ground-penetrating radar (GPR). Four concrete test specimens were cast with rebars of different size and placed at different depths. The lifetime decades of reinforcement corrosion process were accelerated into 18 days by using the impress current technique. The electrochemical corrosion process was periodically monitored with GPR. Two control specimens were also prepared to investigate the influence of chloride contamination on GPR signal. The measured data were analysed both in time and frequency domains. In time domain, the peak-to-peak amplitude of a wave reflected by a rebar was calculated to investigate the relationship between an increase in signal amplitude and the degree of corrosion. In frequency domain, the time–frequency representations of the signal were computed by using S-transform. The results show that reinforce corrosion increased the amplitude of reflected signal in time domain but did not change the peak frequency in frequency domain while chloride contamination attenuates the signal to smaller amplitude and lower peak frequency. Based on the results, a novel process is finally proposed for GPR-based corrosion detection.
LIBS is on the step from a laboratory application to on-site analysis. A validated mobile LIBS-system for on-site application on building materials is under development at BAM in cooperation with industrial partners (system developers and companies), who will use this technique for investigation on building structures like bridges and parking decks. The system is designed to measure the content of harmful species like chlorine, sulfur or alkalis, to give the engineer a tool for the estimation of the condition of concrete structures and for quality assurance during concrete repair work on-site. In these work results of on-site measurements on a chloride contaminated bridge are shown. Further work will focus on providing guidelines to establish LIBS as a standard procedure for chemical investigations of building materials.
The presented work discusses the accuracy of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) in determining the total chloride content in cement pastes. LIBS as an emission spectroscopy method is used to detect simultaneously several elements present in cement-based materials. By scanning surfaces the variability in the spatial distribution of elements can be visualised. However, for a quantification of the results, studies are necessary to characterise possible influences due to the wide variation of the chemical compositions in which cement can occur. It is shown how the calibration can be done, how the calibration samples were produced, and which statistical parameters are necessary to describe the precision of the regression. The performance of LIBS is estimated by detecting chloride in validation samples. Therefore, 55 samples and 7 ets with changing mix ompositions were produced. The presented study deals with possible influences of different mix compositions, ncluding different cations of chloride, varying w/c-ratios and the artial replacement of Portland cement with last furnace slag (50% BFS) and limestone (30% LS). Comparing the LIBS results with otentiometric titration, n accuracy of±0.05 wt%/total has been determined.
Die Laser induzierte Breakdown Spektroskopie (LIBS) bietet für die Analyse heterogener, mineralischer Baustoffe, wie z. B. Beton, deutliche Vorteile gegenüber konventionellen Methoden. Sie ermöglicht neben der Quantifizierung von Elementgehalten und -verteilungen im Baustoff auch die Differenzierung von Elementkonzentrationen innerhalb einzelner Phasen im Baustoff. So können beispielsweise die für die Alkali-Kieselsäure-Reaktion (AKR) interessanten Natriumkonzentrationen bestimmt und hinsichtlich ihrer Verteilung aufgelöst werden. Es lassen sich Natriumgehalte, welche sich in der Gesteinskörung befinden, separat von denen der Betonmatrix bestimmen. Der vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit den Vor- und Nachteilen von LIBS als alternative Methode für die chemische Analyse von Baustoffen. Anhand von Beispielen aus der Praxis wird der derzeitige Stand der Technik dargestellt und ein Vergleich mit etablierten Messmethoden vorgenommen. Compared to conventional methods the Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) provides significant advantages for analysis of heterogeneous, mineral building materials as e.g. concrete. Besides providing the possibility to quantify element concentrations and distributions in building materials, this technique enables also to differentiate concentrations within different phases of the material. It is possible to determine sodium concentrations and distribution directly, which e.g. is important when regarding Alkali-Silica-Reaction (ASR). Sodium contents provided by the aggregates can be distinguished from those provided by the concrete matrix. The present article is concerned with the advantages and disadvantages of LIBS as alternative method for chemical analysis of building materials. On the basis of samples from practice the current state of the art is shown and different measurement techniques will be compared.
The service-life of steel-reinforced concrete structures is primarily determined by the ability of the concrete cover to resist chloride ingress. With limited literature available on the ingress of chloride into alkali-activated slags (AAS) under service conditions, it is critical that this is described by appropriate models. This paper describes an interactive software framework to relate chloride ingress into AAS with the chemistry of the concrete cover, by considering the chloride binding capacity and porosity of the binder as a function of time, based on thermodynamic calculations of the phase assemblage as a function of slag and activator composition. This provides a major step towards developing the ability to predict the ingress of chlorides in alkali-activated concretes from a sound theoretical basis, which is essential in providing confidence in the durability of these materials in essential infrastructure applications.
The pore fluid within many concretes is highly alkaline and rich in reduced sulfur species, but the influence of such alkaline-sulfide solutions on the surface film formed on steel reinforcement is poorly understood. This study investigates the critical role of HS− in defining mild steel passivation chemistry. The surface film formed on the steel in alkaline-sulfide solutions contains Fe(OH)2 and Fe–S complexes, and the critical chloride concentration to induce corrosion increases at high sulfide concentration. However, this behavior is dependent on the duration of exposure of the steel to the electrolyte, and the nature of the sulfidic surface layer.
In this study two different types of nano-silica (nS) were applied in self-compacting concrete (SCC), both having similar particle size distributions (PSD), but produced through two different processes: fumed powder silica and precipitated silica in colloidal suspension. The influence of nano-silica on SCC was investigated with respect to the properties of concrete in fresh (workability) and hardened state (mechanical properties and durability). Additionally, the densification of the microstructure of the hardened concrete was verified by SEM and EDS analyses. The obtained results demonstrate that nano-silica efficiently used in SCC can improve its mechanical properties and durability. Considering the reactivity of the two applied nano-silicas, the colloidal type showed a higher reactivity at early age, which influenced the final SCC properties.
Cracks are always present in reinforced concrete structures. In the presented research, influence of mechanical cracks on chloride ingress is studied. A compact reinforced concrete specimen was designed, mimicking the cracking behaviour of beam elements. Cracks of different widths were induced by means of mechanical loading. These cracked specimens were then subjected to weekly cycles of wetting and drying with NaCl solution. After the exposure, the specimens were cut, and chloride distributions were determined using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), an innovative technique which enables simultaneous determination of different elements with high spatial resolution and minimal specimen preparation. By combining element distributions of different elements, it is possible to discriminate between coarse aggregate particles, and the mortar matrix. It was found that the wider the crack is, the higher the ingress of chloride ions. This was, however, different for two tested concrete mixes. Due to highly inhomogeneous chloride distribution around the cracks, use of fine-scale experimental techniques for chloride mapping is advised, based on the presented study.
Schädigungen durch Korrosion der Bewehrung von Stahlbetonbauwerken unserer Infrastruktur sind u. a. mit dem Eindringen von Chloriden aus Tausalzen oder Meereswasser verbunden. In den Regelwerken sind daher Grenzwerte für den maximal zulässigen Chlorid-Gehalt deiniert. Die Einhaltung dieser Grenzwerte wird in der Praxis über die Entnahme von Bohrmehl oder die Entnahme von Bohrkernen überwacht. Die Bohrkerne werden in Zylindersegmente von meist zwei cm Höhe geschnitten, dann gemahlen und mit Säure aufgeschlossen. Das Bohrmehl aus verschiedenen Tiefenabschnitten kann direkt mit Säure aufgeschlossen werden. Der Chlorid-Gehalt im Aufschluss wird dann meist mittels Potentiometrischer Titration bestimmt. Dieses Vorgehen ist mit einem hohen Zeit- und Personalaufwand verbunden. Die Information über die Heterogenität des Betons geht dabei aufgrund der Homogenisierung bei der Probenvorbereitung oder bei der Entnahme von Bohrmehl verloren. Der Chlorid-Gehalt wird in der homogenisierten Betonprobe (Zement, Wasser und Gesteinskörnung) analysiert und die Werte bezogen auf den Beton angegeben. Demgegenüber sind die Grenzwerte des maximal zulässigen Chlorid-Gehaltes auf den Zement bezogen. Da die Rezeptur des Betons fast nie verfügbar ist, wird die Umrechnung vom Gehalt bezogen auf den Beton zum Gehalt bezogen auf den Zement über eine zusätzliche Analyse oder durch Abschätzung durchgeführt.
Als Ergänzung zum Standardverfahren wurde in der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung das LIBS- Verfahren (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) für die Untersuchung der chemischen Zusammensetzung von Baustofen im Labor seit einigen Jahren erfolgreich eingesetzt. In einem vom Bundeswirtschatsministerium geförderten Projekt sollten die sich ergänzenden Kompetenzen eines Forschungspartners (BAM), eines Geräteherstellers (SECOPTA analytics GmbH) und eines potentiellen Anwenders (Ingenieurbüro Specht, Kalleja und Partner) in die Entwicklung eines mobilen LIBS Gerätes (BauLIBS) eingehen. Dieser Artikel stellt das Messprinzip und seine wesentlichen Vorteile vor, gibt einen Überblick über das entwickelte mobile LIBS-Gerät und seine Leistungsparameter.
Anschließend werden einige erfolgreiche Anwendungsbeispiele zur Untersuchung von Schädigungsprozessen direkt an der Beton-Infrastruktur vorgestellt und ein Ausblick auf zuküntige Entwicklungen gegeben. Das BauLIBS-Gerät liefert dem sachkundigen Planer Daten für die Bewertung des Istzustandes von Bauwerken unserer Infrastruktur durch die zweidimensionale Erfassung von Elementverteilungen. Typische Anwendungen sind die Erfassung von Chlor, Schwefel, Kohlenstof, Natrium, Kalium und Lithium in Beton oder als Qualitätssicherung der Nachweis der mit einem Marker versehenen Tiefenhydrophobierung.