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- Scattering (34)
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- Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl (33)
- Impact (33)
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- OTDR (33)
- Phase transformation (33)
- Self-ignition (33)
- Sewage sludge (33)
- Sicherheitstechnik (33)
- Broadband dielectric spectroscopy (32)
- Coda wave interferometry (32)
- Compression set (32)
- Conformity assessment (32)
- Druckbehälter (32)
- Elastomer (32)
- Explosion protection (32)
- Human factors (32)
- Hydrogen assisted cracking (32)
- Klärschlamm (32)
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- RFA (32)
- Referenzmaterialien (32)
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- SHM (32)
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- Biodiesel (31)
- COVID-19 (31)
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- Cell (31)
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- Diffraction (31)
- Fire resistance (31)
- Fire retardancy (31)
- High temperature (31)
- Impact limiter (31)
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- Stahl (31)
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- Water (31)
- Zinc (31)
- Zulassung (31)
- Adsorption (30)
- Archäometrie (30)
- Atomic force microscopy (30)
- Dangerous goods packagings (30)
- Detonation (30)
- Dispersion (30)
- EPMA (30)
- Ectoine (30)
- Explosionsgrenzen (30)
- Finite element analysis (30)
- Gefahrstoff (30)
- Guided waves (30)
- Korrosionsbeständigkeit (30)
- LEE (30)
- Laser Powder Bed Fusion (30)
- Luftultraschall (30)
- NbC (30)
- Polymorphism (30)
- Radioaktive Stoffe (30)
- Reinforcement (30)
- Schwingfestigkeit (30)
- Seal (30)
- Ultrasonics (30)
- Welding simulation (30)
- Wärmeführung (30)
- Ökodesign (30)
- Bauwesen (29)
- Certified reference material (29)
- Chemometrics (29)
- Crack growth (29)
- Cyclization (29)
- DSC (29)
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- Distributed sensing (29)
- Distributed sensor (29)
- Ductile cast iron (29)
- Duplex stainless steel (29)
- Fatigue strength (29)
- Fire test (29)
- Geopolymers (29)
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- Haftfestigkeit (29)
- Mauerwerkbruch (29)
- OECD (29)
- Polypropylene (29)
- Protein (29)
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- 316L (28)
- 3D printing (28)
- Air-coupled ultrasound (28)
- Alternative Antriebe (28)
- Alumina (28)
- CO2 (28)
- Cancer (28)
- Coatings (28)
- Digital image correlation (28)
- Elektrochemie (28)
- Epoxy (28)
- GFRP (28)
- HR-CS-GFMAS (28)
- High-strength steel (28)
- LNG (28)
- Microfluidics (28)
- Plasma polymerization (28)
- Roughness (28)
- Size (28)
- TIG welding (28)
- Tunnel (28)
- Boehmite (27)
- Digital transformation (27)
- EPR (27)
- EXAFS (27)
- Faserverbundwerkstoffe (27)
- Flow cytometry (27)
- Gefahrstoffverordnung (27)
- Geruch (27)
- Hydrogen embrittlement (27)
- Impact-Echo (27)
- Laboratory (27)
- Laser welding (27)
- Nichtrostende Stähle (27)
- Phased array (27)
- Sample preparation (27)
- Schädigung (27)
- Silicon (27)
- Stability (27)
- Strain sensor (27)
- Surface modification (27)
- Transportbehälter (27)
- Zulassungen (27)
- Atmosphärische Korrosion (26)
- Automatisierung (26)
- Bridge (26)
- CCQM (26)
- DAS (26)
- Datenbank GEFAHRGUT (26)
- Ferroelectret (26)
- Holz (26)
- Hot cracking (26)
- Human Factors (26)
- Isotope ratio (26)
- Kennzeichnung (26)
- Korrosionsschnelltest (26)
- Laser thermography (26)
- MCS (26)
- Numerical modeling (26)
- Passivschicht (26)
- Proficiency testing (26)
- Prüfmethode (26)
- Spannstahl (26)
- Spannungsrisskorrosion (26)
- Upconversion nanoparticle (26)
- Assessment (25)
- Bioimaging (25)
- Carbon dioxide (25)
- Carbon steel (25)
- Carbonation (25)
- Classification (25)
- Coarsening (25)
- Fahrzeugbrand (25)
- Flame retardance (25)
- Gasausbreitung (25)
- LH2 (25)
- Lamb waves (25)
- Mass Spectrometry (25)
- Nanotechnology (25)
- PAK (25)
- Probability of detection (25)
- Process control (25)
- Qualitätsinfrastruktur (25)
- Reibfunken (25)
- Reproducibility (25)
- Resistance spot welding (25)
- Sensoren (25)
- Surface (25)
- Transport packages (25)
- Volatile organic compounds (25)
- ADR (24)
- Behälter (24)
- Beschichtung (24)
- Biocide (24)
- Biosensor (24)
- Combustion (24)
- Energy transfer (24)
- Fungi (24)
- GHS (24)
- Gel-type electrolytes (24)
- HR-CS-MAS (24)
- Hydration (24)
- Inter-laboratory comparison (24)
- Kinetics (24)
- Martensite (24)
- Masonry (24)
- Metal seal (24)
- NMR spectroscopy (24)
- Numerische Simulation (24)
- Oberflächenanalytik (24)
- Optical fiber sensor (24)
- Railway (24)
- Reinforced concrete (24)
- Rostasche (24)
- Slip-rolling (24)
- Thermoelectrics (24)
- Ultrasonic echo (24)
- XAS (24)
- Zement (24)
- Zertifizierung (24)
- Zugversuch (24)
- Akkreditierung (23)
- Alkali-Kieselsäure-Reaktion (23)
- Anisotropy (23)
- Assay (23)
- CT (23)
- Crack propagation (23)
- Creep-resistant steel (23)
- DFT (23)
- Data analysis (23)
- ESCA (23)
- Energy efficiency (23)
- Feuerwehr (23)
- Fibre optic sensors (23)
- Fluorine (23)
- Gas chromatography (23)
- High strength steel (23)
- Humidity (23)
- In situ measurement (23)
- Lagerung (23)
- Laser implantation (23)
- Neutron Diffraction (23)
- Passivität (23)
- Polycondensation (23)
- Pool fire (23)
- Radiation protection (23)
- Richtlinien (23)
- SVOC (23)
- SWIR (23)
- Schallemissionsanalyse (23)
- Shape memory polymer (23)
- Small-angle scattering (23)
- Spectroscopic ellipsometry (23)
- Superalloy (23)
- Ultrasonic-assisted milling (23)
- Verschleiß (23)
- Viscosity (23)
- Werkstoffauswahl (23)
- qNMR (23)
- Abwasser (22)
- Africa (22)
- Aggregation (22)
- Antikörper (22)
- BAM-Liste (22)
- Betonstahl (22)
- Brücke (22)
- Chlorine (22)
- Crack detection (22)
- DNA radiation damage (22)
- Deponieverordnung (22)
- Digitalisation (22)
- Faseroptische Sensorik (22)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (22)
- Fracture toughness (22)
- Hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle (22)
- IDMS (22)
- Inconel 718 (22)
- L-PBF (22)
- Nanotechnologie (22)
- Pollen (22)
- Process Monitoring (22)
- Reaktive Brandschutzsysteme (22)
- Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (22)
- SERS (22)
- Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method (22)
- Schleiffunken (22)
- Semiconductor (22)
- TMF (22)
- Tensile properties (22)
- Werkstoffe (22)
- X-ray spectroscopy (22)
- Alternative Kraftstoffe (21)
- Compressive strength (21)
- Construction products (21)
- Core-shell nanoparticles (21)
- Core-shell particles (21)
- Deterioration (21)
- Diclofenac (21)
- Explosives (21)
- FRET (21)
- Fiber optic sensor (21)
- Holzschutz (21)
- IAEA (21)
- Industry 4.0 (21)
- Ionization (21)
- Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (21)
- Nanostructures (21)
- Non-Destructive Testing (21)
- Normen (21)
- Oberflächenintegrität (21)
- Radiation therapy (21)
- Radioactive waste (21)
- Reaction monitoring (21)
- Regulations (21)
- Rissbildung (21)
- Scaled boundary finite element method (21)
- Selective laser melting (21)
- Silver (21)
- Single crystal (21)
- Spent fuel (21)
- Thermal analysis (21)
- Windenergie (21)
- X-ray tomography (21)
- Zustandsüberwachung (21)
- pH (21)
- AGIL (20)
- AKR (20)
- Anerkennungen (20)
- Anlagensicherheit (20)
- Benchmarking (20)
- Brand (20)
- CO2-storage (20)
- Cathodic protection (20)
- Comparability (20)
- Conformity assessment body (20)
- Container (20)
- Crevice corrosion (20)
- Digital radiography (20)
- Eddy current testing (20)
- Feuerwerk (20)
- Feuerwiderstand (20)
- Flame retardants (20)
- Funken (20)
- Geothermal energy (20)
- Ground penetrating radar (20)
- Impurities (20)
- Indirect Hard Modeling (20)
- Instandsetzung (20)
- Ionic liquid (20)
- Iron (20)
- Klärschlammasche (20)
- Kreislaufwirtschaft (20)
- Leakage rate (20)
- Legierungsmodifikation (20)
- Leichtbeton (20)
- Lithiumbatterien (20)
- MOF (20)
- Materials (20)
- Microcracking (20)
- Molecularly imprinted polymers (20)
- Organic peroxides (20)
- Partikel (20)
- Polystyrene (20)
- Process parameters (20)
- Reaction Monitoring (20)
- Ring-opening polymerization (20)
- Röntgenrefraktion (20)
- SADT (20)
- Schutzmaßnahmen (20)
- Sol-gel (20)
- Sorption (20)
- Spannbeton (20)
- Sulfur (20)
- TOPAS (20)
- Verbundwerkstoffe (20)
- X-ray fluorescence (20)
- ATEX (19)
- Auswirkungsbetrachtungen (19)
- BOFDA (19)
- Bauwerksüberwachung (19)
- Bottom ash (19)
- Characterisation (19)
- Cocrystal (19)
- DMD (19)
- Delamination (19)
- Dielectric spectroscopy (19)
- Duplex stainless steels (19)
- Duplexstahl (19)
- Endlager (19)
- Evacuation (19)
- Gefährdungsbeurteilung (19)
- Gypsum (19)
- High entropy alloys (19)
- High temperature corrosion (19)
- In-situ (19)
- Kaltrisssicherheit (19)
- Klebfestigkeit (19)
- Laser hybrid welding (19)
- Maintenance (19)
- Manuscripts (19)
- Material moisture (19)
- Materialcharakterisierung (19)
- Materials Informatics (19)
- Nano aerial robot (19)
- Nickel (19)
- Offshore wind turbines (19)
- Organic peroxide (19)
- PCA (19)
- Particle size (19)
- Particles (19)
- Pipelines (19)
- Poly(ester urethane) (19)
- Pressure vessel (19)
- Proteins (19)
- Shrinkage (19)
- Solubility (19)
- Stainless steels (19)
- Superalloys (19)
- TDLAS (19)
- TIC (19)
- Termite (19)
- Termites (19)
- Test method (19)
- Titanium dioxide (19)
- Tribofilm (19)
- Zinc coatings (19)
- Ablation (18)
- Absolute isotope ratio (18)
- Applications (18)
- Artificial neural networks (18)
- Austenitic stainless steels (18)
- Auswirkungsbetrachtung (18)
- Beständigkeit (18)
- Betriebsfestigkeit (18)
- Bimetallkorrosion (18)
- Bonding analysis (18)
- Brandversuche (18)
- CCUS (18)
- Carbon (18)
- Certified reference materials (18)
- Chemiluminescence (18)
- Circular Economy (18)
- Conductivity (18)
- Crack (18)
- Cracking (18)
- DNA damage (18)
- Damage evolution (18)
- Drop testing (18)
- E. coli (18)
- Fachinformationssystem (18)
- Fractography (18)
- Geosynthetics (18)
- Image processing (18)
- Infrared spectroscopy (18)
- Interim storage (18)
- Isotope dilution (18)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahn (18)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (18)
- Mikrostruktur (18)
- Monte-Carlo simulation (18)
- Neutron imaging (18)
- Neutron radiography (18)
- Non-destructive testing in civil engineering (18)
- Numerical analysis (18)
- Online-NMR-Spektroskopie (18)
- Optical probe (18)
- Phosphorrückgewinnung (18)
- Polyurethane (18)
- Quality Infrastructure (18)
- Rheologie (18)
- Risiko (18)
- Risse (18)
- SBFEM (18)
- Security (18)
- Self-assembly (18)
- Stress corrosion cracking (18)
- Superplasticizer (18)
- Surface integrity (18)
- TXRF (18)
- Tensile strength (18)
- Toxicity (18)
- Transformation (18)
- Wasserstoffspeicher (18)
- AES (17)
- Acetylen (17)
- Admixtures (17)
- Application (17)
- Bewertung (17)
- Biogas (17)
- Biozide (17)
- Bridges (17)
- Brightness (17)
- Carbamazepine (17)
- Chemical analysis (17)
- Composite materials (17)
- Condition monitoring (17)
- Cyclic R-curve (17)
- DNA origami (17)
- Data processing (17)
- Defect detection (17)
- Distributed fiber optic sensing (17)
- FIB (17)
- Festlegungen (17)
- Fiber optic sensors (17)
- Gamma radiation (17)
- Geotextiles (17)
- Harmonisation (17)
- Heterogeneity (17)
- Image analysis (17)
- Indoor air quality (17)
- Infrared thermography (17)
- Intumescence (17)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (17)
- LTT (17)
- Lead (17)
- Life sciences (17)
- Lithium (17)
- Low temperature (17)
- MALDI-TOF-MS (17)
- Marktüberwachung (17)
- Mechanischer Explosionsschutz (17)
- Metabolism (17)
- Metals (17)
- Methanogens (17)
- Methodology (17)
- Nachhaltigkeit (17)
- Nucleation (17)
- POF (17)
- Phased Array (17)
- Pigments (17)
- Polymer 3R (17)
- Radiografie (17)
- Raman microspectroscopy (17)
- Reference data (17)
- Repair (17)
- Resistance (17)
- Restaurierung (17)
- Ringversuche (17)
- Risk (17)
- S-phase (17)
- SEM/EDX (17)
- SLM (17)
- Sauerstoff (17)
- SealWasteSafe (17)
- Sekundärrohstoffe (17)
- Smart Sensors (17)
- Spent nuclear fuel (17)
- Strain (17)
- Störfallauswirkungsbetrachtungen (17)
- Synergy (17)
- Test methods (17)
- Thermochemical treatment (17)
- UAV (17)
- Verteilte faseroptische Sensorik (17)
- Wasser (17)
- Wirbelstrom (17)
- AM (16)
- Absolute fluorometry (16)
- Acoustic levitation (16)
- Aerosol (16)
- Air-coupled (16)
- Amoxicillin (16)
- Antibiotics (16)
- Antibodies (16)
- Artificial weathering (16)
- BLEVE (16)
- Bauartprüfung (16)
- Betonfahrbahndecke (16)
- Bioinformatics (16)
- Cadmium (16)
- Cellular polypropylene (16)
- Cement hydration (16)
- Chlorid (16)
- Corona (16)
- Crystal plasticity (16)
- Depth profiling (16)
- Dielectric properties (16)
- Digital twin (16)
- Discotic Liquid Crystals (16)
- Disinfection (16)
- Disposal (16)
- Distributed fiber sensing (16)
- Einstufung (16)
- Electrochemical noise (16)
- Elutionsverfahren (16)
- Energieeffizienz (16)
- Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung (16)
- Fertilizer (16)
- Festigkeit (16)
- Finite-Elemente-Methode (16)
- Fire testing (16)
- Flammschutz (16)
- Food (16)
- Foundations (16)
- Fraktographie (16)
- G5P (16)
- GC-MS (16)
- GFK (16)
- Geophysics (16)
- Gold nanoparticles (16)
- HPLC (16)
- Heterogeneous catalysis (16)
- High entropy alloy (16)
- Hydroxyl radical (16)
- ISO (16)
- Indentation (16)
- Informationssystem (16)
- Irradiation (16)
- Isotope (16)
- LPG (16)
- Laser Metal Deposition (16)
- Leakage (16)
- MKW (16)
- Massenspektrometrie (16)
- Mercury (16)
- Messtechnik (16)
- NMR-Spektroskopie (16)
- NanoSolveIT (16)
- Nanoindentation (16)
- Nanostructure (16)
- Nitrogen (16)
- Nondestructive Testing (16)
- Package (16)
- Permeability (16)
- Permeation (16)
- Plume (16)
- Polyaniline (16)
- Polymerization (16)
- Prüfmethoden (16)
- RFID (16)
- RFID sensors (16)
- ROS (16)
- Reconstruction (16)
- Reconstruction algorithm (16)
- Relative humidity (16)
- Ressourceneffizienz (16)
- Ring Compression Test (16)
- Safety characteristics (16)
- Schwermetalle (16)
- SiO2 (16)
- Small angle scattering (16)
- Smartphone (16)
- Smouldering (16)
- Spalling (16)
- Spent Nuclear Fuel (16)
- Thermal radiation (16)
- Thermal treatment (16)
- Titanium (16)
- UV (16)
- Value of information (16)
- Weld pool shape (16)
- Wind energy (16)
- Zentrifugentechnologie (16)
- Absorption (15)
- AlSi10Mg (15)
- Alloy 2618A (15)
- Aluminium alloy (15)
- Benchtop-NMR (15)
- Bewehrung (15)
- Biosensoren (15)
- CFD simulation (15)
- Catalyst (15)
- Chemometrie (15)
- Cold cracking (15)
- Compatibility (15)
- Compression (15)
- Cone Calorimeter (15)
- Cytotoxicity (15)
- Datenfusion (15)
- Density functional theory (15)
- Dust explosions (15)
- Dyes (15)
- Ecodesign (15)
- Electromagnetic weld pool support (15)
- Electronic nose (15)
- Fallprüfung (15)
- Faseroptischer Sensor (15)
- Fatigue crack growth (15)
- Ferroelektret (15)
- Fire behaviour (15)
- Forschung (15)
- Functionalization (15)
- Fungus (15)
- Hybrid laser arc welding (15)
- Hybrid mixtures (15)
- Hydrogen diffusion (15)
- Hydrogen storage (15)
- Hydroxyapatite (15)
- IBC (15)
- Impact-echo (15)
- Korrosionsuntersuchungen (15)
- Kriechen (15)
- Kulturguterhaltung (15)
- Kunststoffe (15)
- Laminography (15)
- Liquid chromatography (15)
- MOFs (15)
- Machining (15)
- Magnetic resonance imaging (15)
- Mauerwerk (15)
- Microbiology (15)
- Nanocrystal (15)
- Nanosensor (15)
- Neutron scattering (15)
- OH radical (15)
- Open science (15)
- Optical properties (15)
- PE-HD (15)
- PLSR (15)
- Polyester (15)
- Polymer composites (15)
- Polymer optical fibre (15)
- Pores (15)
- Portland cement (15)
- REACH (15)
- Reparatur (15)
- Research data management (15)
- Rigid amorphous fraction (15)
- Round robin (15)
- Safety distances (15)
- Schallemissionsprüfung (15)
- Schienenprüfung (15)
- Self-healing (15)
- Semiconductor quantum dot (15)
- Solid-state NMR (15)
- Spectral induced polarization (15)
- Stainless Steel (15)
- Strain measurement (15)
- Struvite (15)
- Surface coating (15)
- TOPAS-nbio (15)
- Texture (15)
- Tomographic reconstruction of gas plumes (15)
- Transducer (15)
- Transmission (15)
- Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) (15)
- Umweltsimulation (15)
- Vacuum (15)
- Verwertung (15)
- Vor-Ort-Analytik (15)
- Weldments (15)
- 3D (14)
- Alloy 36 (14)
- Aluminium alloys (14)
- Asphalt (14)
- Austenitic stainless steel (14)
- Betoninstandsetzung (14)
- CHEMSAFE (14)
- CLP-Verordnung (14)
- Calcium sulfate (14)
- Cancer treatment (14)
- Carbon nanotubes (14)
- Cask (14)
- Cermet (14)
- Cobalt (14)
- Consequences (14)
- DMA (14)
- DOPO (14)
- DRIFTS (14)
- Dangerous Goods Database (14)
- Dead Sea Scrolls (14)
- Dichtheit (14)
- Duplex (14)
- Düngemittel (14)
- Eddy current (14)
- Elastomers (14)
- Elektrische Energiespeicher (14)
- Emission spectroscopy (14)
- Energetic materials (14)
- Energy deposit (14)
- Energy harvesting (14)
- Explosion limits (14)
- FTIR spectroscopy (14)
- Failure analysis (14)
- Fiber optics sensors (14)
- Fracture (14)
- Friction stir welding (14)
- Gas metal arc welding (14)
- Gas sensing (14)
- Gas source localization (14)
- Guideline (14)
- Heat control (14)
- Heißrisse (14)
- High power laser beam welding (14)
- High-entropy alloy (14)
- Hybrid laser-arc welding (14)
- Hybridmaterialien (14)
- ICP-OES (14)
- Ignition source (14)
- Immunity (14)
- Inks (14)
- Isotopes (14)
- Knufia petricola (14)
- Künstliche Bewitterung (14)
- Labelling (14)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS (14)
- Lithium Ion Batteries (14)
- Lubricants (14)
- Magnetic field (14)
- Mechanical testing (14)
- Method development (14)
- Moisture transport (14)
- Mycotoxin (14)
- Nanoconfinement (14)
- Nickel-base superalloys (14)
- Niobium carbide (NbC) (14)
- Non destructive testing (14)
- Numerical simulations (14)
- OFDR (14)
- Offshore wind energy (14)
- Oxygen (14)
- P92 (14)
- PEG (14)
- Paper (14)
- Photocatalysis (14)
- Plasma chemistry (14)
- Polycarbonate (14)
- Polymer optical fiber (14)
- Polysaccharides (14)
- Probenahme (14)
- Process Control (14)
- Repair mortar (14)
- Risikoanalyse (14)
- Schnelltest (14)
- Schutzabstände (14)
- Self-compacting concrete (14)
- Sensing (14)
- Silicon carbide (14)
- Stationäre Energiespeicher (14)
- Stress (14)
- Stress relief cracking (14)
- Tanks (14)
- Temperatur (14)
- Thermal desorption (14)
- ThermoCalc (14)
- Thermoakustik (14)
- Thermoresponsive polymers (14)
- Third body (14)
- TiB2 (14)
- Trace elements (14)
- UN-GHS (14)
- VSSA (14)
- Verbundfestigkeit (14)
- Weldability (14)
- Workflows (14)
- Zwischenlagerung (14)
- Additives (13)
- Ageing Management (13)
- Analyse (13)
- Auslagerungsversuche (13)
- BAM TTS (13)
- BESSY (13)
- Bridge monitoring (13)
- Building Materials (13)
- C-OTDR (13)
- CLP (13)
- Carrier gas hot extraction (13)
- Cladding Embrittlement (13)
- Computational Chemistry (13)
- Computer-Tomographie (13)
- Crosslinking (13)
- Cyclic loading (13)
- DLP (13)
- DTBP (13)
- Decomposition (13)
- Deconvolution (13)
- Diesel (13)
- Distortion (13)
- Ectoin (13)
- Energy label (13)
- Failure (13)
- Farbstoffe (13)
- Fatigue crack propagation (13)
- Fireball (13)
- Flash thermography (13)
- Fluorescence standard (13)
- Fretting (13)
- Glasmalerei (13)
- Grain size (13)
- Graphite (13)
- Graphite furnace (13)
- HPLC-MS/MS (13)
- Hazardous substances (13)
- High-temperature corrosion (13)
- Härte (13)
- Image quality (13)
- Immunosensor (13)
- Instrumentation (13)
- Internal defects (13)
- Kalibrierung (13)
- Kathodischer Korrosionsschutz (13)
- Klassifizierung (13)
- Layered soil (13)
- Lichtbogenofen (13)
- Ligand (13)
- Localization of gas sources (13)
- Long-term behavior (13)
- Luftgekoppelte Ultraschallprüfung (13)
- MAG welding (13)
- MIPs (13)
- Material (13)
- Mechanical Engineering (13)
- Metal matrix composite (13)
- Milling (13)
- Mitigation (13)
- Modal analysis (13)
- Modalanalyse (13)
- Modul für radioaktive Stoffe (13)
- Molecular dynamics (13)
- Monte-Carlo simulations (13)
- Nanomaterial classification (13)
- Neutron tomography (13)
- Oberflächentechnik (13)
- Ontologie (13)
- PAH (13)
- PH (13)
- POF sensor (13)
- Phosphates (13)
- Pigment (13)
- Platinum (13)
- Polymer particles (13)
- Porosität (13)
- Porous materials (13)
- Precipitation (13)
- Probabilistic (13)
- Probe (13)
- Process Industry (13)
- Prozess-Sensoren 4.0 (13)
- Quantitative NMR (13)
- Radiolysis (13)
- Ray tracing (13)
- Reactive oxygen species (13)
- Rekonstruktionsalgorithmen (13)
- Relaxation (13)
- Reverse glass painting (13)
- Review (13)
- Röntgen-Refraktion (13)
- Schweißnaht (13)
- Screening (13)
- Sealing materials (13)
- Sensor network (13)
- Signal processing (13)
- Sintern (13)
- Slab track (13)
- Smart structures (13)
- Solid state NMR (13)
- Spannbetonbrücken (13)
- Spectral sensitivity (13)
- Stiffness (13)
- Strahlenschutz (13)
- Structural integrity (13)
- Strukturaufklärung (13)
- Störfall-Verordnung (13)
- Submerged arc welding (13)
- Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (13)
- TIMS (13)
- Transformation products (13)
- UL 94 (13)
- UV radiation (13)
- Umweltgefahr (13)
- Werkzeugverschleiß (13)
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy (13)
- ZfP im Bauwesen (13)
- Zinkdeckschichten (13)
- Zündquellen (13)
- ASR (12)
- Alginate (12)
- Amperometry (12)
- Analytical model (12)
- Archaea (12)
- Atmospheric pressure plasma (12)
- BODIPY (12)
- Base damage (12)
- Base loss (12)
- Bead-based assay (12)
- Biofuels (12)
- Biomarkers (12)
- Biomaterials (12)
- Blauer Engel (12)
- Brillouin (12)
- Cellulose (12)
- Charakterisierung (12)
- Chemikalienrecht (12)
- Chromatography (12)
- Corrosion fatigue (12)
- Cytop (12)
- DIRECTT (12)
- Damage analysis (12)
- Dangerous Goods (12)
- Datenanalyse (12)
- Deformation (12)
- Denkmalpflege (12)
- Dislocation (12)
- Drop tests (12)
- Dust explosion (12)
- ERM (12)
- Egress (12)
- Elemental composition (12)
- Ellipsometrie (12)
- Emissions (12)
- Endlagerung (12)
- Environmental monitoring (12)
- FAIR (12)
- Fibre break (12)
- Fibre-optic sensor (12)
- Fire retardant (12)
- Fundamente (12)
- GD-OES (12)
- GMAW (12)
- Gas storage areas (12)
- Gefüge (12)
- Geführte Ultraschallwellen (12)
- General Materials Science (12)
- Geometric Phase (12)
- Groundwater (12)
- Großversuche (12)
- High Entropy Alloy (12)
- High temperatures (12)
- High-entropy alloys (12)
- Hochleistungsbeton (12)
- Hydrogen safety (12)
- Implants (12)
- Impuls-Thermografie (12)
- Indirect hard modeling (12)
- Indium phosphide (12)
- Inspektion (12)
- Ionizing radiation (12)
- Iron oxide (12)
- Kristallisation (12)
- Kupfer (12)
- Lab-on-a-chip (12)
- Laser cleaning (12)
- Layer formation (12)
- Leichte Gesteinskörnung (12)
- Leichte Gesteinskörnungen (12)
- Lithium-ion battery (12)
- Localized corrosion (12)
- Low-cost (12)
- Lubrication (12)
- Magnetic flux leakage (12)
- Mapping (12)
- Melanin (12)
- Membrane-based gas sensing (12)
- Metal (12)
- Methane (12)
- Microarray (12)
- MoS2 (12)
- Nickel alloys (12)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance (12)
- Nährstoffe (12)
- Online (12)
- Online monitoring (12)
- Open data (12)
- PC/ABS (12)
- PTFE (12)
- Papierasche (12)
- Parchment (12)
- Partial discharge (12)
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (12)
- Pharmaceuticals (12)
- Phonons (12)
- Photodegradation (12)
- Polycarboxylate ether (12)
- Polyethylen (12)
- Post weld heat treatment (12)
- Powder (12)
- Prozess-Sensoren (12)
- Purity (12)
- Qualitätskontrolle (12)
- Qualitätsmanagement (12)
- Quantitative spectroscopy (12)
- Radioactive (12)
- Regulation (12)
- Release (12)
- Residual Stresses (12)
- Sandstone (12)
- Schadstoffe (12)
- Schallfeld (12)
- Sekundäre Gesteinskörnung (12)
- Shape (12)
- Shock absorber (12)
- Sift-proofness (12)
- Silica nanoparticles (12)
- Silicon nitride (12)
- Single cell analysis (12)
- Single-strand break (SSB) (12)
- Slurry (12)
- Smarte Sensoren (12)
- Speciation (12)
- Specific heat spectroscopy (12)
- Spektroskopie (12)
- Subsurface monitoring (12)
- Superplasticizers (12)
- Surface water (12)
- Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (12)
- Swarm (12)
- TG-FTIR (12)
- TRGS (12)
- Thermal properties (12)
- Thermo-mechanical fatigue (12)
- Thick-walled steel (12)
- Thickness (12)
- Ultrasonic Guided Waves (12)
- Ultrasonic imaging (12)
- Vakuum (12)
- Verpackung (12)
- Viscoplasticity (12)
- WAXS (12)
- WEZ-Erweichung (12)
- Wave propagation (12)
- Weld metal (12)
- Widerstandspunktschweißen (12)
- X-ray fluorescence analysis (12)
- X-ray spectrometry (12)
- X-rays (12)
- XAFS (12)
- XANES spectroscopy (12)
- AISI 316L (11)
- Acoustic sensing (11)
- Aerial robot (11)
- Affinity chromatography (11)
- Air pollution (11)
- Air quality monitoring (11)
- Alloy modification (11)
- Ammoniumnitrat (11)
- BEMMA (11)
- BSA (11)
- Battery (11)
- Bauteilprüfung (11)
- Beförderung (11)
- Bildqualität (11)
- Bioceramics (11)
- Black fungi (11)
- Bonding Analysis (11)
- Bone (11)
- Boron (11)
- C-F bond activation (11)
- CAD (11)
- CALPHAD (11)
- Carbon capture (11)
- Carbon steels (11)
- Cast iron (11)
- Cells (11)
- Chemical composition (11)
- Chromium (11)
- Cladding (11)
- Click chemistry (11)
- Composite cylinder (11)
- Composite structures (11)
- Condition assessment (11)
- DCB (11)
- DED (11)
- Dark-field transmission electron microscopy (DFTEM) (11)
- Data Fusion (11)
- Debonding (11)
- Detection (11)
- Drinking water (11)
- Druckgefäße (11)
- Duktiles Gusseisen (11)
- EMPIR (11)
- EPDM (11)
- Eisenbahn (11)
- Electrocatalysis (11)
- Erschütterungen (11)
- Ester (11)
- Existing structures (11)
- FAME (11)
- Festschmierstoffe (11)
- Foam (11)
- Formaldehyde (11)
- Functionalized graphene (11)
- Fügetechnik (11)
- Gas sensors (11)
- Gase (11)
- Gasexplosion (11)
- Gefahrgutunfälle (11)
- Geothermie (11)
- Heat pump (11)
- High strength steels (11)
- Hinterglasmalerei (11)
- Hydrogen Embrittlement (11)
- Hydrolysis (11)
- ILC (11)
- ISO 3690 (11)
- ISO/IEC 27001 (11)
- Impact echo (11)
- In-situ monitoring (11)
- Inertisierung (11)
- Interphase (11)
- Intumescent coating (11)
- Isotope analysis (11)
- Kunst- und Kulturgut (11)
- Laser Thermography (11)
- Laser cladding (11)
- Laser-induced X-ray emission (11)
- Laser-induced plasma (11)
- Lateral resolution (11)
- Layerwise slurry deposition (11)
- Leichtbau (11)
- Low Cycle Fatigue (11)
- Low cycle fatigue (11)
- MRI (11)
- MVT (11)
- Manuscript (11)
- Martensitic steel (11)
- Mass-Spectrometry (11)
- Mechanics of Materials (11)
- Mesoporous materials (11)
- Metal matrix composites (11)
- Metal seals (11)
- Metallurgie (11)
- Metals and Alloys (11)
- Microstructures (11)
- Mobile robot olfaction (11)
- Model updating (11)
- Modular Production (11)
- Multilayer (11)
- Multivariate data analysis (11)
- Mössbauer spectroscopy (11)
- Nanomaterialien (11)
- Neural networks (11)
- Oberfläche (11)
- Odour (11)
- Organische Peroxide (11)
- Orientation (11)
- Orientation relationship (11)
- Oxygen evolution reaction (11)
- Parallel seismic (11)
- Particle scattering (11)
- Polyesters (11)
- Polyglycol (11)
- Polymer optical fibers (11)
- Provenance (11)
- Pyrotechnics (11)
- Radiation (11)
- Rafting (11)
- Rail inspection (11)
- Railway track (11)
- Rayleigh scattering (11)
- Reference Material (11)
- Rekonstruktion (11)
- Residual strength (11)
- Rice husk ash (11)
- Richtlinie (11)
- Rohstoffliches Recycling (11)
- Round Robin (11)
- SEC (11)
- Selective Laser Melting (11)
- Sialic acid (11)
- Silicone rubber (11)
- Single particle (11)
- Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (11)
- Sliding friction (11)
- Slow burst test (11)
- Spatial resolution (11)
- Spectral correction (11)
- Stahlbau (11)
- Statistics (11)
- Steels (11)
- Structural analysis (11)
- Sulfidation (11)
- TPU (11)
- Tank (11)
- Thermodynamics (11)
- Titania (11)
- Tomographie (11)
- Train passage (11)
- Transportation (11)
- Unfallstatistik (11)
- VCSEL (11)
- VVOC (11)
- Verpackungen (11)
- Vibration (11)
- Vickers (11)
- WAAM (11)
- Wassergefährdende Stoffe (11)
- Waste management (11)
- Water content (11)
- Water speciation (11)
- Wind turbine (11)
- Windenergieanlagen (11)
- Wood protection (11)
- Zirconia (11)
- Abfall (10)
- Acoustic emission analysis (10)
- Aerosole (10)
- Air-coupled ultrasonic testing (10)
- Alkali-silica reaction (10)
- Antimicrobial coating (10)
- Artificial Intelligence (10)
- Artificial digestion (10)
- AuNP (10)
- Auger electron spectroscopy (10)
- Baustahl (10)
- Bioconjugation (10)
- Biomarker (10)
- Boron isotopes (10)
- Brandverhalten (10)
- Brillouin scattering (10)
- Böden (10)
- COMAR (10)
- Calcium phosphate (10)
- Calorimetry (10)
- Carbamazepin (10)
- Catalysts (10)
- Charge transfer (10)
- Coherent Heterodyne (10)
- Compatible solute (10)
- Composite pressure vessel (10)
- Computational fluid dynamics (10)
- Concrete bridges (10)
- Concrete repair (10)
- Condensation (10)
- Contrast agent (10)
- Corrosion protection (10)
- Cutting tools (10)
- DIN (10)
- DLS (10)
- Damping concrete (10)
- Deep learning (10)
- Design of experiments (10)
- Dichtung (10)
- Differential scanning calorimetry (10)
- Dissociative electron attachment (DEA) (10)
- Distributed Fiber Optic Sensor (10)
- Distributed strain sensor (10)
- Double-strand break (DSB) (10)
- Dry friction (10)
- Dry sliding (10)
- Ductile iron (10)
- ESEM (10)
- Earth block masonry (10)
- Earthen materials (10)
- Ecotoxicity (10)
- Eignungsprüfung (10)
- Elastomere (10)
- Embedded Sensors (10)
- Environmental analysis (10)
- Explosive properties (10)
- Extended Storage (10)
- Faseroptik (10)
- Fatigue crack propagation threshold (10)
- Fatigue damage (10)
- Fatigue life (10)
- Fatigue tests (10)
- Ferrite (10)
- Feuchtigkeit (10)
- Fiber Bragg gratings (10)
- Fibre optic sensor (10)
- Fire protection (10)
- Fire safety (10)
- Fire stability (10)
- Flash excitation (10)
- Flourescence (10)
- Fluorescence quantum yield (10)
- Foaming (10)
- Fracture Mechanics (10)
- GPR (10)
- GUM (10)
- Gas explosion (10)
- Gas tomography (10)
- Gassensorik (10)
- Gefahrgut-Schnellinfo (10)
- Genetics (10)
- Glass ceramic (10)
- Grain refinement (10)
- Graphene oxide (10)
- Haftung (10)
- Heat transfer (10)
- High pressure (10)
- High-power laser (10)
- Historic masonry (10)
- Homogeneity (10)
- Hydrated DNA (10)
- Hydration shell (10)
- Hydroxyl radicals (10)
- ISO 16000-6 (10)
- Ignition (10)
- Instrumentierte Eindringprüfung (10)
- Interfaces (10)
- Isotope dilution mass spectrometry (10)
- Koffein (10)
- Korrosionsverhalten (10)
- Kulturgut (10)
- Kurzinfo (10)
- Künstliche Intelligenz (10)
- Lithium-ion batteries (10)
- Load transfer (10)
- Lorentz force (10)
- Luftgekoppelter Ultraschall (10)
- MALDI TOF MS (10)
- Magnetism (10)
- Materialbearbeitung (10)
- Mechanische Eigenschaften (10)
- Metrologie (10)
- Microanalysis (10)
- Microcolonial fungi (10)
- Microwave (10)
- Minimum ignition temperature (10)
- Modifizierter Sprühlichtbogen (10)
- Multiscale model (10)
- Mykotoxine (10)
- NDT-CE (10)
- Nachrechnung (10)
- NanoSIMS (10)
- Nanoplastics (10)
- Nanosecond laser (10)
- Near ambient pressure xray photo electron spectroscopy (10)
- Neural network (10)
- Numerical Simulation (10)
- Ochratoxin A (10)
- Optical fiber sensors (10)
- Organische Schadstoffe (10)
- Oscillation (10)
- Oxidative stress (10)
- PEEK (10)
- PMMA (10)
- Papier (10)
- Patents (10)
- Peptide (10)
- Peptides (10)
- Phase diagrams (10)
- Plasma modification (10)
- Plasma polymers (10)
- Plasticity (10)
- Polymer optical fibers (POF) (10)
- Polyurethane foam (10)
- Potential mapping (10)
- Prehydrated electron (10)
- Principal component analysis (10)
- Probability of Detection (10)
- Propan (10)
- Prozesskontrolle (10)
- Pyrolyse (10)
- QI-Digital (10)
- Quantitative NMR spectroscopy (10)
- Quecksilber (10)
- RT (10)
- Radical (10)
- Radioactive decay (10)
- Raman-Spektroskopie (10)
- Rammed earth (10)
- Refraction (10)
- Repair welding (10)
- Resonance (10)
- Restfestigkeit (10)
- Rohrleitungen (10)
- Runoff (10)
- Rückgewinnung (10)
- STXM (10)
- Sampling (10)
- Scanner (10)
- Selective Laser Melting (SLM) (10)
- Self-reactive substances (10)
- Sensors in concrete (10)
- Short cracks (10)
- Single cell (10)
- Size distribution (10)
- Sloshing (10)
- Soil-structure interaction (10)
- Solidification (10)
- Specialised information system (10)
- Spectrometry (10)
- Starch (10)
- Steel corrosion (10)
- Strengthening (10)
- Structural reliability (10)
- Structure (10)
- Supramolecular chemistry (10)
- Supramolekulare Chemie (10)
- Surface chemical analysis (10)
- Surface roughness (10)
- Surface texturing (10)
- Surfaces (10)
- Tensile test (10)
- Thermal decomposition (10)
- Thermal expansion (10)
- Thermal stability (10)
- Thermal test (10)
- Thermisches Durchgehen (10)
- Thermogravimetrie (10)
- Thermoplaste (10)
- Thermoresponsive polymer (10)
- Thin film (10)
- Thin polymer films (10)
- Thin polymeric films (10)
- Titanium alloys (10)
- Topas (10)
- Transport package (10)
- UAV-REGAS (10)
- Umweltanalytik (10)
- Umweltschutz (10)
- Visualization (10)
- Water transport (10)
- Werkstofffragen (10)
- Wetting (10)
- Wind (10)
- X-ray CT (10)
- Xray photo electron spectrocopy (10)
- Zearalenone (10)
- i-TRIBOMAT (10)
- Acid resistance (9)
- Adhäsion (9)
- Adjustment calculation (9)
- Advanced high strength steels (9)
- Al2O3 (9)
- Alloy (9)
- Aluminum (9)
- Aluminum alloys (9)
- Analytical Chemistry (9)
- Anhydrite (9)
- Arc welding (9)
- Austenit (9)
- Automobilindustrie (9)
- BAM List (9)
- BAM-List (9)
- BAM-Zulassung (9)
- BBodSchV (9)
- BOS (9)
- Bahnerschütterungen (9)
- Batteries (9)
- Bauwerkserhaltung/Sanierung (9)
- Benchtop NMR (9)
- BetoScan (9)
- Biocorrosion (9)
- Biodeterioration (9)
- Biosensors (9)
- Blast injury (9)
- Bonding strength (9)
- Brandversuch (9)
- Brückenbeläge (9)
- CO2-injection (9)
- Caffeine (9)
- Calcium cobaltite (9)
- Cascade impactor (9)
- Chemically Complex Materials (9)
- Coda Wave Interferometry (9)
- Composite cylinders (9)
- Composite pressure vessels (9)
- Composite-Druckgefäße (9)
- Composition (9)
- Computed tomography (CT) (9)
- Computertomografie (9)
- Core-shell (9)
- Cr(III) (9)
- Crack formation (9)
- Crack healing (9)
- Crack initiation (9)
- Cryogenic temperature (9)
- Crystal orientation (9)
- Cyanine (9)
- DVS (9)
- Damage characterization (9)
- Dangerous Goods Quickinfo (9)
- Data (9)
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- Dead Sea scrolls (9)
- Deep penetration laser beam welding (9)
- Defekte (9)
- Delta value (9)
- Dichtungen (9)
- Diffusion coefficient (9)
- Digital Image Correlation (9)
- Digitale Transformation (9)
- Digitaler Zwilling (9)
- Digitization (9)
- Direct damage (9)
- Dislocations (9)
- Dissociative electron transfer (DET) (9)
- Distributed vibration sensing (9)
- Druckgasbehälter (9)
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- Duplex steel (9)
- Durchstrahlungsprüfung (9)
- Dyes/pigments (9)
- Dynamic mechanical analysis (9)
- Dynamics (9)
- EN AW-2618A (9)
- Education (9)
- Electron irradiation (9)
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- Electrospray deposition (9)
- Elektrochemisches Rauschen (9)
- Element transport (9)
- Embedded sensor (9)
- Emissivity (9)
- Energy release rate (9)
- Environmental stress cracking (9)
- Environmental stress cracking (ESC) (9)
- Erneuerbare Energien (9)
- Erosion (9)
- Evakuierung (9)
- Evaluation (9)
- Evaporation (9)
- FDS (9)
- FEA (9)
- Finite-element boundary-element method (9)
- Fire behavior (9)
- Flammschutzmittel (9)
- Flexible crystals (9)
- Fluoride (9)
- Fuel cell (9)
- Fundament (9)
- GC/MS (9)
- GDMS (9)
- GERG-2008 equation of state (9)
- GMA welding (9)
- Gadolinium (9)
- Gas Tomography (9)
- Gas analysis (9)
- Gas separation (9)
- Gasgemische (9)
- Gefahrgutdatenpool (9)
- Gefahrguttanks (9)
- Gefahrgüter (9)
- Gesteinskörnung (9)
- Gips (9)
- Glass fiber reinforced polymers (9)
- Groundwater remediation (9)
- Großversuch (9)
- Grundwasser (9)
- HDPE (9)
- HNBR (9)
- Halomonas elongata (9)
- Hammer impact (9)
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- Heißriss (9)
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- Hochtemperatur (9)
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- Hybrid materials (9)
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- Hydrogen environment (9)
- IgG (9)
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- Innovation (9)
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- Interferometry (9)
- Ionic liquids (9)
- Iron-gall ink (9)
- Kaltriss (9)
- Kaltrisse (9)
- Klärschlammverordnung (9)
- Konrad (9)
- Label (9)
- Labeling (9)
- Lachgas (9)
- Lagerbehälter (9)
- Laser beam melting (9)
- Laser induced plasma deposition (9)
- Laserimplantation (9)
- Leather (9)
- Lightweight concrete (9)
- Lignin (9)
- Long-term stability (9)
- MSG-Schweißen (9)
- Martensitic stainless steels (9)
- Maschinelles Lernen (9)
- Masonry rubble (9)
- Material Science (9)
- Material characterization (9)
- Material properties (9)
- Materialien (9)
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- Measurements (9)
- Medium Entropy Alloys (9)
- Metabolomics (9)
- Micro-XRF (9)
- Microarrays (9)
- Mikrolegierungseinfluss (9)
- Molybdenum (9)
- NDE (9)
- Nanofibers (9)
- Net-ionization reaction (9)
- Nuclear (9)
- O-ring (9)
- Oberflächenschutzsystem (9)
- Olivine (9)
- Optimization (9)
- Organic coatings (9)
- Ortsbewegliche Druckgeräte (9)
- PBF-LB/M (9)
- PES (9)
- PS (9)
- Particle scattering simulations (9)
- Passive RFID (9)
- Pile foundations (9)
- Piles (9)
- Plaster (9)
- Plastic (9)
- Plastic deformation (9)
- Polyethylene grades (9)
- Polymer blends (9)
- Pore structure (9)
- Porous ceramics (9)
- Prüfrichtlinie (9)
- Publications (9)
- Purity assessment (9)
- QR code (9)
- Quantitative NMR Spectroscopy (9)
- Quantitative NMR-Spektroskopie (9)
- Quasi-direct damage (9)
- REM (9)
- Radical scavenger (9)
- Radioactive Materials Module (9)
- Radiotherapy (9)
- Rauchgase (9)
- Rauheit (9)
- Recovery (9)
- Reinforcement corrosion (9)
- Resource efficiency (9)
- Reststoffe (9)
- SRV (9)
- Scatter (9)
- Shore hardness (9)
- Sicherheitsdatenblatt (9)
- Signal amplification (9)
- Single particle spectroscopy (9)
- Small-angle x-ray scattering (9)
- Smart geosynthetics (9)
- Spaltkorrosion (9)
- Spannungsrissbeständigkeit (9)
- Spurenelemente (9)
- Statistik (9)
- Stichprobenprüfung (9)
- Structural dynamics (9)
- Structural systems (9)
- Strukturüberwachung (9)
- Subspace methods (9)
- Sulphate (9)
- Supplementary cementitious materials (9)
- Surface treatment (9)
- Synchrotronstrahlung (9)
- Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (9)
- TMDSC (9)
- TPED (9)
- Technical textiles (9)
- Thermal Runaway (9)
- Thermal conductivity (9)
- Thermoacoustics (9)
- Thermographie (9)
- Thermogravimetric analysis (9)
- Thermogravimetry (9)
- Thermomechanical fatigue (9)
- Time-resolved (9)
- Titanium alloy (9)
- Tool wear (9)
- Topography (9)
- Track-soil interaction (9)
- Transesterification (9)
- Transport Documents Module (9)
- Tubular X-joints (9)
- Ultraschallwandler (9)
- Ultrasonic guided waves (9)
- Vehicle-track interaction (9)
- Vibration measurements (9)
- Warfarin (9)
- Wear resistance (9)
- Weld pool dynamics (9)
- Werkstoffprüfung (9)
- X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (9)
- XRF analysis (9)
- Zugglieder (9)
- Zündgefahrenbewertung (9)
- additive manufacturing (9)
- Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit (9)
- 3D Druck (8)
- AISI D2 (8)
- Abplatzen (8)
- Absolute fluorescence quantum yield (8)
- Acceleration (8)
- Acceptance rate (8)
- Acrylamide (8)
- Additive (8)
- Adhesive strength (8)
- Aerospace (8)
- Aktivkohle (8)
- Ambient mass spectrometry (8)
- Ammonia (8)
- Analytical methods (8)
- Antimony (8)
- Apis mellifera (8)
- Artificial intelligence (8)
- Atmospheric corrosion (8)
- Automatisierte ZfPBau-Verfahren (8)
- BAM (8)
- BDS (8)
- Bacterial adhesion (8)
- Bauschutt (8)
- Bauschuttaufbereitung (8)
- Bead (8)
- Bemessung (8)
- Betonfahrbahndecken (8)
- Betonflächendiagnose (8)
- Betriebssicherheit (8)
- Biocompatibility (8)
- Biomass (8)
- Bisphenol A (8)
- Bitumen (8)
- Borosilicate glass (8)
- Brass (8)
- Brennbare Stäube (8)
- Bridge Monitoring (8)
- Brillouin sensor (8)
- Building material (8)
- CCMat (8)
- CHAF (8)
- Cancer therapy (8)
- Capillary electrophoresis (8)
- Carbon fibre (8)
- Carbon fibres (8)
- Carbon ink (8)
- Chemisch instabile Gase (8)
- Chlorides (8)
- Cleaning (8)
- Climate change (8)
- Composite material (8)
- Computer Tomographie (8)
- Concrete pavements (8)
- Concrete structures (8)
- Condensed Matter Physics (8)
- Conformity Assessment (8)
- Conservation (8)
- Construction and demolition waste (8)
- Contact mechanics (8)
- Cooling rate (8)
- Coptic (8)
- Critical strain (8)
- Crystal (8)
- Cyclic voltammetry (8)
- Cylinder (8)
- DDT (8)
- DICONDE (8)
- Damage localization (8)
- Data management (8)
- Deactivation pathways (8)
- Derivatization (8)
- Digestion (8)
- Digital Twin (8)
- Digitale Detektoren (8)
- Discotic liquid crystals (8)
- Drawings (8)
- Dripping (8)
- Drone (8)
- Drug delivery (8)
- Dust (8)
- Dynamic loads (8)
- Dynamik (8)
- EVA (8)
- Editorial (8)
- Eignungsnachweis (8)
- Eindringprüfung (8)
- Eisenbahnkesselwagen (8)
- Electromagnetic weld pool control (8)
- Electron probe microanalysis (8)
- Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) (8)
- Embrittlement (8)
- Encapsulation (8)
- Energiespeicherung (8)
- Energy (8)
- Energy dispersive diffraction (8)
- Erdgasnetz (8)
- Ersatzbaustoffe (8)
- Erstarrungsriss (8)
- Ertüchtigung (8)
- Experimental testing (8)
- Faser-Bragg-Gitter (8)
- Faseroptische Sensoren (8)
- Faserverbundwerkstoff (8)
- Fehlstellen (8)
- Femtosecond laser processing (8)
- Feuchtemessung (8)
- Fiber (8)
- Fiber Bragg grating (8)
- Field tests (8)
- Film (8)
- Finite element simulation (8)
- Finite elements (8)
- Fireworks (8)
- Flash DSC (8)
- Fließmittel (8)
- Fragmentation (8)
- Freisetzung (8)
- Gas explosions (8)
- Gas sensor (8)
- Gasflaschenventile (8)
- Geogitter (8)
- Glass structure (8)
- Glasses (8)
- Grafting (8)
- Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit (8)
- Helium (8)
- High performance concrete (8)
- High-throughput computations (8)
- Historisches Mauerwerk (8)
- Hohlstellen (8)
- Holzschutzmittel (8)
- Hot steam (8)
- Human behaviour (8)
- Humboldt Codices (8)
- Hybrid welding (8)
- Hydrodynamic model (8)
- Hydroformylation (8)
- Hydrogen sensor (8)
- Hydroxyectoine (8)
- Hygiene (8)
- IBESS (8)
- ICPMS (8)
- IN718 (8)
- Image resolution (8)
- Impact damage (8)
- Implant-Test (8)
- In situ monitoring (8)
- In situ real-time monitoring (8)
- In-situ Monitoring (8)
- Inconel 686 (8)
- Infrastruktur (8)
- Instandhaltung (8)
- Instandsetzungsmörtel (8)
- Integrity (8)
- Integritätsprüfung (8)
- Interlaboratory study (8)
- Intermetallics (8)
- Inverse Probleme (8)
- Ion mobility spectrometry (8)
- Isotope fractionation (8)
- Isotope reference material (8)
- Isotope reference materials (8)
- Isotopic shift (8)
- Joint sparsity (8)
- Key comparison (8)
- Kikuchi patterns (8)
- Konservierung (8)
- Korundschleifen (8)
- Kryotechnik (8)
- LFIA (8)
- LMD (8)
- LOI (8)
- Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen (8)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structures (8)
- Laserdrucker (8)
- Laserhybridschweißen (8)
- Leaching tests (8)
- Leak detection (8)
- Legierung (8)
- Lichtbogensensorik (8)
- Liquid crystals (8)
- Lithium-Ionen-Batterie (8)
- Localization (8)
- Luftfeuchte (8)
- MC-ICP-MS (8)
- MIP (8)
- Macrocycles (8)
- Magnetocaloric (8)
- Magnetohydrodynamics (8)
- Manufacturing (8)
- Market surveillance (8)
- Materialeffizienz (8)
- Metal phosphonates (8)
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- Metalle (8)
- Metaproteomics (8)
- Method comparison (8)
- Methodenvalidierung (8)
- Metrology in chemistry (8)
- Micro-CT (8)
- Micro-computed tomography (8)
- Microbeads (8)
- Microfluidic (8)
- Micromechanics (8)
- Model interpolation (8)
- Modulus (8)
- Moisture measurements (8)
- Molecular absorption (8)
- Molecular imprinting (8)
- Molecular mobility (8)
- Monte Carlo simulation (8)
- Morphology (8)
- Mortar (8)
- Multiple crack propagation (8)
- Museum (8)
- Nano powder (8)
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- Natural convection (8)
- Natural gas (8)
- Neutronenbeugung (8)
- Non-destructive evaluation (8)
- Non-destructive testing (NDT) (8)
- Non-invasive analysis (8)
- Nondestructive evaluation (8)
- Notches (8)
- Nuclear waste (8)
- Numerische Analyse (8)
- OH radicals (8)
- Oberflächenanalyse (8)
- Offshore-Windenergieanlagen (8)
- Optical backscatter reflectometry (8)
- Optical sensor (8)
- Overpressure (8)
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- POF OTDR (8)
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- Passive sampling (8)
- Pathogen (8)
- Perovskite (8)
- Peroxy-fuels (8)
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- Phased array technique (8)
- Phenotypic diversity (8)
- Photogrammetry (8)
- Photothermal (8)
- Photovoltaics (8)
- Physikalische Gefahren (8)
- Pile integrity testing (8)
- Piston ring (8)
- Pitting (8)
- Planar tomography (8)
- Polyurethan (8)
- Pore size distribution (8)
- Poren (8)
- Porenstruktur (8)
- Powders (8)
- Process safety (8)
- QI-FoKuS (8)
- Quality (8)
- Quantenpunkte (8)
- Quantum Yield (8)
- RFID based sensors (8)
- Radiationtherapy (8)
- Radon exhalation (8)
- Radsatzwellen (8)
- Raman microscopy (8)
- Reduced volume method (8)
- Regelwerke (8)
- Reinigung (8)
- Resource recovery (8)
- Restoration (8)
- Roadmap (8)
- Robustness (8)
- Rohrleitung (8)
- Rotorblatt (8)
- Röntgenstrahlung (8)
- SI traceability (8)
- SIP (8)
- Safety distance (8)
- Sample testing (8)
- Sanierung (8)
- Scanning force microscopy (8)
- Schadensdetektion (8)
- Schienenverkehr (8)
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- Schweißprozessparameter (8)
- Schweißsimulation (8)
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- Semantic Web Technologies (8)
- Sensitivity analysis (8)
- Sensornetzwerk (8)
- Shear strength (8)
- Shell (8)
- Silicone elastomer (8)
- Single molecule (8)
- Sliding (8)
- Spannbetonbrücke (8)
- Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (8)
- Spent Fuel (8)
- Spent fuel assessment (8)
- Spray drying (8)
- Stabilizer (8)
- Stable isotopes (8)
- Steel in concrete (8)
- Stress relaxation (8)
- Structural health monitoring (SHM) (8)
- Surface group analysis (8)
- Swelling (8)
- THz (8)
- Tausalz (8)
- Technische Regeln (8)
- Temperature field (8)
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- Theory (8)
- Thermal runaway (8)
- Thermoacoustic (8)
- Ti-MMC (8)
- Titanium nitride (8)
- Topographie (8)
- Total cyanide (8)
- Transformationsprodukte (8)
- Ultraschall-Echo (8)
- Ultrashort laser pulses (8)
- Ultrasonic Testing (8)
- Upconverting nanoparticles (8)
- Uranium (8)
- Versuche (8)
- Verzug (8)
- Videoskopie (8)
- Virulence (8)
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- WIG-Schweißen (8)
- Wasserstoffversprödung (8)
- Welds (8)
- Wellenausbreitung (8)
- Wiederkehrende Prüfung (8)
- Writing materials (8)
- X-ray optics (8)
- Young's modulus (8)
- Zertifiziertes Referenzmaterial (8)
- Zirconium (8)
- ta-C (8)
- (Ti,Mo)(C,N) (7)
- 100Cr6 (7)
- 20L-sphere (7)
- 3D-Printing (7)
- ATR (7)
- Acetylene (7)
- Additive manufacturing (AM) (7)
- AgBB (7)
- AgBB-Schema (7)
- Alkali-activation (7)
- Alkalien (7)
- Allyl alcohol (7)
- Amorphous phases (7)
- Anisotropie (7)
- Anthropogenic markers (7)
- Aryl phosphate (7)
- Atemschutz (7)
- Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) (7)
- Auftragschweißen (7)
- Ausnahmegenehmigungen (7)
- Autogenes Schwinden (7)
- Automated synthesis (7)
- Axial force (7)
- BIM (7)
- BPA (7)
- Baudenkmäler (7)
- Beschleunigung (7)
- Beta decay (7)
- Bildgebende Darstellung (7)
- Bildverarbeitung (7)
- Bindemittel (7)
- Bioactive glass (7)
- Bioavailability (7)
- Biobased polymers (7)
- Biomasse (7)
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- Biozid (7)
- Bismuth (7)
- Bivalves (7)
- Blast (7)
- Boundary element method (7)
- Brachytherapy (7)
- Brandprüfung (7)
- Brittle fracture (7)
- Buckling (7)
- Building products (7)
- Building vibration (7)
- CCU (7)
- CE-Kennzeichnung (7)
- Carbon fibers (7)
- Carbon storage (7)
- Casting (7)
- Cement paste (7)
- Centrifugal Adhesion Testing (CAT) (7)
- Centrifuge technology (7)
- Charpy impact toughness (7)
- Charring (7)
- Chemical durability (7)
- Chemistry (7)
- Co-firing (7)
- Cockroach (7)
- Codawelleninterferometrie (7)
- Column tests (7)
- Compatibility evaluations (7)
- Component assessment (7)
- Composite-Druckbehälter (7)
- Computed radiography (7)
- Consequence (7)
- Construction (7)
- Coordination polymers (7)
- Copolymer (7)
- Correlation (7)
- Corresponding relative humidity (7)
- Corrosion products (7)
- Corundum grinding (7)
- Coulometric sensors (7)
- Cr(III) complex (7)
- Crack closure (7)
- Creep behavior (7)
- Creep-fatigue (7)
- Critical raw materials (7)
- Crystal Engineering (7)
- Crystal growth (7)
- Data-fusion (7)
- Datenmanagement (7)
- Deep penetration (7)
- Dehngeschwindigkeit (7)
- Dehnungsmessung (7)
- Density (7)
- Deponien (7)
- Design (7)
- Diagnostics (7)
- Dichtheitsprüfung (7)
- Dielectric relaxation (7)
- Dielectrics (7)
- Digital detector arrays (7)
- Digitale Radiologie (7)
- Discontinuities (7)
- Druck (7)
- Dual purpose cask (7)
- Dynamic fracture toughness (7)
- Dynamic light scattering (7)
- Dynamic testing (7)
- EFIT (7)
- EPS (7)
- EPTIS (7)
- ESCA/XPS (7)
- Ecology (7)
- Eddy Current (7)
- Edelstahl Rostfrei (7)
- Eigenspannung (7)
- Elastic constants (7)
- Electrical resistivity (7)
- Electromagnetic backing (7)
- Electromagnetic forces (7)
- Electron transfer (7)
- Elemental analysis (7)
- Encoding (7)
- Endlager Konrad (7)
- Endlagerbehälter (7)
- Energy labelling (7)
- Ergot alkaloids (7)
- Ermüdungsrisswachstum (7)
- Estrich (7)
- Excitation power density (7)
- Expandable graphite (7)
- Experimental setup (7)
- Explosion limit (7)
- Exposure (7)
- Extended interim storage (7)
- Extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) (7)
- Extraction (7)
- FKM (7)
- FTIR-Spektroskopie (7)
- Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunde (7)
- Feinkornbaustahl (7)
- Ferritic-martensitic steels (7)
- Fiber optic sensing (7)
- Fibre Bragg grating (7)
- Field test (7)
- Fire tests (7)
- Flowability (7)
- Fluidics (7)
- Fly ash (7)
- Flying line thermography (7)
- Food safety (7)
- Force-distance curves (7)
- Formaldehyd (7)
- Foundation (7)
- Freibewitterung (7)
- Frequency (7)
- GVP (7)
- Gas discharges (7)
- Gassicherheit (7)
- General Chemistry (7)
- Geotextilien (7)
- Gesamtcyanid (7)
- Gichtgasschlamm (7)
- Glasanalysen (7)
- Glutaraldehyde (7)
- Gold Nanoparticles (7)
- Grain growth (7)
- Grinding (7)
- Grout (7)
- Gruppenstrahlertechnik (7)
- Guided Waves (7)
- HIP (7)
- HPC (7)
- HRMS (7)
- HVOF (7)
- Hartmann effect (7)
- Heat accumulation (7)
- Heat affected zone (7)
- Heat capacity (7)
- Heat conduction (7)
- High resolution (7)
- High resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) (7)
- High voltage cable accessories (7)
- High-resolution (7)
- High-speed optical techniques (7)
- Hochfester Beton (7)
- Horizontal gene transfer HGT (7)
- Human serum (7)
- Hydratation (7)
- Hydrocarbons (7)
- Hydrogen-assisted cracking (7)
- Hydrothermal treatment (7)
- ISO/IEC 17025 (7)
- Immunoassays (7)
- Impakt-Echo (7)
- Indoor air (7)
- Information security (7)
- Infrastructure (7)
- Innenhydrophobierung (7)
- Insulation (7)
- Integrating sphere (7)
- Interlaboratory Comparison (7)
- Ionic Liquid crystals (7)
- Joining dissimilar materials (7)
- KI (7)
- Kikuchi pattern (7)
- Knoevenagel condensation (7)
- Knowledge Representation (7)
- Kunststoff (7)
- Kunststoff-Dränelemente (7)
- LC-MS (7)
- LCA (7)
- LET (7)
- LIPSS (7)
- Langsame Berstprüfung (7)
- Langzeitverhalten (7)
- Large-scale test (7)
- Laser beam effects (7)
- Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (7)
- Lattice parameters (7)
- Layered soils (7)
- Lean Duplex (7)
- Lebensdauervorhersage (7)
- Lebensmittel (7)
- Lifetime encoding (7)
- Lightweight design (7)
- Limiting oxygen concentration (7)
- Liquid metal embrittlement (7)
- LoRaWAN (7)
- Long term monitoring (7)
- Lower explosion limit (7)
- Lysimeter (7)
- MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (7)
- MLI (7)
- MSG-Engspaltschweißen (7)
- Magnetic nanoparticles (7)
- Mantelverordnung (7)
- Maritime atmosphere (7)
- Markthochlauf (7)
- Material analysis (7)
- Material model (7)
- Material science (7)
- Materialanalyse (7)
- Materialprüfung (7)
- Materials Chemistry (7)
- Matrix effects (7)
- Measurement methods (7)
- Mechanical behavior (7)
- Mechanical strength (7)
- Mesoporosity (7)
- Metakaolin (7)
- Metallic glasses (7)
- Method validation (7)
- Micropatterning (7)
- Mikroplastik-Analytik (7)
- Model order reduction (7)
- Modul für Beförderungspapier (7)
- Moisture content (7)
- Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (7)
- Monte-Carlo (7)
- Multiscale (7)
- NMR relaxometry (7)
- NP (7)
- Nachrechnungsrichtlinie (7)
- Nano particle (7)
- Nanoplastic (7)
- Nanopulver (7)
- Neutron (7)
- Neutronensonde (7)
- Ni (7)
- Ni-base superalloy (7)
- Nickel alloy (7)
- Non-Destructive Evaluation (7)
- Nondestructive testing (NDT) (7)
- Numerical model (7)
- Numerical welding simulation (7)
- OSB (7)
- Oberflächenmesstechnik (7)
- Offshore wind (7)
- Offshore wind turbine (7)
- Optical Spectroscopy (7)
- Optical emission spectroscopy (7)
- Optical quantification (7)
- Organic contaminants (7)
- PCR (7)
- PFOA (7)
- PFOS (7)
- PIXE (7)
- PXRD (7)
- Partial penetration (7)
- Passive thermography (7)
- Pattern matching (7)
- Perfluorinated polymer optical fiber (7)
- Performance (7)
- Phase grating (7)
- Phasenumwandlung (7)
- Photogrammetrie (7)
- Physical phenomenology (7)
- Pipeline monitoring (7)
- Plattform MaterialDigital (7)
- Polydopamine (7)
- Polymerkomposite (7)
- Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (7)
- Polypropylene fibres (7)
- Pore size (7)
- Porous media (7)
- Pressure (7)
- Pressure build-up (7)
- Pressure tanks (7)
- Pressure wave (7)
- Printers (7)
- ProMoAM (7)
- Processing (7)
- Programming (7)
- Protection (7)
- Protein A (7)
- Protein unfolding (7)
- Prozessüberwachung (7)
- Prüflaboratorien (7)
- Purification (7)
- Pyrotechnische Gegenstände (7)
- Quantitative Risikoanalyse (7)
- Quenching and partitioning (7)
- Radiation monitoring (7)
- Radioaktive Abfälle (7)
- Radioaktiver Stoff (7)
- Radiographic testing (7)
- Radon (7)
- Rapid test (7)
- Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (7)
- Reaktives Brandschutzsystem (7)
- Rehabilitation (7)
- Renewable energy (7)
- Reparaturschweißen (7)
- Resistance evolution (7)
- Ressourcen (7)
- Reverse time migration (7)
- Ring-expansion polymerization (7)
- Road (7)
- Rollkontaktermüdung (7)
- Round robin tests (7)
- Rubber seal (7)
- Röntgenbeugung (7)
- S-N curve (7)
- SARS-CoV-2 (7)
- Sample holder (7)
- Sample performance chart (7)
- Sc-ICP-ToF-MS (7)
- Scandium (7)
- Schadensfrüherkennung (7)
- Schichtdicke (7)
- Schweißnahtprüfung (7)
- Schwergas (7)
- Seals (7)
- Selective laser melting (SLM) (7)
- Self-assembled monolayer (7)
- Self-corrosion (7)
- Semitransparency (7)
- SensRef (7)
- Sensibilisierung (7)
- Short crack propagation (7)
- SiC (7)
- Sicherheitsabstände (7)
- Sickerwasserprognose (7)
- Silane (7)
- Silanes (7)
- Silicon dioxide (7)
- Size effect (7)
- Smart sensors (7)
- Smoke (7)
- Social (7)
- Soda-lime silicate glass (7)
- Specialised Information System (7)
- Speciation analysis (7)
- Specific surface area (7)
- Sphäroguß (GGG-40) (7)
- Steel and aluminium (7)
- Stimulated Brillouin scattering (7)
- Strain rate (7)
- Structural build-up (7)
- Structural integrity management (7)
- Studie (7)
- Supercritical CO2 (7)
- Supercritical/dense phase CO2 (7)
- Superlegierung (7)
- Surface groups (7)
- Surface structuring (7)
- Surface tension (7)
- Sustainable (7)
- Synchrotron Radiation (7)
- TBPB (7)
- TF Material (7)
- TGA-FTIR (7)
- Tandem MS (7)
- Taxonomy (7)
- Tensile Test (7)
- Tensile tests (7)
- Test strip (7)
- Tetrafluoroethylene (7)
- Thermal cycles (7)
- Thermal desorption analysis (7)
- Thermal spraying (7)
- Thermal wave (7)
- Thermische Analyse (7)
- Thermo-mechanical properties (7)
- Thermomechanics (7)
- Thermosets (7)
- Thin Films (7)
- Thin film coatings (7)
- Timber (7)
- Titanium oxide (7)
- Tolerance (7)
- Toxicology (7)
- Train-induced ground vibration (7)
- Transition metals (7)
- Transport cask (7)
- Truss structures (7)
- Tyrosine (7)
- UP-Schweißen (7)
- Ultra-high performance concrete (7)
- Ultrakurze Laserpulse (7)
- Ultraschallecho-Verfahren (7)
- Ultrashort laser material interaction (7)
- Ultrasonic transducer (7)
- Umwelt (7)
- Umweltgefährdend (7)
- VCSEL array (7)
- VOC emission (7)
- Variational Bayesian (7)
- Venting (7)
- Verarbeitung (7)
- Verformung (7)
- Verzinkter Betonstahl (7)
- Vesicles (7)
- Vessels (7)
- Vickers indentation (7)
- Virtual wave (7)
- WRC 1992 diagram (7)
- Wandler (7)
- White light interference microscopy (7)
- Wind turbine blades (7)
- Workability (7)
- Wärmenachbehandlung (7)
- XCT (7)
- Xray (7)
- Yield stress (7)
- Young´s modulus (7)
- ZCF (7)
- ZIF-8 (7)
- Zeolite (7)
- ZfP 4.0 (7)
- Zonation (7)
- corrosion (7)
- fluorescence (7)
- nichtrostender Stahl (7)
- ssDNA (7)
- Ökobilanzielle Bewertung (7)
- Ökobilanzierung (7)
- Überdruck (7)
- Überwachung (7)
- 1d laser (6)
- 2. SprengV (6)
- 3D-printing (6)
- AHTN (6)
- AIE (6)
- AIS (6)
- AISI 304L (6)
- APS (6)
- Ab initio simulations (6)
- Abbildungsverfahren (6)
- Abfallbehandlung (6)
- Ablösungen (6)
- Accelerometer (6)
- Accuracy (6)
- Activation energy (6)
- Active polymer (6)
- Adsorbed Layer (6)
- Advanced Materials (6)
- Advanced materials (6)
- AgBB-Scheme (6)
- Aggregate (6)
- Aggregates (6)
- Albumin (6)
- Alite (6)
- Alkali-silica-reaction (6)
- Alloys (6)
- Altlasten (6)
- Aluminium phosphinate (6)
- Aluminum alloy (6)
- Amino acid analysis (6)
- Ammonium nitrate (6)
- Amorphous materials (6)
- Analytical Sciences (6)
- Analytical chemistry (6)
- Analytical method (6)
- Anobium punctatum (6)
- Aquifer (6)
- Archeometry (6)
- Architecture (6)
- Array (6)
- Artificial neural network (6)
- Atmospheric Corrosion (6)
- Atomic Force Microscopy (6)
- Auger Electron Spectroscopy (6)
- Austenite (6)
- Austenitischer Stahl (6)
- Autoclave (6)
- Automated manufacturing (6)
- Automotive (6)
- Autonomous micro UAV (6)
- BET (6)
- BFR (6)
- BOFS (6)
- Bags (6)
- Ball milling (6)
- Ballast (6)
- Barcoding (6)
- Batch test (6)
- Bayesian updating (6)
- Bestandsbauwerke (6)
- Bestrahlung (6)
- Bio-SAXS (6)
- Biochemie (6)
- Biocide tolerance (6)
- Biocomposite (6)
- Biodegradation (6)
- Biofouling (6)
- Bioreceptivity (6)
- Biotechnology (6)
- Blended cement (6)
- Blends (6)
- Bluetooth (6)
- Bodenmaterial (6)
- Brandszenarien (6)
- Brennfleckmessung (6)
- Brillouin sensing (6)
- Brominated flame retardant (6)
- Brückenprüfung (6)
- Bubble test (6)
- Bulging effect (6)
- Bulk materials (6)
- Bundesoberbehörden (6)
- Burst test (6)
- C-C coupling (6)
- CIGS (6)
- CNG (6)
- CNT (6)
- CO2 quality (6)
- Cairo Genizah (6)
- Calcined clay (6)
- Carbon capture and storage (6)
- Carbonate layer (6)
- Cargo (6)
- Case studies (6)
- Catalogues (6)
- CdSe (6)
- Chamber test (6)
- Chemical vapor deposition (6)
- Chloride Induced Corrosion (6)
- Chlorinduzierte Korrosion (6)
- Chrom (6)
- Cleavable probe (6)
- Clustering (6)
- Cocrystals (6)
- Collagen (6)
- Column test (6)
- Combustion Ion Chromatography (6)
- Combustion ion chromatography (6)
- Comparison (6)
- Complex (6)
- Composites in fire (6)
- Computational Fluid Dynamics (6)
- Computer simulation (6)
- Contaminated soil (6)
- Control (6)
- Copiers (6)
- Cordierite (6)
- Corrosion monitoring (6)
- Corrosion tests (6)
- Corundum (6)
- Cosolute (6)
- Crystalinity (6)
- Curing (6)
- Cutting tool (6)
- Cyclohexane (6)
- DEA (6)
- DED-arc (6)
- Damage assessment (6)
- Damage threshold (6)
- Damage tolerance (6)
- Deep Learning (6)
- Delta values (6)
- Density measurements (6)
- Density separation (6)
- Deoxynivalenol (6)
- Deponieabdichtung (6)
- Deponieabdichtungen (6)
- Depth-profiling (6)
- Design methods (6)
- Destructive testing (6)
- Detektion (6)
- Deuterium (6)
- Diagnosis (6)
- Diagonal compression test (6)
- Dichtungswerkstoffe (6)
- Dickenmessung (6)
- Dielectric barrier discharge (6)
- Dike monitoring (6)
- Dilatometry (6)
- Dilution (6)
- Dissociative electron attachment (6)
- Dissolution (6)
- Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) (6)
- Distributed fibre optic sensors (6)
- Distributed linear sensor (6)
- Droplet corrosion (6)
- Druckverformungsrest (6)
- Ductile Cast Iron (6)
- Dynamic test (6)
- Dünger (6)
- E-Modul (6)
- EDXRD (6)
- EN 16516 (6)
- Edelstahl (6)
- Eisenbahnschiene (6)
- Elasticity (6)
- Elastomeric seals (6)
- Electrical conductivity (6)
- Electrical properties (6)
- Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (6)
- Electron beam welding (6)
- Emerging pollutants (6)
- Emerging technologies (6)
- End of life (6)
- Energiewende (6)
- Engine oil (6)
- Environmental effects (6)
- Environmental evaluation (6)
- Environmentally hazardous substance (6)
- Erdgas (6)
- Escherichia coli (6)
- Estrogens (6)
- Ethylene (6)
- Excitation (6)
- Experiment (6)
- Explicit dynamics (6)
- Explosions (6)
- Explosive (6)
- Extrusion (6)
- FITNET (6)
- FPIA (6)
- FT-IR (6)
- Facade (6)
- Fahrbahnübergänge (6)
- Fallversuch (6)
- Fallversuche (6)
- Fasersensorik (6)
- Fassade (6)
- Fast Scanning Calorimetry (6)
- Fe-Ni (6)
- Fe3Al (6)
- Femtosekundenlaser (6)
- Ferrit (6)
- Fertilzer (6)
- Fiber-optic sensor (6)
- Field-flow fractionation (6)
- Flame inhibition (6)
- Flammability limits (6)
- Flat bottom holes (6)
- Flexible polyurethane foam (6)
- Fluid transport (6)
- Fluorescence lifetime (6)
- Fluorescence microscopy (6)
- Flüssigwasserstoff (6)
- Food analysis (6)
- Forgery (6)
- Forschungsdatenmanagement (6)
- Friction layer (6)
- Fugen (6)
- Full Notch Creep Test (6)
- Functional groups (6)
- GC-FID (6)
- GEXRF (6)
- GMA Welding (6)
- Gas (6)
- Gas Distribution Mapping (6)
- Gas cylinders (6)
- Gas distribution mapping (6)
- Gas sorption (6)
- Gefahrgutregeln (6)
- Gefahrgutverpackung (6)
- Gefügedegradation (6)
- Geführte Wellen (6)
- Geophysik (6)
- Geopolymer (6)
- Geotextile (6)
- Glaskapillaren (6)
- Graphit (6)
- Grazing exit (6)
- Green chemistry (6)
- Gruppenstrahler (6)
- Gut microbiota (6)
- HR-CS-AAS (6)
- High Entropy Alloys (6)
- High-Resolution Continuum Source Molecular Absorption Spectrometry (6)
- High-density polyethylene (6)
- Histology (6)
- Honeycombing (6)
- Horizontal gene transfer (6)
- Hot crack (6)
- Hot stamping (6)
- Humidity sensor (6)
- Hybride Gemische (6)
- Hydraulic reactivity (6)
- Hydroformylierung (6)
- Härteprüfung (6)
- ISO 15630-3 (6)
- Impulse thermography (6)
- Impulse-thermography (6)
- Inclusions (6)
- Initial crack size (6)
- Ink analyses (6)
- Inspection planning (6)
- Integral range (6)
- Integrated analysis (6)
- Interlaboratory tests (6)
- Inverse analysis (6)
- Inverse problem (6)
- Inversion (6)
- Ionisation (6)
- Ionische Flüssigkeiten (6)
- Ionizing radiation damage (6)
- Iron aluminides (6)
- Iron oxide nanoparticles (6)
- Isogeometric analysis (6)
- Isosorbide (6)
- Isotope amount ratio (6)
- Iterative reconstruction (6)
- KMU (6)
- Kaltrissprüfung (6)
- Kammermessungen (6)
- Kerbschlagzähigkeit (6)
- Keyhole mode welding (6)
- Kleidermotte (6)
- Klimamessungen (6)
- Klimawandel (6)
- Komposite (6)
- Konrad repository (6)
- Korrelation (6)
- LC-ELISA (6)
- LPBF (6)
- Lab automation (6)
- Laboratory test (6)
- Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) (6)
- Laser array (6)
- Laser dispersing (6)
- Laser-hybrid welding (6)
- Lasers (6)
- Lastwechselprüfung (6)
- Laterale Auflösung (6)
- Lattice distortion (6)
- Layer-by-layer deposition (6)
- Leakproofness (6)
- Lehmbau (6)
- Lifetime prediction (6)
- Lightweight aggregates (6)
- Lightweight materials (6)
- Limit of detection (6)
- Liquid Metal Embrittlement (6)
- Liquid phase sintering (6)
- Liquids (6)
- Load (6)
- Low temperature behaviour (6)
- Luft (6)
- Luftschadstoffe (6)
- Magnetic Beads (6)
- Magnetic domains (6)
- Magnetron sputtering (6)
- Managementsysteme (6)
- Maritime Atmosphäre (6)
- Mass burning rate (6)
- Mass cytometry (6)
- Master Curve (6)
- Material classification (6)
- Materialmodellierung (6)
- Materials Design (6)
- Materialschutz (6)
- Mathematical modeling (6)
- McSAS3 (6)
- Mechanical Properties (6)
- Mechanische Bewertung (6)
- Mechanochemie (6)
- Mesoscale (6)
- Messdaten (6)
- Metal ions (6)
- Metal organic frameworks (6)
- Metal phosphonate (6)
- Metalldetektor (6)
- Metallene Werkstoffe (6)
- Micro hollow cathode discharge (6)
- Micro-chamber (6)
- Microgravity (6)
- Micromechanical modelling (6)
- Micromixer (6)
- Microwave synthesis (6)
- Microwaves (6)
- Mikrodrohne (6)
- Mikrofluidik (6)
- Minderdicken (6)
- Mixed ink (6)
- Mobile robotic olfaction (6)
- Model calibration (6)
- Modulares Modell (6)
- Moisture clog (6)
- Molar mass (6)
- Molecular modeling (6)
- Monoclonal antibodies (6)
- Monte Carlo methods (6)
- Multi-sensor (6)
- Multisensor system (6)
- NAMUR (6)
- NDE 4.0 (6)
- Nanocrystals (6)
- Nanometrologie (6)
- Nanopowder (6)
- Nanosafety (6)
- Naturstein (6)
- Netzwerk (6)
- Neutronentomographie (6)
- Nichtelektrische Geräte (6)
- Nickellegierung (6)
- Nitrocellulose (6)
- Nitrotyrosine (6)
- Noise (6)
- Non-Destructive testing (6)
- Non-destructiv testing (6)
- Norm (6)
- Notch stress approach (6)
- O-Ring (6)
- OH radical scavenger (6)
- OSSCAR (6)
- Oberflächenbearbeitung (6)
- Oberflächenenergie (6)
- Oberflächenfunktionalisierung (6)
- Offshore Windenergieanlagen (6)
- Offshore pile foundation (6)
- Oil (6)
- Optical assay (6)
- Optical assays (6)
- Optical fibre (6)
- Optical tomography (6)
- Optimisation (6)
- Organische Beschichtungen (6)
- Osmolyte (6)
- P91 (6)
- PA 66 (6)
- PAG (6)
- PET (6)
- PGM-free catalyst (6)
- PIM-1 (6)
- Package design (6)
- Partikelgrößenverteilung (6)
- Passive Smart Dust (6)
- Peptide library (6)
- Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) (6)
- Perceived intensity (6)
- Perfluorinated polymer optical fibers (6)
- Performance check (6)
- Permeable reactive barriers (6)
- Phase analysis (6)
- Phase identification (6)
- Photon counting detectors (6)
- Physisorption (6)
- Pile (6)
- Plants (6)
- Plasma acoustics (6)
- Plasma tomography (6)
- Plasma treatment (6)
- Plastics (6)
- Pollutants (6)
- Polyamide (6)
- Polycarboxylatether (6)
- Polyethylene glycol (6)
- Polyethylenformstoffe (6)
- Polyglycerol (6)
- Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) (6)
- Polymorph (6)
- Polypropylen (6)
- Poolfeuer (6)
- Post-weld heat treatment (6)
- Potentialmessung (6)
- Precision (6)
- Prepreg (6)
- Presolvated electron (6)
- Pressure assisted sintering (6)
- Pressure-assisted sintering (6)
- Process industry (6)
- Propane (6)
- Properties (6)
- Protein G (6)
- Protein quantification (6)
- Prozess-Spektroskopie (6)
- Prozesssicherheit (6)
- Prüftechnik (6)
- Pulse thermography (6)
- Pulsed thermography (6)
- Pyrometallurgie (6)
- Pyrometallurgy (6)
- Quadrocopter (6)
- Quality Assurance (6)
- Quality Control (6)
- Quenching (6)
- R package (6)
- RAM packages (6)
- RASEM (6)
- RPT (6)
- Radiation dosimetry (6)
- Radiation-induced attenuation (6)
- Radioaktives Material (6)
- Rail (6)
- Railway axles (6)
- Railways (6)
- Raman Spectroscopy (6)
- Rapid mass calorimeter (6)
- Ratiometric (6)
- Reactive fire protection system (6)
- Rebar (6)
- Rechenmodelle (6)
- Reciprocating sliding (6)
- Recommendations (6)
- Red Phosphorus (6)
- Reference (6)
- Regelwerk (6)
- Reinforced concrete structure (6)
- Remediation (6)
- Repair systems (6)
- Reproduzierbarkeit (6)
- Research (6)
- Resources (6)
- Ressourcenrückgewinnung (6)
- Reverse Time Migration (6)
- Risikobewertung (6)
- Rotor blade (6)
- Rotor blades (6)
- Rührreibschweißen (6)
- SAM (6)
- SANS (6)
- SCC (6)
- SEM/EDS (6)
- SINTAP (6)
- SPM (6)
- SSB (6)
- Safety engineering (6)
- Salinization (6)
- Sandwich (6)
- Schadenstoleranz (6)
- Scherfestigkeit (6)
- Schichtdickenbestimmung (6)
- Schlagempfindlichkeit (6)
- Schneidwaren (6)
- Schweißverbindungen (6)
- Schüttgüter (6)
- Sealing material (6)
- Segregation (6)
- Selbstverdichtender Beton (6)
- Self-heating (6)
- Self-organization (6)
- Semiconductors (6)
- Sensitivity (6)
- Service life (6)
- Setting (6)
- Shock wave (6)
- Shock wave generator (6)
- Si3N4 (6)
- Sicherheitsabstand (6)
- Sicherheitstechnische Bewertung (6)
- Silanization (6)
- Silicon compounds (6)
- Simulations (6)
- Single particle ICP-MS (6)
- Sliding simulation (6)
- Sliding wear (6)
- Slow crack growth (SCG) (6)
- Smoldering (6)
- Sol-Gel (6)
- Solid-phase extraction (6)
- Sorption isotherm (6)
- Spacer (6)
- Spannbetonbauwerke (6)
- Spannstahlbruch (6)
- Spark plasma sintering (6)
- Spektral Induzierte Polarisation (6)
- Spektrale Induzierte Polarisation (6)
- Stahlbetonbalken (6)
- Statistical analysis (6)
- Statistical tests (6)
- Statistische Bewertung (6)
- Staubexplosionen (6)
- Stickstoff (6)
- Stoßbeanspruchung (6)
- Strahlen (6)
- Strain transfer (6)
- Stress distribution (6)
- Streuung (6)
- Structural modelling (6)
- Structural monitoring (6)
- Sulfamethoxazole (6)
- Sulfide (6)
- Superaustenite steel (6)
- Supercapacitor (6)
- Surface energy (6)
- Survival rate (6)
- Switch (6)
- Synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (6)
- Synchrotron X-ray refraction radiography (6)
- Synchrotron tomography (6)
- T-SEM (6)
- TBPEH (6)
- TGA (6)
- TNT (6)
- TOF-SIMS (6)
- TPH (6)
- Tankcontainer (6)
- Tankfahrzeuge (6)
- Target (6)
- Tausalzeintrag (6)
- Technische Sicherheit (6)
- Temperature sensing (6)
- Temperatureinfluss (6)
- Terrorism (6)
- Testing method (6)
- Testkörper (6)
- Teststreifen (6)
- Thermal degradation (6)
- Thermal testing (6)
- Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue (6)
- Thermodynamik (6)
- Thermoplastic polyurethane (6)
- Thermoset (6)
- Thin film analysis (6)
- Tineola bisselliella (6)
- Titan (6)
- Titania nanoparticles (6)
- Toughness (6)
- Trace humidity measurement (6)
- Tragfähigkeit (6)
- Train speed (6)
- Transformation product (6)
- Transition metal (6)
- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (6)
- Trichodiene (6)
- Tungsten carbide (WC) (6)
- Turbine disk (6)
- Turbulent combustion (6)
- UCST-type polymer (6)
- UFP (6)
- Ultrafine particles (6)
- Umweltverträglichkeit (6)
- Upconversion nanocrystal (6)
- Upconversion nanoparticles (6)
- VOC-emission (6)
- VVOCs (6)
- Varestraint test (6)
- Variational multiscale method (6)
- Verkehrssicherungspflicht (6)
- Verschlussbauwerke (6)
- Verteilte faseroptische akustische Sensorik (6)
- Vibration measurement (6)
- Volume fraction (6)
- Wasserbau (6)
- Waste (6)
- Water analysis (6)
- Water-bearing glasses (6)
- Waveguide (6)
- Wiederaufarbeitung (6)
- Wind Energy (6)
- Wälzen (6)
- X-Ray (6)
- X-ray analysis (6)
- X-ray refraction radiography (6)
- Zeichenmaterialien (6)
- Zeolites (6)
- Zerspankräfte (6)
- Zerspanung (6)
- Zerstörungsfrei (6)
- Zertifizierungsstellen (6)
- ZrCN (6)
- Zyklische R-Kurve (6)
- Zünder (6)
- cocrystal (6)
- composites (6)
- nanoparticle (6)
- µ-CT (6)
- µCT (6)
- 13CrMoV9-10 (5)
- 1H-NMR (5)
- 2,6-diaminopyridine (5)
- 3D Printing (5)
- 3D imaging (5)
- AI (5)
- Ab initio calculations (5)
- AbBB-Schema (5)
- Abbruch (5)
- Abfallverbrennung (5)
- Absolute quantum yield (5)
- Accelerator mass spectrometry (5)
- Acetylenflaschen (5)
- Acrylamid (5)
- Actinomycetes (5)
- Action spectra (5)
- Activation spectra (5)
- Additive Manufacturing (AM) (5)
- Adiabatic compression (5)
- Advanced ceramics (5)
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- Aerosols (5)
- Affinity (5)
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- Air coupled ultrasound (5)
- Air quality (5)
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- Aktivierungsspektrum (5)
- Albrecht Dürer (5)
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- Aluminium Alloy (5)
- Aluminiumoxid (5)
- Amplification (5)
- Analytics (5)
- Analytische Zentrifuge (5)
- Antimicrobial Resistance (5)
- Archaeology (5)
- Arsenolipids (5)
- Atmosphäre (5)
- Atomic weight (5)
- Aufbereitung (5)
- Ausbildung (5)
- Automated operational modal analysis (5)
- Automotive coatings (5)
- Automotive industry (5)
- BAM-GGR 001 (5)
- BLDC (5)
- BODIPY dyes (5)
- Bassanite (5)
- Batch tests (5)
- Bauliche Bewertung (5)
- Baumusterzulassung (5)
- Baustoff (5)
- Bauteil (5)
- Bauteile (5)
- Bauteilversuch (5)
- Bauzustandsanalyse (5)
- Bayesian Statistics (5)
- Beförderung gefährlicher Güter (5)
- Belastungsversuch (5)
- Berstprüfung (5)
- Berstversuch (5)
- Beständigkeitsbewertung (5)
- Betatron (5)
- Betonbauteile (5)
- Biegeversagen (5)
- Bildanalyse (5)
- Binder Jetting (5)
- Bio-weathering (5)
- BioSAXS (5)
- Bioactive (5)
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- Biomimetics (5)
- Biorezeptivität (5)
- Block copolymers (5)
- Bluetooth Low Energy (5)
- Borehole probe (5)
- Brick (5)
- Brominated flame retardants (5)
- Bruch (5)
- Brückenmonitoring (5)
- Building and Construction (5)
- Bürogeräte (5)
- C. Pitting corrosion (5)
- CDW processing (5)
- CIC (5)
- CO2 assisted impregnation (5)
- CO2 corrosion (5)
- Cable (5)
- Calcined clays (5)
- Calcium (5)
- Carbohydrates (5)
- Carbon Fibers (5)
- Cathodic delamination (5)
- Ceria (5)
- Chalcopyrite (5)
- Change in tensile properties (5)
- Chelates (5)
- Chemical characterization (5)
- Chemical derivatization (5)
- Chemical sensing (5)
- Chemilumineszenz (5)
- Clay (5)
- Clustered nanoparticles (5)
- Coal (5)
- Color X-ray camera (5)
- Complex resistivity (5)
- Component (5)
- Component test (5)
- Compositionally complex alloys (5)
- Compression stress relaxation (5)
- Computed radiography (CR) (5)
- Concrete parameters (5)
- Cone calorimetry (5)
- Confinement (5)
- Constitutive law (5)
- Constraint (5)
- Construction materials (5)
- Construction product (5)
- Contact angle (5)
- Contact pressure (5)
- Container design (5)
- Convection (5)
- Conventional isotope ratio (5)
- Corrosion investigations (5)
- Corrosion rate (5)
- Cr2O3 (5)
- Crack evolution (5)
- Crack resistance curve (5)
- Creep damage (5)
- Creep-Fatigue (5)
- Cross-linking (5)
- Cross-resistance (5)
- Cure process (5)
- DCI (5)
- DHN melanin (5)
- DPSS laser (5)
- DSS (5)
- Damage Detection (5)
- Damage identification (5)
- Dark-field transmission electron microscopy (5)
- Data Interoperability (5)
- Data evaluation (5)
- Data mapping (5)
- Data science (5)
- Decontamination (5)
- Deflagrationen (5)
- Dekonvolution (5)
- Delta reference materials (5)
- Dendrimersomes (5)
- Dental implants (5)
- Deponietechnik (5)
- Depth profile (5)
- Desinfektion (5)
- Desorption (5)
- Development (5)
- Dichtungskontrollsysteme (5)
- Dielectric materials (5)
- Dielectric strength (5)
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- Diffraction Enhanced Imaging (5)
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- Digitale Radiographie (5)
- Digitaler Reifegrad (5)
- Direct Energy Deposition (5)
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- Direct laser writing (5)
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- Distributed Brillouin sensing (5)
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- Distribution function (5)
- Diutan gum (5)
- Doktorandentagung (5)
- Druckentlastung (5)
- Druckfestigkeit (5)
- Druckwelle (5)
- Ductility (5)
- Dust sensor (5)
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- Dynamic fracture mechanics (5)
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- Dynamic loading conditions (5)
- Dynamische Bruchzähigkeit (5)
- Dünnschichten (5)
- ECHA (5)
- EDC (5)
- EES (5)
- EFQM-excellence-model (5)
- EMPIR project (5)
- EOF (5)
- EOS (5)
- EURAMET (5)
- Early hydration (5)
- Earth masonry (5)
- Ectoine radiation protection (5)
- Eigenschaften (5)
- Einkristall (5)
- Einspanngrad (5)
- Einstufung gefährlicher Stoffe (5)
- Eisen (5)
- Eisenaluminid (5)
- Eisenbahnbrücken (5)
- Elastic modulus (5)
- Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (5)
- Electromagnetic scattering (5)
- Electron diffraction (5)
- Electrospinning (5)
- Electrospray ionization (5)
- Elektromagnetische Schmelzbadbeeinflussung (5)
- Elektromagnetische Schmelzbadunterstützung (5)
- Elektronenstrahlschweißen (5)
- Elektronische Nase (5)
- Elektroofenstaub (5)
- Elemental Iron (5)
- Elementanalyse (5)
- Elevated temperatures (5)
- Ellman (5)
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- Emissionsmesskammern (5)
- Emissionsmessungen (5)
- End crater (5)
- Energy dissipation (5)
- Engineered barrier (5)
- Engineered barrier systems (5)
- Engineering data (5)
- Enhancement (5)
- Environmental Simulation (5)
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- Equations of state (5)
- Ergebnisunsicherheit (5)
- Ersatzbaustoff (5)
- Ethinylestradiol (5)
- Ettringite (5)
- EuroPACT (5)
- Excitation forces (5)
- Explodierender Draht (5)
- Explosionsdruckentlastung (5)
- Explosive atmosphere (5)
- Extended storage (5)
- Extraktion (5)
- FBG (5)
- FETI (5)
- FFT (5)
- FITC (5)
- FLIM (5)
- Fallprüfungen (5)
- Far-infrared spectroscopy (5)
- Farbmittel (5)
- Fassaden (5)
- Fatigue fracture (5)
- Fault detection (5)
- Fe-Al alloys (5)
- Feldtests (5)
- Femtosecond pulse laser (5)
- Fenster (5)
- Fenton oxidation (5)
- Ferroelectrets (5)
- Ferromagnetischer Stahl (5)
- Ferromagnetism (5)
- Fibres (5)
- Filmersatz (5)
- Finite Element Method (5)
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- Finite element methods (5)
- Flammability limit (5)
- Flammable gas (5)
- Flaschenventile (5)
- Flash lamp (5)
- Flaw assessment (5)
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- Fluorescence decay kinetics (5)
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- Fluorophore (5)
- Flüssiggas (5)
- Foams (5)
- Forsterite (5)
- Freeze-thaw (5)
- Fuel economy (5)
- Full Notch Creep Test (FNCT) (5)
- Full notch creep test (FNCT) (5)
- Full-Notch Creep Test (FNCT) (5)
- Fungal decay (5)
- Funksensorik (5)
- Fußboden (5)
- GTA welding (5)
- GTR 13 (5)
- Gas detection (5)
- Gas dispersion (5)
- Gaschromatographie (5)
- Gaseous hydrogen (5)
- Gases (5)
- Gassensor (5)
- Gefahrenklasse (5)
- Gefahrguteinstufung (5)
- Gefahrgutumschließung (5)
- Geodermatophilaceae (5)
- Geomembranes (5)
- Geotechnik (5)
- Glass ceramics (5)
- Glass-ceramic (5)
- Glass-ceramics (5)
- Glaszusammensetzung (5)
- Glyphosate (5)
- Grain boundaries (5)
- Grenzen der Bildqualität (5)
- Grouted connection (5)
- Grouting (5)
- Gründungsstrukturen (5)
- HSC (5)
- Haftvermittler (5)
- Hausmüllverbrennungsasche (5)
- Hausner ratio (5)
- Heat Treatment (5)
- Heat release rate (5)
- Heizöl (5)
- Herkunft (5)
- Heterocycles (5)
- High alloyed steel (5)
- High repetition rate (5)
- High-alloyed metallic tank materials (5)
- High-strength structural steels (5)
- Hochentropie Legierung (5)
- Hochentropielegierung (5)
- Hochfest (5)
- Holzwerkstoffe (5)
- Hopkinson bar (5)
- Hot Cracking (5)
- Hybrid Laser Arc Welding (5)
- Hybrid components (5)
- Hybridoma (5)
- Hybridschweißen (5)
- Hydrocarbon (5)
- Hydrogen Storage (5)
- Hydrogen absorption (5)
- Hydrogen desorption (5)
- Hydrogen economy (5)
- Hydrogen permeation (5)
- Hydrogen reduction (5)
- Hydrogen sensors (5)
- Hydrogen transport (5)
- Hydrogen trapping (5)
- Hydrophobierung (5)
- Hydroxylation (5)
- Hylotrupes bajulus (5)
- Hyperbranched (5)
- Hyperbranched polymers (5)
- Hyphenated techniques (5)
- Höherfester Feinkornbaustahl (5)
- I-OFDR (5)
- IMS (5)
- IR spectroscopy (5)
- ISO-Guide 35 (5)
- ISO/TC 202 (5)
- ISO/TC 229 (5)
- Identification (5)
- Image reconstruction (5)
- Imaging XPS (5)
- Imaging ellipsometry (5)
- Imaging techniques (5)
- Immobilization (5)
- Immunohistochemistry (5)
- Imperfektion (5)
- Impulse radar (5)
- In vitro (5)
- In vivo imaging (5)
- InP (5)
- Incubation (5)
- Indicator (5)
- Infrastructure monitoring (5)
- Ink analysis (5)
- Innovative Prüftechnik (5)
- Instrument calibration (5)
- Integrated monitoring system (5)
- Interaction (5)
- Interfacial strength (5)
- Interlaboratory test (5)
- Internal friction (5)
- Interoperability (5)
- Introduction (5)
- Ionic Liquid Crystals (5)
- Iridium oxide (5)
- Iron gall ink (5)
- Isotope dilution analysis (5)
- Isotopic analysis (5)
- Kaltverfestigung (5)
- Kathodische Enthaftung (5)
- Kavitation (5)
- Keramische Multilayer (5)
- Kernfusion (5)
- Kerntechnik (5)
- Kiesnester (5)
- Kitagawa-Takahashi diagram (5)
- Klima (5)
- Kohlenstoffschichten (5)
- Kolloquium Prozessanalytik (5)
- Kontaminierter Boden (5)
- Korngröße (5)
- Korund (5)
- Kupferlegierungen (5)
- Kurze Risse (5)
- Künstliche neuronale Netze (5)
- LBM-DEM (5)
- LD-Schlacke (5)
- LIBS TIG welding (5)
- LLG (5)
- Labor (5)
- Lactide (5)
- Langzeitstabilität (5)
- Laser Ablation (5)
- Laser Welding (5)
- Laser energy distribution (5)
- Laser excitation (5)
- Laser safety (5)
- Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) (5)
- Laser-spark (5)
- Laserreinigung (5)
- Laserthermografie (5)
- Lastwechselempfindlichkeit (5)
- Lastwechselversuche (5)
- Lattice structures (5)
- Layer thickness (5)
- Layered silicate (5)
- Leak tightness (5)
- Least-squares adjustment (5)
- Leckagerate (5)
- Leitfaden (5)
- Life cycle (5)
- Life cycle assessment (5)
- Ligand exchange (5)
- Ligands (5)
- Light (5)
- Limit load (5)
- Linear energy transfer (5)
- Lithium-Ionen-Batterien (5)
- Livermore model (5)
- Load partition (5)
- Loading rate (5)
- Lock-in Thermography (5)
- Lock-in thermography (5)
- Long-term Performance (5)
- Long-term behaviour (5)
- Long-term storage (5)
- Low transformation temperature (5)
- Low-melting glass (5)
- Lubricant (5)
- MAG Welding (5)
- ML (5)
- MMC (5)
- Macrophages (5)
- Magnesium alloys (5)
- Magnetic beads (5)
- Magnetite (5)
- Magnetpartikel (5)
- MamaLoCA (5)
- Management system (5)
- Manuscript studies (5)
- Marangoni stresses (5)
- Marble (5)
- Martensit (5)
- Martensitic stainless steel (5)
- Mass loss (5)
- Mass transport (5)
- Material characterisation (5)
- Material degradation (5)
- Materialmodell (5)
- Materials Science (5)
- Mathematical models (5)
- Matrix (5)
- Measurement uncertainties (5)
- Mechanik (5)
- Medical diagnostics (5)
- Medicine (5)
- Melt dripping (5)
- Melting (5)
- Membranes (5)
- Mercury intrusion porosimetry (5)
- Mesoporous iridium oxide films (5)
- Messung (5)
- Metabolites (5)
- Metal magnetic memory (5)
- Metallic glass (5)
- Metformin (5)
- Methanogen (5)
- Metrological traceability (5)
- Micelles (5)
- Micro solar cell (5)
- Micro-PIXE (5)
- Microbeam analysis (5)
- Microbial induced corrosion (5)
- Microbiological influenced corrosion MIC (5)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) (5)
- Micromagnetism (5)
- Microparticles (5)
- Microtomography (5)
- Mikro-CT (5)
- Mikroorganismen (5)
- Mikroreaktor (5)
- Miniaturization (5)
- Missing wedge (5)
- Mixture composition (5)
- Mobile Robotic Olfaction (5)
- Modal parameters (5)
- Modes of action (5)
- Molecular recognition (5)
- Monoclonal antibody (5)
- Monte Carlo (5)
- Monte Carlo Verfahren (5)
- Monte-Carlo Simulation (5)
- Motor control (5)
- Movable cellular automata (5)
- Multi-element analysis (5)
- Multi-principal element alloys (5)
- Multi-sample analysis (5)
- Multilayers (5)
- Multiphoton lithography (5)
- Multiplex (5)
- Multiscale methods (5)
- Muon tomography (5)
- Mutation rate (5)
- Mössbauer (5)
- NDT reliability (5)
- NanoDefine (5)
- Nanometrology (5)
- Nanoparticles separation capillary electrophoresis asymmetrcial flow field flow fractionation (5)
- Nanosilver (5)
- Nassaufbereitung (5)
- Natural rubber (5)
- Natural stone (5)
- Networks (5)
- Neutronen-Tomographie (5)
- Ni-based alloy (5)
- Nickelbasislegierung (5)
- Nitrides (5)
- Non-metallic inclusions (5)
- Nonlinear optics (5)
- Nuclear fuel (5)
- Numeric simulation (5)
- Numerical process simulation (5)
- OER (5)
- OH Radical (5)
- OOMMF (5)
- Oberflächen (5)
- Oberflächenbehandlung (5)
- Oberflächenstrukturierung (5)
- Obstacles (5)
- Offshore foundations (5)
- Online NMR (5)
- OpenFOAM (5)
- Optical sensors (5)
- Optical time domain reflectometry (5)
- Optimization technique (5)
- Optische Verformungsanalyse (5)
- Organic compounds (5)
- Organic pollutants (5)
- Organoclay (5)
- Orientation mapping (5)
- Oxidative resistance (5)
- Oxide (5)
- Oxygen Reduction Reaction (5)
- P-recovery (5)
- PDF (5)
- PDMS (5)
- PECVD (5)
- PFC (5)
- PMD Core Ontology (5)
- PMSM (5)
- PVD (5)
- Package testing (5)
- Packing density (5)
- Palladium (5)
- Parallel seismics (5)
- Parallel-Seismik (5)
- Partikelgröße (5)
- Passivity (5)
- Patch (5)
- Pavement (5)
- Penelope model (5)
- Penetration (5)
- Performance testing (5)
- Permeable Reactive Barrier (5)
- Pesticide (5)
- Pfahl (5)
- Pfahlgründungen (5)
- Pharmaceutical drugs (5)
- Phase contrast (5)
- Phase distribution (5)
- Phase separation (5)
- Phase-field (5)
- Phase-field simulation (5)
- Phosphat (5)
- Phosphate (5)
- Phosphinate (5)
- Phosphoester (5)
- Photothermisch (5)
- Photovoltaik (5)
- Physical aging (5)
- Pilze (5)
- Pipeline network (5)
- Plasma physics (5)
- Pneumatic impact (5)
- Polarisation (5)
- Polarity (5)
- Policy making (5)
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- Poly(butylene terephthalate) (5)
- Polycarboxylate (5)
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) (5)
- Polyimide (5)
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- Polymer materials (5)
- Polymer matrix composites (5)
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- Polymethyl methacrylate (5)
- Polystyrol (5)
- Pore (5)
- Pore orientation (5)
- Porphyrin (5)
- Portland Cement (5)
- Poröse Granulate (5)
- Power cable monitoring (5)
- Power plant (5)
- Prediction (5)
- Predictive maintenance (5)
- Probabilistischer Ansatz (5)
- Probennahme (5)
- Process chain (5)
- Proper generalized decomposition (5)
- Protein corona (5)
- Proteomics (5)
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- Richtlinie 2014/34/EU (5)
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- X38CrMoV5-3 (5)
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- fracture mechanics (5)
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- Hazardous scenarios (4)
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- High-strength concrete (4)
- High-strength low-alloy steel (4)
- High-strength structural steel (4)
- High-temperature properties (4)
- Highspeed-plasma-laser-cladding (4)
- Hochleistungskeramik (4)
- Hochradioaktive Abfälle (4)
- Hollow Specimen Technique (4)
- Hot extraction (4)
- Human-Centered Approach (4)
- Human-Machine Interaction (4)
- Hybrid Mixtures (4)
- Hydraulic cycle testing (4)
- Hydrogen assisted cold cracking (4)
- Hydrogen detection (4)
- Hydrogen-induced stress corrosion cracking (4)
- Hydrogenation (4)
- Hydrolytic degradation (4)
- Hydrophobicity (4)
- Hygienische Bewertung (4)
- Hyperbranched polymer (4)
- IAEA regulations (4)
- ICP (4)
- IGUS (4)
- IIT (4)
- IN 718 (4)
- IPM (4)
- IRMS (4)
- ISO 14577 (4)
- ISO/IEC-test charts (4)
- Image reproduction (4)
- Image segmentation (4)
- Imaging plates (4)
- Immobilisierung (4)
- Immunoglobulins (4)
- Impact target (4)
- Impulsradar (4)
- In situ Raman (4)
- In-situ CT (4)
- In-situ analysis (4)
- In-situ diffraction (4)
- In-space manufacturing (4)
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (4)
- Industrial applications (4)
- Inertial navigation system (4)
- Inerting (4)
- Inflammation (4)
- Information Security (4)
- Information carrier (4)
- Infrarotspektroskopie (4)
- Insects (4)
- Insekten (4)
- Inspection Personnel (4)
- Instrument qualification (4)
- Instrumented indentation testing (4)
- Integrated Monitoring System (4)
- Inter layer time (4)
- Intermodulation AFM (4)
- Internal standard (4)
- International Institute of Welding (4)
- Interpass temperature (4)
- Intrinsischer Schwellenwert gegen Ermüdungsrissausbreitung (4)
- Intumescent coatings (4)
- Inverse heat conduction problem (4)
- Ionen Transport (4)
- Ionenstrahlanalytik (4)
- Ionische Flüssigkeit (4)
- Isotope delta value (4)
- Isotope ratios (4)
- J-integral (4)
- Janus dendrimers (4)
- Jatropha (4)
- Jet flame (4)
- Jet grouting (4)
- Jig (4)
- KAS (4)
- Kenngrößen (4)
- Kerben (4)
- Kerbschlagbiegeversuch (4)
- Kernkraftwerk (4)
- Key curve (4)
- Keyhole (4)
- Keyhole dynamics (4)
- Kikuchi diffraction (4)
- Kleinwinkelstreuung (4)
- Knochenersatz (4)
- Knowledge Readiness Level (4)
- Knowledge graph and ontologies (4)
- Kohlenstofffaserverstärkter Kunststoff (4)
- Kohlenwasserstoffe (4)
- Kompositen (4)
- Konjugate (4)
- Konstruktion (4)
- Kontaminierte Böden (4)
- Kornfeinung (4)
- Korrosionsmonitoring (4)
- Kristallisationskinetik (4)
- Kunstgeschichte (4)
- Kunsttechnologie (4)
- LAUS (4)
- LBM (4)
- LC-HRMS (4)
- LCC (4)
- LCCC (4)
- LTT filler material (4)
- LTT-Zusatzwerkstoff (4)
- Laborvergleich (4)
- Lagergruppenzuordnung (4)
- Laminates (4)
- Laminographie (4)
- Landau Lifshitz equation (4)
- Landfill (4)
- Lanthanides (4)
- Large scale testing (4)
- Laser Beam Melting (4)
- Laser Beam Welding (4)
- Laser ablation ICP-MS (4)
- Laser beam melting (LBM) (4)
- Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) (4)
- Laser profilometry (4)
- Laser scanning (4)
- Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) (4)
- Laser-induced damage threshold (4)
- Laserscanner (4)
- Laserschutz (4)
- Lastwechsel (4)
- Layered double hydroxide (4)
- Layered double hydroxides (4)
- Layerwise Slurry Deposition (4)
- Leaching test (4)
- Leak (4)
- Leakage detection (4)
- Leakproofness test (4)
- Lebensdauerabschätzung (4)
- Lebensdauerprüfung (4)
- Leckage (4)
- Legierungen (4)
- Lehmsteinmauerwerk (4)
- Leichtgranulat (4)
- Length (4)
- Levitated droplets (4)
- Li-ion battery (4)
- LiDAR (4)
- Ligand analysis (4)
- Light concentration (4)
- Limit values (4)
- Linker (4)
- Lipids (4)
- Liquefied petroleum gas (4)
- Liquid Hydrogen (4)
- Liquid cargo (4)
- Liquid hydrogen (4)
- Lithium Batterien (4)
- Lithium isotope (4)
- Load cycles (4)
- Load-based testing (4)
- Lock-in (4)
- Longitudinal weld (4)
- Low alloy steels (4)
- Low melting (4)
- Low temperature behavior (4)
- Low-energy electrons (4)
- Luftfeuchte Fretting (4)
- MAG Prozesssteuerung (4)
- MALDI Massenspektrometrie (4)
- MCA-modelling (4)
- MCF (4)
- MRFA (4)
- Magnesium alloy (4)
- Magnesium hydroxide (4)
- Magnetic moment (4)
- Magnetic sensors (4)
- Magnetic stray field (4)
- Magnéli phases (4)
- Makronährstoffe (4)
- Management system standard (4)
- Marangoni flow (4)
- Martensitic transformation (4)
- Martensitischer nichtrostender Stahl (4)
- Mass Spectroscopy (4)
- Mass spectrometry of polymers (4)
- Material Acceleration Platforms (MAPs) (4)
- Material emission (4)
- Material testing (4)
- Materials characterization (4)
- Materials informatics (4)
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- Materialuntersuchung (4)
- Mechanical analysis (4)
- Mechanical flexibility (4)
- Mechanically mixed layer (4)
- Mechanische Funken (4)
- Medium entropy alloy (4)
- MefHySto (4)
- Mehr-Proben-Prüfung (4)
- Melamine cyanurate (4)
- Memory effect (4)
- Mesocrystal (4)
- Messing (4)
- Metal organic framework (4)
- Metal oxide (4)
- Metal-organic-frameworks (4)
- Metallabgabe (4)
- Metallic materials (4)
- Metallic seal (4)
- Metallo-supramolecular polyelectrolytes (4)
- Metallographie (4)
- Metalloproteins (4)
- Meteorite (4)
- Methodenvergleich (4)
- Methods (4)
- Micro cracking (4)
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- Microhardness (4)
- Micromachining (4)
- Micromechanical model (4)
- Microorganism (4)
- Microplastic analysis (4)
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- Microstrucrue Design (4)
- Microstructural characterization (4)
- Microstructure Design (4)
- Microstructure characterization (4)
- Microstructure evolution (4)
- Microwave inductively coupled atmospheric pressure mass spectrometry (MICAP-MS) (4)
- Middle Ages (4)
- Migration (4)
- Mikrorissbildung (4)
- Mikrorisse (4)
- Mild steel (4)
- Mild steels (4)
- Mineralische Dichtung (4)
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- Mix design (4)
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- Model (4)
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- Modellrechnung (4)
- Modified spray arc (4)
- Modular production (4)
- Modulare Systeme (4)
- Modulus of elasticity (4)
- Moisture measurement (4)
- Molecular sieves (4)
- Molten pool (4)
- Monte Carlo Simulation (4)
- Monte Carlo method (4)
- Monte-Carlo-Experiment (4)
- Moving mesh (4)
- Multi-physical modeling (4)
- Multi-storey-car-park (4)
- Multicopter (4)
- Multigassensoren (4)
- Multigassensorik (4)
- Multilayer graphene (4)
- Multivariat (4)
- Multivariate Datenanalyse (4)
- Multivariate statistics (4)
- Mörtel (4)
- Müllverbrennungsasche (4)
- NFDI (4)
- NIR spectroscopy (4)
- NMR Spectroscopy (4)
- NTE (4)
- Nano-powder (4)
- Nano-silica (4)
- Nano@BAM (4)
- Nanocatalysts (4)
- Nanolithography (4)
- Nanomechanics (4)
- Nanoparticle characterization (4)
- Nanoparticle concentration (4)
- Nanoparticle size distribution (4)
- Nanophotonics (4)
- Nanostructuring (4)
- Nanostrukturen (4)
- Nanostäube (4)
- Nanotoxicity (4)
- Nanotribology (4)
- Narrow gap GMAW (4)
- Nasschemie (4)
- NeXus (4)
- Near-infrared (4)
- Near-service testing (4)
- Network (4)
- Neural Networks (4)
- Ni-Resist (4)
- Nicht-atmosphärische Bedingungen (4)
- Nickel-based superalloys (4)
- Nifedipine (4)
- Nile Red (4)
- Niobcarbid (4)
- Niobium (4)
- Nitration (4)
- Nitric acid (4)
- Nitrogen plasma (4)
- Non-destructive operando analysis (4)
- Nonlinearity (4)
- Nontarget analysis (4)
- Nuclear power plants (4)
- Nuclear waste disposal (4)
- Numerische Strömungsmechanik (4)
- Nutrition (4)
- OBOC library (4)
- Oberflächenabdichtungen (4)
- Oberflächengewässer (4)
- Oberflächentopographie (4)
- Oberflächenwasser (4)
- Object oriented micromagnetic framework (4)
- Offshore Windenergie (4)
- Offshore geomechanics (4)
- Offshore geotechnics (4)
- Olfaction (4)
- Oligomers (4)
- One-part formulation (4)
- One-part mix (4)
- Online Monitoring (4)
- Online Process Monitoring (4)
- Ontologien (4)
- Optical fiber (4)
- Optical fibers (4)
- Optical fibre sensor (4)
- Optical microscopy (4)
- Optimierung (4)
- Optische Konstanten (4)
- Orbital welding (4)
- Organic acids (4)
- Orientation precision (4)
- Ortsauflösung (4)
- Ortsbewegliche Tanks (4)
- Oscillating magnetic field (4)
- Oscillating sliding (4)
- Osmoadaptation (4)
- Overhead transmission lines (4)
- Oxidglas (4)
- Oxyfuel (4)
- Oxygen compatibility (4)
- Oxygen reduction reaction (4)
- Oxygen sensor (4)
- Ozon (4)
- P-Düngemittel (4)
- PBFSM (4)
- PBT (4)
- PCC (4)
- PDT (4)
- PE (4)
- POSS (4)
- Paints (4)
- Partial least squares regression (4)
- Partial release (4)
- Particle board (4)
- Particle filter (4)
- Particle scattering simulation (4)
- Partikelemission (4)
- Partikelemissionen (4)
- Passivation (4)
- Passive layer (4)
- Passive sensor interface (4)
- Pedestrians with disabilities (4)
- Peel strength (4)
- Penalty Parameter (4)
- Performance assessment (4)
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- Performance validation (4)
- Peroxide (4)
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- Pfahlprüfung (4)
- Phase transformations (4)
- Phase transition (4)
- Phase transitions (4)
- Phenolic resin (4)
- Phenylalanine (4)
- Phosphoramide (4)
- Phosphorus fertilizer (4)
- Phosphorus recycling (4)
- Photochemistry (4)
- Photon counting (4)
- Photooxidation (4)
- Photophysik (4)
- Photothermal imaging (4)
- Phylogeny (4)
- Physical hazards (4)
- Physical vapour deposition (PVD) (4)
- Pile foundation (4)
- Pipeline transport (4)
- Pipes (4)
- Plasma bromination (4)
- Plasma deposition (4)
- Plasma-Transferred-Arc (4)
- Plasma-transferred arc welding (4)
- Plasmid DNA (4)
- Plasmonics (4)
- Plastic optical fibers (4)
- Polyalkylene glycol (4)
- Polyelectrolyte (4)
- Polyelectrolytes (4)
- Polyglykole (4)
- Polylactides (4)
- Polymer based nanocomposites (4)
- Polymer cement mortar (PCC) (4)
- Polymer functionalization (4)
- Polymer surface (4)
- Polymer-based nanocomposites (4)
- Polymerisation (4)
- Polymorphs (4)
- Polyolefins (4)
- Polyorganosiloxane (4)
- Polypropylen-Fasern (4)
- Polysulfone (4)
- Pool fires (4)
- Pore radius (4)
- Pore-size distribution (4)
- Position detection (4)
- Potentiodynamic Polarization (4)
- Powder X-ray diffraction (4)
- Power density dependence (4)
- Power-to-Gas (4)
- Pozzolan (4)
- Predisposal (4)
- Preferential exclusion (4)
- Preheating (4)
- Prestressed concrete (4)
- Prestressed concrete bridge (4)
- Prestressing steels (4)
- Preventive measures (4)
- Primäre Explosionswirkung (4)
- Principal component analysis (PCA) (4)
- Process simulation (4)
- Product certification (4)
- Product safety (4)
- Production scatter (4)
- Profilvermessung (4)
- Propane cylinder (4)
- Protective glazing (4)
- Proton conductivity (4)
- Protonation (4)
- Prüffristenfestlegung (4)
- Pull-out test (4)
- Pull-out tests (4)
- Pulsed plasma polymerization (4)
- Pulver (4)
- Pyrotechnic articles (4)
- QA/QC (4)
- QI-Cloud (4)
- QSPR (4)
- Quality Management (4)
- Quality-X (4)
- Quantenausbeute (4)
- Quecksilberporosimetrie (4)
- R6 procedure (4)
- RAFT (4)
- Radioactive Materials (4)
- Radioactive Waste (4)
- Radioactive materials (4)
- Radioactive waste containers (4)
- Radiology (4)
- Railroad (4)
- Railway bridge (4)
- Raman-spectroscopy (4)
- Rapid tests (4)
- Ratcheting (4)
- Rauchausbreitung (4)
- Rautiefe (4)
- Rayleigh (4)
- Reactive extrusion (4)
- Reaktionsmonitoring (4)
- Real-time process monitoring (4)
- Reconstruction calculation (4)
- Recycled aggregates (4)
- Recycling fertilizer (4)
- Red Mud (4)
- Reference method (4)
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- Referenzdaten (4)
- Reflection (4)
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- Regelmäßige Wartung (4)
- Reifenabrieb (4)
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- Reliability assessment (4)
- Remanenzmagnetismus (4)
- Renewable (4)
- Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment (4)
- Representative volume element (4)
- Reproducibility crisis (4)
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- Restfestigkeiten (4)
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- Revision (4)
- Rheological properties (4)
- Rietveld (4)
- Rietveld analysis (4)
- Rigidity (4)
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- Risikosteuerung (4)
- Rissausbreitung (4)
- Rissfortschritt (4)
- Risswachstum (4)
- Road tankers (4)
- Rolling contact fatigue (4)
- Rundnaht (4)
- Röntgen (4)
- Röntgendiffraktometrie (4)
- Röntgenfluoreszenz (4)
- Rückbau (4)
- Rückführung (4)
- SC-ICP-ToF-MS (4)
- SC16 (4)
- SHCC (4)
- SNR (4)
- SOFC (4)
- SPS (4)
- SRXRF (4)
- Safety data (4)
- Salz (4)
- Sample pretreatment (4)
- Sapphire (4)
- Saxs (4)
- Scale-bridging (4)
- Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (4)
- Scanning system (4)
- Scarf repairs (4)
- Schaden (4)
- Schadenstolerante Bauteilauslegung (4)
- Schadstofffreisetzung (4)
- Schienenfehler (4)
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- Schwebstoffe (4)
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- Schwimmhallen (4)
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- Schäden (4)
- Schädigungsprozesse (4)
- Schüttelverfahren (4)
- Schüttwinkel (4)
- Scintillator (4)
- Screening method (4)
- Seasonal performance (4)
- Seismology (4)
- Selbstunterhaltende Verbrennung (4)
- Self ignition (4)
- Self-Cleaning Properties (4)
- Semantic Web (4)
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- Semiconductor nanocrystal (4)
- Sensor characteristics (4)
- Sensor requirements (4)
- Sensor testing (4)
- Sensor-based geotextiles (4)
- Sequential learning (4)
- Serum (4)
- Shape memory polymers (4)
- Shear behaviour (4)
- Shell Buckling (4)
- SiGe (4)
- Sibayak (4)
- Sicherheitsbewertung (4)
- Sicherheitsventile (4)
- Silica coating (4)
- Silicon oxide (4)
- Similarity (4)
- Single-stranded DNA-binding protein (4)
- Slabs (4)
- Slip-rolling resistance (4)
- Slow crack growth (4)
- Smart textile (4)
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- Soil-building interaction (4)
- Sol-gel coating (4)
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- Solid lubrication (4)
- Solid phase microextraction (4)
- Solid-liquid extraction (4)
- Spaltklinker (4)
- Spaltzugfestigkeit (4)
- Spannkanäle (4)
- Spatial Interpolation (4)
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- Special issue (4)
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- Spectral fluorescence standard (4)
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- Speed of sound (4)
- Spent Fuel Characterization (4)
- Spot welding (4)
- Spruce wood (4)
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- Stahlkonstruktion (4)
- Stahlwerksschlacke (4)
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- Stakeholder (4)
- Steel sheet container (4)
- Steel slag (4)
- Steel structures (4)
- Steelmaking slag (4)
- Stereo photogrammetry (4)
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- Stick-Slip (4)
- Stick-slip (4)
- Stochastic Landau Lifshitz Gilbert equation (4)
- Stone (4)
- Stone reprofiling (4)
- Stone restoration (4)
- Strain hardening (4)
- Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) (4)
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- Stress cone (4)
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- Stress wave propagation (4)
- Stress-strain behavior (4)
- Stress-strain-relation (4)
- Streuflussprüfung (4)
- Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) (4)
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- Structure health monitoring (4)
- Structured heating (4)
- Stäube (4)
- Störfallverordnung (4)
- Sub-aerial biofilms (4)
- Subaerial biofilms (4)
- Subspace-based method (4)
- Substitution (4)
- Sulphur (4)
- Super-resolution (4)
- Supermartensit (4)
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- Surface emissive power (4)
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- Surface group quantification (4)
- Surface plasmon polaritons (4)
- Surface plasmon resonance (4)
- Surface structure (4)
- Surface topography (4)
- Surface treatments (4)
- Surface waves (4)
- Surface-specific dyeing (4)
- Swept wavelength interferometry (SWI) (4)
- Symbiosis (4)
- Synchrotron X-ray tomography (4)
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- Synthetic Training Data (4)
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- Synthetic isotope mixtures (4)
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- System evaluation (4)
- TATP (4)
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- TDBP-TAZTO (4)
- TOFD (4)
- TOPAS-nBio (4)
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- TRIP steel (4)
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- Thermomechanik (4)
- Thermoplast (4)
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- Thermoplastisches Polyurethan (TPU) (4)
- Thin film coating (4)
- Tianjin (4)
- Time dependent effects (4)
- Time resolved (4)
- Tin-2Cr2O2n-1 (4)
- Tire wear (4)
- Tissue (4)
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- Trace analysis (4)
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- Transfer film (4)
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- Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (4)
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- Two-photon polymerization (4)
- Typ-B (4)
- Type-B Package (4)
- UCNP (4)
- UCST polymers (4)
- UCST-type polymers (4)
- UN-Prüfungen (4)
- UN-Test H.1 (4)
- USAXS (4)
- UV irradiation (4)
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- Ultrafast optical techniques (4)
- Ultraschall-Echoverfahren (4)
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- Ultrasonic inspection (4)
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- WC (4)
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- Wavenumber integrals (4)
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- Weld imperfections (4)
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- Werkstoffkennwerte (4)
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- Whole-chain CCS scenario (4)
- Wire arc additive manufacturing (4)
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- Wohnungsbrände (4)
- Wood Protection (4)
- Wood materials (4)
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Paper des Monats
- ja (99)
Isotope analysis is a tool for material research. For example, it may provide information about the provenance of a sample or changes in dynamic systems. Here is presented optical spectroscopy as an analytical alternative to mass spectrometry for isotope quantification based on the isotopic shift of atoms and diatomic molecules.
Calcium isotope analysis can be an important tool for paleoclimate studies of the carbon cycle, as well in carbon capture technology, but its utility is limited by challenges using conventional mass spectrometry. We propose a new fast, precise, and high-throughput technology based on multiple complementary high-resolution spectroscopies analyzed by machine-learning.
The introduction of HR-CS-MAS instrumentation, as it is shown in Fig. 1, provides a new way for the determination of non-metals including fluorine via molecular absorption. We present a sensitive and fluorine-specific method for total fluorine determination in fifteen consume care products in which perfluordecalin were declared (nail polishes, eye shadows and body creams). After pyrohydrolytic digestion of samples, fluorine content was determined by GF-HR-CS-MAS. Calcium was used as a molecule forming element and the molecular absorption of calcium monofluoride (CaF) at the wavelength 606.440 nm was used for its quantification. No matrix effect was observed. Analytical signal depends only on the fluorine concentration and therefore pure sodium fluoride NaF was used as calibration standard. The use of zirconium oxide nanoparticles as permanent modifier improves the limit of detection (from 0.2 to 0.1 ng) and characteristic mass (from 0.10 to 0.05 ng) from a previous reported method. These results were also compared with ISE method (standard DIN 51-084) and no significant difference was found
Wie lässt sich die Herkunft von Rohstoffen, Lebensmitteln oder Umweltschadstoffen einfacher, schneller und kostengünstiger als mit bisherigen Methoden bestimmen?
Die Dissertation zeigt auf, dass man das grundlegende physikalische Prinzip einer Isotopverschiebung mit in Adlershof entwickelten Optik-Instrumenten für die Herkunftsbestimmung nutzen kann. Die entwickelte Methode ermöglicht es in Zukunft den Ursprung von Rohstoffen, Lebensmitteln oder Umweltschadstoffen kostengünstiger und wesentlich schneller bestimmen, als dies mit bisherigen Methoden möglich ist.
Kann man das grundlegende physikalische Prinzip einer Isotopieverschiebung mit einem Optik-Instrument für die Herkunftsbestimmung nutzen? Carlos Abad hat eine wegweisende Methode entwickelt, die es in Zukunft ermöglicht den Ursprung von Rohstoffen, Lebensmitteln oder Umweltschadstoffen kostengünstiger und wesentlich schneller bestimmen, als dies mit bisherigen Techniken möglich ist.
Currently, two main high speed processes can be investigated: electromagnetic absorption and electromagnetic scattering. At the summer university of the School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA-HU), a series of 5 articles were presented to ilustrate the potential of ultrafast spectroscopy, from IR band assignment to monitoring time resolved structural changes. First, by studying light absorption is possible to do assignment and interpretation of IR bands in small molecules and to study the influence of ligands or labeled molecules in protein structures. Second, by studying light scattering is possible to monitoring photoinduced structural changes in solid materials.
This presentation contains a study of photoinduced structural changes monitored by light scattering in condensed matter.
Advances and Applications of Molecular Absorption Spectrometry: from Non-Metals to Isotope Analysis
(2020)
The present work covers two main aspects of high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS), an analytical technique for elemental trace analysis.
First, a comprehensive mechanistic study of molecule formation in graphite furnaces is presented, which is a key step into the recovery of analytical signals. For this, the molecule formation of CaF was studied, which is used for the indirect analytical determination of fluorine in HR-CS-GFMAS. A zirconium coating catalyzes the CaF formation, and its structure was investigated. The kinetics of this reaction was established by monitoring its molecular spectrum at different atomisation temperatures. An Arrhenius plot showed a pseudo-first order reaction with respect to fluorine (n = 1). An intermediate state was isolated, and its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods: scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES and EXAFS), and Raman microspectroscopy. Here a mechanism is proposed, where ZrO2 works as a heterogeneous catalyst: after a pyrolytic step, an intermediate state of ZrO(OCaF) is activated, and at higher temperatures, CaF(g) is released from the zirconium-coated graphite surface.
Second, analytical methods were developed by using HR-CS-MAS as detector for non-metals and isotope analysis. Therefore, the determination of organic absorbable chlorine in water, the quantification of fluorine in consume care products with declared perfluorinated ingredients, and the determination of sulfur content in crude oils were investigated. Finally, the high resolution of the instrumentation allows to measure isotopic shifts with high precision in some observed molecular spectra. Consequently, the molecular spectra of enriched isotopes of boron and magnesium were investigated, establishing so the potential of HR-CS-MAS for the accurate and precise determination of isotopic amount ratios.
High-Resolution Continuum Source Molecular Absorption Spectrometry (HR-CS-MAS) with graphite furnace atomizers has been successfully used for the analytical determination of non-metals. The use of permanent modifiers (or coatings) for molecule formation is necessary, but their mechanisms of action remain unclear. In order to understand and improve the current analytical methods, we present a comprehensive mechanistic study of molecule formation in graphite furnaces: a key step into the recovery of analytical signals. Therefore, a well-known system for fluorine determination was studied: the molecule formation of CaF, with Zr as permanent modifier. Through a kinetic approach, an Arrhenius plot showed a pseudo first order reaction respect to F-. By spectroscopic methods (XPS, XAS, EDX) it was possible to elucidate an intermediate state. Here a mechanism is proposed, where ZrO2 works as heterogeneous catalyst: after a pyrolytic step, it is activated to the intermediate state of ZrO(OCaF) and at higher temperatures, CaF(g) is released from the zirconium-coated graphite surface. With this analytical information, improved surface modifications and coatings for graphite furnaces can be designed and some of them, for example with Zr nanoparticle and Zr xerogels are here presented.
Der Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Preis 2022 wurde am 23.06.2022 anlässlich der analytica conference in München an Dr. Carlos Abad verliehen - in Anerkennung seiner exzellenten Entwicklungen im Bereich der continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry (CS-AAS).
Dr. Carlos Abad ist ein herausragender Experte auf dem Gebiet der Atom- und molekularen Absorptionsspektrometrie. insbesondere trug er maßgeblich zur substanziellen Weiterentwicklung von Echelle-Spektrometern für die CS-AAS bei. So gelang es, einen quantitativen Zugang zu Elementen wie Bor, Chlor, Fluor und Schwefel, mittels AAS zu erreichen. Erstmals demonstriert Dr. Carlos Abad am Beispiel eines Zr-Modifier, dass durch die Zeitauflösung der eingesetzten Echelle-Systeme mechanistische Untersuchungen zur Wirkung des Modifiers im Graphitrohrofen möglich sind.
Besonders hervorzuheben sind seine Arbeiten zum Einsatz der CS-AAS für die Analyse von Isotopen, die eine Genauigkeit aufweist, welche an die der Multikollektor-induktiv gekoppelten Plasma-Massenspektrometrie (MC-ICP-MS) heranreicht. Damit ergeben sich völlig neue Einsatzmöglichkeiten für technologisch hochrelevante Applikationen, wie z.B. die Untersuchung der Alterung von Lithium-Batterien oder die Lithium-Analyse in Blutserum.
Is it a parmesan cheese from Italy? Who painted the Mona Lisa? The determination of the place of origin is essential for consumer protection, detection of falsifications, and also to bring justice.
All the tangible possess an isotopic fingerprint. However, current technologies are too expensive. We work on the development of fast and low-cost optical instruments and methods for isotope analysis.
Isotope analysis can be used to determine the age and provenance of geological samples. Modern techniques in optical spectrometry allow us a stand-off isotope analysis. This seminar will discuss how planetary science with the next Moon and Mars missions drive optical spectrometry into precise and accurate isotope analysis and how BAM will contribute.
Is it a parmesan cheese from Italy? Who painted the Mona Lisa? The determination of the place of origin is essential for consumer protection, detection of falsifications, and also to bring justice.
All the tangible possess an isotopic fingerprint. However, current technologies are too expensive. We work on the development of fast and low-cost optical instruments and methods for isotope analysis.
Variations in the isotope amount composition of some elements like lithium, boron, magnesium, calcium and copper have been used as proof of provenance of a sample and to describe geological processes. Routinely, isotope compositions are determinate by mass spectrometry; the working horse of the isotope analysis. However, mass spectrometric methods are expensive, time consuming and they require a high qualified analysist.
Here an alternative faster and low cost optical method for isotope ratio determination is proposed: high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-MAS). Stable isotope amount composition of X= Li, B, Mg, Ca, Cu and Sr have been determined by monitoring the absorption spectrum of their monohydride (XH) in graphite furnace HR-CS-MAS.
Glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES) is a technique for the analysis of solids such as metals, semiconductors, and ceramics. A low-pressure glow discharge plasma is applied in this system, which ‘sputters’ and promotes the sample atoms to a higher energy state. When the atoms return to their ground state, they emit light with characteristic wavelengths, which a spectrometer can detect. Thus, GD-OES combines the advantages of ICP-OES with solid sampling techniques, which enables it to determine the bulk elemental composition and depth profiles. However, direct solid sampling methods such as glow-discharge spectroscopy require reference materials for calibration due to the strong matrix effect.
Reference materials are essential when the accuracy and reliability of measurement results need to be guaranteed to generate confidence in the analysis. These materials are frequently used to determine measurement uncertainty, validate methods, suitability testing, and quality assurance. In addition, they guarantee that measurement results can be compared to recognized reference values. Unfortunately, the availability of certified reference materials suited to calibrate all elements in different matrix materials is limited. Therefore various calibration strategies and the preparation of traceable matrix-matched calibration standards will be discussed.
Machine learning is an essential component of the growing field of data science. Through statistical methods, algorithms are trained to make classifications or predictions, uncovering key insights within data mining projects. Therefore, it was tried in our work to combine GD-OES with machine learning strategies to establish a new and robust calibration model, which can be used to identify the elemental composition and concentration of metals from a single spectrum. For this purpose, copper reference materials from different manufacturers, which contain various impurity elements, were investigated using GD-OES. The obtained spectra information are evaluated with different algorithms (e.g., gradient boosting and artificial neural networks), and the results are compared and discussed in detail.
Isotope analysis can be used to determine the age and provenance of geological samples or to study dynamic systems like Li-ion batteries. Modern techniques in optical spectrometry allow us a fast and slow-cost isotope analysis. These techniques include high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-MAS) and laser ablation molecular isotopic spectrometry. This seminar will discuss our recent work on precise and accurate isotope analysis of boron, magnesium, and lithium with geology, climate, and energy research applications.
Analytical applications of high resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry
(2017)
High-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-MAS) has been apply for the determination of non-metals and isotope analysis, extending so the application range of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). This seminar is divides in two main parts. First, here is presented a comprehensive mechanistic study of molecule formation in graphite furnaces, a key step into the recovery of analytical signals in AAS and MAS. Therefore, a well-known system for fluorine determination was studied: the molecule formation of CaF, with Zr as permanent modifier. Through a kinetic approach, an Arrhenius behaved pseudo first order reaction respect to F- was observed and by spectroscopic methods (XPS, XAS, EDX) an intermediate state was possible to be elucidated. Here it is proposed a mechanism, where zirconium works as heterogeneous catalyst: after a pyrolytic step, it is activated the intermediate ZrO(OCaF) and at higher temperatures, CaF(g) is released from the zirconium-coated graphite surface. Second, we have developed analytical methods using HR-CS-MAS as detector for quantification of fluorine in consume-care products with declared per-fluorinated ingredients. Ad, the high resolution of the instrumentation allows identify isotopic shifts in some observed molecular spectra. Consequently, the molecular spectra of enriched isotopes of B were investigated and so the potential of HR-CS-MAS for the determination of isotopic ratios is established.
Simultaneous multielemental analysis of crude oils by high-resolutions absorption spectrometry
(2019)
When crude oil arrives at a refinery it needs a lot of processing before it is suitable for cracking into lighter fractions. Sulfur has to be extracted to meet ultra-low sulfur legislation for most of the fuel grades, and desalination is a crucial process as chlorine within salts is corrosive to refinery equipment. Measuring the amounts of sulfur and chlorine within crude oil is the first step in a complex clean-up process.
Heavy metals, such as vanadium, nickel and iron need to be removed too. These metals can poison the catalyst used to crack the oil into lighter fractions. This is costly as it reduces the useful life of the catalyst. Like chlorine, heavy metals also have a corrosive effect on the plant. There is some evidence that the presence of some metals in the final product can reduce performance.
A fast determination of elements and size of suspended particles is vital for diagnosis and safeguard of refinery equipment. However, sample preparation for current analytical methods consumes precious time and lost particle size information.
High-resolution continuum source graphite furnace absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFAS) is proposed as a fast analytical method for elemental determination in crude oils and potentially for simultaneous multielement and particle size analysis. This HR-CS-GFAS instrumentation is coupled to a modular simultaneous echelle spectrometer (MOSES) and provides a full optical window with high resolution (from 180 to 900 nm with bandwidth λ/170,000). By using this set-up, it is possible to generate a multiparameter 3D spectral image (atomic and molecular lines, isotopic shift, atomization delay, and intensities). The generated spectral images can be analyzed by multivariate regressions for the elemental and particle size analysis. Additionally, if several atomic and molecular lines are simultaneously measured, they may be used in multi-energy calibration (MEC), a method based on the use of many wavelengths of the same absorbing/emitting entity to improve the accuracy in analytical atomic spectrometry. This MEC approach combined with multivariate image analysis allows the quantification of selected elements (Si, Al, Ni, Fe, V, S, and Cl) and overcomes matrix effects.
Isotope analysis plays a critical role in various disciplines, including environmental science, archaeology, and forensic investigations. Traditional methods such as mass spectrometry provide precise isotopic data but often require complex, costly setups and extensive sample preparation. As an alternative, optical spectrometry has emerged as a versatile and less invasive technique. This presentation explores the advancements and applications of optical spectrometry methods in isotope analysis, emphasizing their benefits and challenges.
Lithium (Li), Boron (B), Nitrogen (N), Magnesium (Mg), and Calcium (Ca) are pivotal elements across various spheres such as the hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere, significantly impacting (bio-) geochemical and physiological processes. These elements exhibit stable isotopes with substantial roles in geological, environmental, and biological studies. The traditional method for measuring isotope amount ratios has been through mass spectrometry, which, despite its accuracy, comes with high operational costs, the need for skilled operators, and time-consuming sample preparation processes.
Combining optical spectroscopy with chemometrics introduces an innovative, cost-effective approach by the hand of high-resolution continuum source atomic and molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-AAS and HR-CS-MAS) for the analysis of isotope ratios in Li, B, N, Mg, and Ca. By analyzing the atomic or molecular absorption spectrum of the in-situ generated cloud of atoms of diatomic molecules (e.g., Li, BH, NO, MgF, CaF) during the electronic transition from the fundamental state, this method allows for the rapid determination of isotope ratios directly from sample solutions without the need for complex sample preparation.
For each element, the respective atomic or molecule's absorption spectrum was deconvoluted into its isotopic components using partial least squares regression or machine learning algorithms. Robust calibration models were developed, calibrated with enriched isotope, and validated against certified reference materials. Spectral data underwent preprocessing to optimize the modeling to determine the optimal number of latent variables.
The findings showcase that this optical spectrometric method yields results that agree with those obtained via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), offering a promising, cost-effective, and rapid alternative for isotope analysis with precisions as low as ± 0.2‰. This approach is a significant advancement in analytical chemistry, providing a new way to study isotope variations in biological, environmental, and geological samples.
What does GD-OES reveal about the aging and manufacturing processes of lithium-ion batteries?
(2024)
Glow-Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (GD-OES), a powerful analytical technique, sheds light on the two critical aspects of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs): manufacturing and aging 1, 2. We optimized cell production in manufacturing by adjusting parameters, including cathode doping, electrolyte concentration, and pressing force. GD-OES provided in-depth elemental composition and homogeneity analysis, which is crucial for identifying optimal manufacturing conditions. These findings were validated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, confirming the quality of the manufactured batteries.
Shifting the focus to aging, we use GD-OES for fluorine depth profiling, a key element in understanding polymer and electrolyte degradation. However, fluorine presents analytical challenges. We addressed this by substituting argon with a neon:argon mixture, which significantly enhanced fluorine detection sensitivity. This advancement not only improves accuracy but also holds the potential to guide sustainable and cost-efficient manufacturing strategies.
Through its versatility, GD-OES has proven to be a powerful tool for not only optimizing LIB manufacturing processes but also gaining deeper insights into their aging mechanisms. This research extends beyond academic interest, offering tangible benefits for the industry by translating into improved battery quality, extended lifespan, and overall performance.
Advances and Applications of Molecular Absorption Spectrometry: from Non-Metals to Isotope Analysis
(2019)
The present work covers two main aspects of high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS), an analytical technique for elemental trace analysis.
First, a comprehensive mechanistic study of molecule formation in graphite furnaces is presented, which is a key step into the recovery of analytical signals. For this, the molecule formation of CaF was studied, which is used for the indirect analytical determination of fluorine in HR-CS-GFMAS. A zirconium coating catalyzes the CaF formation, and its structure was investigated. The kinetics of this reaction was established by monitoring its molecular spectrum at different atomisation temperatures. An Arrhenius plot showed a pseudo-first order reaction with respect to fluorine (n = 1). An intermediate state was isolated, and its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods: scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES and EXAFS), and Raman microspectroscopy. Here a mechanism is proposed, where ZrO2 works as a heterogeneous catalyst: after a pyrolytic step, an intermediate state of ZrO(OCaF) is activated, and at higher temperatures, CaF(g) is released from the zirconium-coated graphite surface.
Second, analytical methods were developed by using HR-CS-MAS as detector for non-metals and isotope analysis. Therefore, the determination of organic absorbable chlorine in water, the quantification of fluorine in consume care products with declared perfluorinated ingredients, and the determination of sulfur content in crude oils were investigated. Finally, the high resolution of the instrumentation allows to measure isotopic shifts with high precision in some observed molecular spectra. Consequently, the molecular spectra of enriched isotopes of boron and magnesium were investigated, establishing so the potential of HR-CS-MAS for the accurate and precise determination of isotopic amount ratios.
Zusammenfassung
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit zwei zentralen Aspekten der High-Resolution-Continuum-Source-Molekülabsorptionsspektrometrie mit Graphitrohrtechnik (HR-CS-GFMAS), einer Analysetechnik für elementare Spurenanalyse.
Der erste Teil der Arbeit umfasst eine mechanistische Studie zur Molekülbildung auf Graphitoberflächen. Dies ist ein wichtiger Schritt, um analytische Signale zu entdecken. Dazu wurde die Molekülbildung von CaF analysiert, welches für die indirekte, analytische Bestimmung von Fluor in HR-CS-GFMAS genutzt wird. Die CaF Bildung wurde mittels einer Beschichtung aus Zirconium katalysiert und deren Struktur analysiert. Die Kinetik dieser Reaktion wurde durch Beobachtung des jeweiligen Molekülspektrums bei verschiedenen Atomisierungstemperaturen beobachtet. Ein Arrheniusplot zeigte für Fluor (n = 1) eine Reaktion Pseudo-erster Ordnung. Ein Übergangszustand wurde über die mit Zirconium überzogene Grafitoberfläche isoliert und seine Struktur mittels spektroskopischer Methoden Energiedispersive Rasterelektronenmikroskopie / Röntgenspektroskopie (REM-EDX), Röntgenphoto¬elektronenspektroskopie (XPS), Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie (XAS) und Raman Spektroskopie untersucht. Auf Grundlage dieser Ergebnisse wird ein Mechanismus vorgeschlagen, bei dem ZrO2 als heterogener Katalysator fungiert; in Folge einer Pyrolysestufe wird ein Übergangszustand des ZrO(OCaF) aktiviert, welcher bei höheren Temperaturen CaF(g) an der Zirconium-Graphitoberfläche freisetzt.
Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden Analysemethoden entwickelt, in dem HR-CS-MAS als Detektor für Nichtmetalle und Isotopanalyse angewandt wird. Hierfür wurde organisch gebundenes Chlor im Wasser bestimmt, der Fluorgehalt in Pflegeprodukten mit perfluorierten Inhaltsstoffen quantifiziert und der Schwefelgehalt in Erdöl untersucht. Weiterhin ermöglicht die hohe Auflösung der Messgeräte eine präzise Bestimmung der Isotopenverschiebung einiger untersuchter Molekülspektren. Daher wurden die Molekülspektren angereicherter Bor- und Magnesiumisotope untersucht. Auf diese Weise wurde das Potential von HR-CS-MAS für die akkurate und präzise Bestimmung von Isotop-Mengenverhältnissen nachgewiesen.
Mass spectrometric methods (MC-ICP-MS and TIMS) are without doubt the working horse of stable isotope analysis. However, drawbacks of these methods include the high costs for instruments and their operation, experienced operators and elaborate chromatographic sample preparation which are time consuming.
We propose a lower-cost and faster optical alternative for the analysis of isotope ratios of selected elements: high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-MAS). Stable isotope amount compositions of boron (B) and magnesium (Mg) were determined based on the absorption spectra of in-situ generated mono-hydrides and halide (MH and MX) using graphite furnace HR-CS-MAS. The use of a modular simultaneous echelle spectrograph (MOSES) helps to find the maximal isotope shift in the diatomic molecular spectra produced in a graphite furnace by using isotopic spike solutions. Isotopes of boron (10B and 11B) were studied via their hydrides for the electronic transition X 1Σ+ → A 1Π. The spectrum of a given sample is a linear combination of the 10BH molecule and its isotopologue 11BH. Therefore, the isotopic composition of samples can be calculated by a partial least square regression (PLS). For this, a spectral library was built by using samples and spikes with known isotope composition. Boron isotope ratios measured by HR-CS-MAS are identical with those measured by mass spectrometric methods at the 0.15 ‰ level. Similar results were obtained for a multiple isotope system like Mg (24Mg, 25Mg, and 26Mg), where isotope shifts of their isotopologues can be resolved in the MgF molecule for the electronic transition X 2Σ → A 2 Πi. The extension of this methodology to other elements like Li, Ca, Cu, and Sr is discussed.
Magnesium (Mg) is a major element in a range of silicate and carbonate minerals, the hydrosphere and biosphere and plays important roles in (bio-) geochemical and physiological cycles. Mg has three stable isotopes, 24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg with natural abundances of 79 %, 10 %, and 11 %, respectively. It is due to their relatively large mass difference (~8% between 24Mg and 26Mg) that isotope fractionation leads to slight variations of isotope amount ratios n(26Mg)/n(24Mg) in biological, environmental and geological samples. Traditionally, isotope ratios are measured by mass spectrometric methods and isotope ratios are expressed as deviation from an internationally agreed upon material, i.e. the zero-point of the δ-value scale. Drawbacks of this method include the high costs for instruments and their operation, experienced operators and elaborate, time-consuming chromatographic sample preparation.
Recently, optical spectrometric methods have been proposed as faster and low-cost alternative for the analysis of isotope ratios of selected elements by means of high- resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR- CS-GFMAS) and laser ablation molecular isotopic spectrometry (LAMIS).
For the determination of Mg isotope amount ratios, the molecular spectrum of the in-situ generated MgF and MgO molecules were studied. In the case of HR-CS-GFMAS, the absorption spectrum was recorded for MgF for the electronic transitions X2Σ → A2Πi and X 2Σ → B2Σ+ around wavelengths 358 nm and 268 nm, respectively. In the case of LAMIS, we investigated the MgF molecule for the electronic transition A2Πi → X2Σ as well as the MgO molecule for the electronic transition A1Π+ → X1Σ around 500 nm. The MgF and MgO spectra are described by the linear combination of their isotopic components or isotopologues: 24MgF, 25MgF, and 26MgF for the MgF and 24MgO, 25MgO, and 26MgO for the MgO (F is monoisotopic, and the isotope composition of O is assumed as constant). By HR-CS-GFMAS the analysis of Mg was done by deconvolution of the MgF spectrum by partial least square regression (PLS) calibrated with enriched isotope spikes. Isotope amount ratios in rock samples with and without matrix separation were analyzed. Calculated δ-values were accurate and obtained with precisions ranging between 0.2 ‰ and 0.5 ‰ (1 SD, n = 10). On the other hand, LAMIS allows the direct analysis of solid samples with the extended possibility of in-situ analysis. Main advantages, limitations, and scopes of both optical techniques are going to be discussed and compared to MC-ICP-MS.
Magnesium is a major element in the hydrosphere and biosphere, and it is direct correlated with the carbon cycle. Therefore, the study of its isotopic fractionation in sediments and sea water helps to understand the earth’s climate and global warming. Mg has three stable isotopes, 24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg, and traditionally isotope amount ratios are measured by mass spectrometric methods. Their drawbacks include the high costs for instruments and their operation, experienced operators and elaborate time-consuming chromatographic sample preparation. Recently, an optical spectrometric method has been proposed as faster and low-cost alternative for the analysis of isotope ratios: high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS).
For the determination of Mg isotope ratios in selected rock reference materials, the high-resolution molecular absorption spectrum of in-situ generated MgF molecule was studied applying multivariate analysis and the results compared with MC-ICP-MS. Samples were dissolved by acid digestion and Mg isotopes analyzed with and without matrix extraction. The absorption spectra were recorded for MgF for the electronic transition X 2Σ → B 2Σ+. The MgF spectrum is described as the linear combination of their isotopic components or isotopologues: 24MgF, 25MgF, and 26MgF. The isotope analysis was done by deconvolution of the MgF spectrum by partial least square regression (PLS). A PLS model was built and calibrated with enriched isotope spikes and certified reference materials. Spectra data was preprocessed by a derivate of second order and venetian blinds cross-validation was employed for finding the optimum latent variables. Finally, the model was refined by a genetic algorithm which identified the best subset of variables for a precise and accurate regression. Results are compatible with those obtained by MC-ICP-MS with an accuracy of ± 0.3‰ with uncertainties ranging between 0.02 to 0.6‰. This accuracy and precision discriminate the isotope fractionation in geological samples, and it is suitable for earth’s climate studies.
Analysis of stable isotopes has been used as proof of provenance of mineral and biological samples, to estimate a contamination source and to determine geological processes. This kind of analysis needs high accuracy and precision for reliable conclusions. Currently, stable isotope analysis is dominated by mass spectrometric techniques that are time consuming and expensive. Here we present a fast and low cost alternative for isotope analysis of boron and magnesium: high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS). Two stable isotope systems were evaluated separately: boron (10B:11B) and magnesium (24Mg:25Mg:26Mg). Their isotope amount ratios were estimated by monitoring their absorption spectra in-situ generated monohydrides. The molecular absorption spectrum of a XH molecule (X= B or Mg) with n isotopes would be a linear combination of n isotopologue spectra and the amount of each component (isotope) could be calculated by a multivariate regression (n= 2 and 3 for B and Mg respectively). For the analysis of boron certified reference materials (CRM), the band 1→1 for the electronic transition X1Σ+ → A1Π was measured around wavelength 437.1 nm. Since boron has a memory effect in graphite furnaces, a combination of 2 % (v/v) hydrogen gas in argon, 1 % trifluoromethane in argon, an acid solution of calcium chloride and mannitol as chemical modifiers were used during the BH vaporization at 2600 °C. Partial least square regression (PLS) for analysis of samples was applied. For this, a spectral library with different isotope ratios for PLS regression was created. Magnesium does not have memory effect. Therefore, only 2 % of hydrogen in argon as gas modifier during vaporization at 2500 °C was employed for analysis of magnesium CRM. Absorption spectra of MgH for the X2Σ→A2Π electronic transition (band 0→0) were recorded around wavelength 513.45 nm. A similar PLS procedure to the BH was applied. Results for B and Mg CRM are metrologically compatible with those reported by mass spectrometric methods. An accuracy of 0.08 ‰ for B and 0.1 ‰ Mg was obtained as the average deviation from the isotope CRM. Expanded uncertainties with a coverage factor of k = 2 range between 0.10 - 0.40 ‰.
Variations in the isotope amount composition of some elements like lithium, boron, magnesium, calcium, copper and strontium have been used as proof of provenance of a sample and to describe geological processes. Routinely, isotope compositions are determinate by mass spectrometry; the working horse of the isotope analysis. However, mass spectrometric methods are expensive, time consuming and they require a high qualified analysist.
Here an alternative faster and low cost optical method for isotope ratio determination is proposed: high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-MAS). Stable isotope amount composition of X= Li, B, Mg, Ca, Cu and Sr have been determined by monitoring the absorption spectrum of their monohydride (XH) in graphite furnace HR-CS-MAS. For example, for the three Mg isotopes (24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg) band (0→0) for the electronic transition X1Σ+ → A1Π was evaluated around wavelength 513.4 nm (Fig. 1). Partial least square regression (PLS) for analysis of samples and reference materials were applied. For this, a spectral library with different isotopes ratios for PLS regression were built. Results are metrological compatible with those reported by mass spectrometric methods.
We propose an alternative faster and low-cost optical method for isotope analysis: high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-MAS).
Stable isotope amount composition of X = Li, B, Mg, Ca and Sr were determined by monitoring the absorption spectra of their in situ generated mono-hydrides (XH) in graphite furnace HR-CS-MAS. Isotopes of boron (10B and 11B) were studied via their hydrides for the electronic transition X1Σ+ → A1Π (Fig. 1a). The spectrum of a given sample is a linear combination of the 10BH molecule and its isotopologue 11BH. Therefore, the isotopic composition of samples can be calculated by a partial least square regression (PLS). For this, a spectral library is built by using samples with known isotope composition. Results with an accuracy of 0.15 ‰ are metrologically compatible with those reported by mass spectrometric methods. Similar results are obtained for n isotope systems like Mg (24Mg, 25Mg, and 26Mg), where isotope shifts of their isotopologues can be resolved as shown in Fig.1b. The extension of this methodology to other elements like Li, Ca and Sr is discussed.
Analysis of stable isotopes has been used as proof of provenance of mineral and biological samples, to estimate a contamination source and to determine geological processes. This kind of analysis needs high accuracy and precision for reliable conclusions. Currently, stable isotope analysis is dominated by mass spectrometric techniques that are time consuming and expensive. Here we present a fast and low cost alternative for isotope analysis of boron and magnesium: high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS). Two stable isotope systems were evaluated separately: boron (10B:11B) and magnesium 24Mg:25Mg:26Mg). Their isotope amount ratios were estimated by monitoring their absorption spectra in-situ generated monohydrides. The molecular absorption spectrum of a XH molecule (X= B or Mg) with n isotopes would be a linear combination of n isotopologue spectra and the amount of each component (isotope) could be calculated by a multivariate regression (n= 2 and 3 for B and Mg respectively). For the Analysis of boron certified reference materials (CRM), the band 1→1 for the electronic transition X1Σ+ → A1Π was measured around wavelength 437.1 nm. Since boron has a Memory effect in graphite furnaces, a combination of 2 % (v/v) hydrogen gas in argon, 1 % trifluoromethane in argon, an acid solution of calcium chloride and mannitol as chemical modifiers were used during the BH vaporization at 2600 °C. Partial least square regression (PLS) for analysis of samples was applied. For this, a spectral library with different isotope ratios for PLS regression was created. Magnesium does not have memory effect. Therefore, only 2 % of hydrogen in argon as gas modifier during vaporization at 2500 °C was employed for analysis of magnesium CRM. Absorption spectra of MgH for the X2Σ→A2Π electronic transition (band 0→0) were recorded around wavelength 513.45 nm. A similar PLS procedure to the BH was applied. Results for B and Mg CRM are metrologically compatible with those reported by mass spectrometric methods. An accuracy of 0.08 ‰ for B and 0.1 ‰ Mg was obtained as the average deviation from the isotope CRM. Expanded uncertainties with a coverage factor of k = 2 range between 0.10 - 0.40 ‰.
Boron presents two stable isotopes, 10B and 11B and due to their relatively large mass difference (~ 10%) isotope fractionation leads to considerable isotope amount ratio variations n(10B)/n(11B) in natural occurrence. These have been used as a proof of provenance of mineral and biological samples, to estimate a contamination source and to the determination of geological processes by erosion or subduction. Additionally, boron is employed in the nuclear industry due to the capability of its isotope 10B to thermal-neutron capture and therefore 10B enriched boric acid solutions are used in the cooling system of thermonuclear facilities and in the alloying of steel and carbides for protective shielding. Usually, isotope ratio variations are determined by mass spectroscopic methods.
Here an alternative faster and low cost method for isotope ratio determination is proposed: high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-MAS). Boron isotope amount ratios have been determined by monitoring the absorption spectrum of boron monohydride (BH) in graphite furnace HR-CS-MAS. Bands (0→0) and (1→1) for the electronic transition X1Σ+ → A1Π were evaluated around wavelengths 433.1 nm and 437.1 nm respectively. Partial least square regression (PLS) for analysis of samples and reference materials were applied. For this, a spectral library with different isotopes ratios for PLS regression was built. Results obtained around the 433.1 nm and 437.1 nm spectral regions are metrologically compatible with those reported by mass spectrometric methods. Moreover, a precision and accuracy of the method of ± 0.5 ‰ for the evaluated spectral region around 437.1 nm is reported here. This accuracy and precision is comparable with those obtained by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) and multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) for boron isotope ratio measurements.
Small variations in the isotopic composition of some elements have been used as proof of provenance of mineral and biological samples, to describe geological processes, and to estimate a contamination source. Routinely, isotope compositions are measured by mass spectrometry; the working horse of the isotope analysis. However, mass spectrometric methods are expensive, time-consuming and they require a high qualified analyst.
Here, an alternative faster and low-cost optical method for isotope ratio determination is investigated: high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-MAS). Stable isotope amount composition of X = Li, B, Mg, Ca and Sr have been determined by monitoring the absorption spectra of their in situ generated hydrides (XH) in graphite furnace HR-CS-MAS. For example, the system of two stable isotopes of boron (10B and 11B) was studied via its hydride for the electronic transition X1Σ+ → A1Π (Fig. 1a). The spectrum of a given sample is a linear combination of the 10BH molecule and its isotopologue 11BH. Therefore, isotopic composition of samples and reference materials are calculated by a partial least square regression (PLS). For this, a spectral library is built by using samples with known isotope composition. Results are metrologically compatible with those reported by mass spectrometric methods. [1] Similar results are obtained for n isotope systems like Mg (24Mg, 25Mg, and 26Mg), where isotope shift of their isotopologues can be resolved as shown in Fig.1 b. The extension of this methodology to other elements like Li, Ca and Sr is discussed [2].
References:
[1] C. Abad, S. Florek, H. Becker-Ross, M.-D. Huang, H.-J. Heinrich, S. Recknagel, J. Vogl, N. Jakubowski, U. Panne, Determination of boron isotope ratios by high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry using graphite furnace vaporizers, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 136 (2017) 116-122.
[2] C. Abad et al., unpublished results, 2018.
Following fluorinated drugs by molecular absorption spectrometry – from cancer cells to body fluids
(2018)
Fluorine has been widely introduced into pharmaceutical drugs. Due to the high C-F bond strength, a single atom substitution with fluorine produces drastic desirable and tunable changes in the molecular properties. However, the clinical monitoring of these drugs is not straightforward.
Organofluorine compounds are elusive for a non-targeted analysis; a significant problem in fluorine determination is the lack of suitable detection techniques. Standard atomic absorption and emission spectrometers cannot access fluorine, because their resonance lines lie in the VUV spectral range below 100 nm. In the case of conventional inductively coupled argon plasmas (ICP), the plasma energy is too low to generate a significant population of excited fluorine atoms. Recently, our group introduces high-resolution continuum source absorption spectrometry (HR-CS MAS) as a new way for the indirect monitoring of fluorinated compounds. Main benefits of HR-CS-MAS includes low limits of detection, complete analyte recovery, simple to no sample preparation, and short time analysis.
Society for Applied Spectroscopy (SAS) Atomic Section Student Award.
Magnesium is a major element in the hydrosphere and biosphere and plays important roles in (bio-) geochemical and physiological cycles. Mg has three stable isotopes, 24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg. It is due to their relatively large mass difference (~8% between) that isotope fractionation leads to slight variations of isotope amount ratios in biological, environmental and geological samples. Traditionally, isotope ratios are measured by mass spectrometric methods. Their drawbacks include the high costs for instruments and their operation, experienced operators and elaborate time-consuming chromatographic sample preparation.
Recently, optical spectrometric methods have been proposed as faster and low-cost alternative for the analysis of isotope ratios of selected elements by means of high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-MAS), and laser ablation molecular isotopic spectrometry (LAMIS).
For the determination of Mg isotope ratios in selected rock reference materials, the molecular spectrum of the in-situ generated MgF and MgO molecules were studied and their results compared with MC-ICP-MS. By HR-CS-MAS, samples were dissolved by acid digestion and Mg isotopes analyzed with and without matrix. The absorption spectrum was recorded for MgF for the electronic transitions X 2Σ → A 2 Πi, and X 2Σ → B 2Σ+. In the case of LAMIS, we investigated the MgF molecule for the electronic transition A 2Πi → X 2Σ, as well as direct analysis by the MgO molecule for the electronic transition A 1Π+ → X 1Σ. The MgF and MgO spectra are described as the linear combination of their isotopic components or isotopologues: 24MgF, 25MgF, and 26MgF for the MgF and 24MgO, 25MgO, and 26MgO for the MgO. The isotope analysis was done by deconvolution of the MgF spectrum by partial least square regression (PLS) calibrated with enriched isotope spikes. Results were accurate with precisions ranging between 0.2 ‰ and 0.8 ‰ (2 SD, n= 10) for HR-CS-GFMAS. No statistically significant differences were observed for samples w/o matrix extraction. On the other hand, LAMIS allows the direct analysis of solid samples with the extended possibility of direct analysis, however the precision is lower due the lack of solid isotopic calibration standards.
Boron and Magnesium present two and three stable isotopes respectevely. It is due to their relatively large mass difference (~ 10%) that isotope fractionation leads to considerable isotope amount ratio variations in the nature. These have been used as a proof of provenance of mineral and biological samples, to estimate a contamination source and to the determination of geological processes by erosion or subduction. Additionally, boron is employed in the nuclear industry due to the capability of its isotope 10B to thermal-neutron capture and therefore 10B enriched boric acid solutions are used in the cooling system of thermonuclear facilities and in the alloying of steel and carbides for protective shielding. Traditionally, isotope ratio variations have been determined by mass spectroscopic methods.
Here an alternative faster and low cost method for isotope ratio determination is proposed: high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-MAS). Isotope amount ratios have been determined by monitoring the absorption spectrum of boron monohydride (BH) for boron and Magnesium monofluoride (MgF) for magnesium in a graphite furnace HR-CS-MAS. Bands (0→0) and (1→1) were evaluated. Partial least square regression (PLS) for analysis of samples and reference materials were applied. For this, a spectral library with different isotopes ratios for PLS regression was built. Results obtained are metrologically compatible with those reported by mass spectrometric methods. Moreover, a precision and accuracy of the method of ± 0.5 ‰. This accuracy and precision is comparable with those obtained by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) and multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) for boron isotope ratio measurements
Boron presents two stable isotopes, 10B and 11B and due to their relatively large mass difference (~ 10%) isotope fractionation leads to considerable isotope amount ratio variations n(10B)/n(11B) in natural occurrence. These have been used as a proof of provenance of mineral and biological samples, to estimate a contamination source and to the determination of geological processes by erosion or subduction. Additionally, boron is employed in the nuclear industry due to the capability of its isotope 10B to thermal-neutron capture and therefore 10B enriched boric acid solutions are used in the cooling system of thermonuclear facilities and in the alloying of steel and carbides for protective shielding. Usually, isotope ratio variations are determined by mass spectroscopic methods.
Here an alternative faster and low cost method for isotope ratio determination is proposed: high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-MAS). Boron isotope amount ratios have been determined by monitoring the absorption spectrum of boron monohydride (BH) in graphite furnace HR-CS-MAS. Bands (0→0) and (1→1) for the electronic transition X1Σ+ → A1Π were evaluated around wavelengths 433.1 nm and 437.1 nm respectively. Partial least square regression (PLS) for analysis of samples and reference materials were applied. For this, a spectral library with different isotopes ratios for PLS regression was built. Results obtained around the 433.1 nm and 437.1 nm spectral regions are metrologically compatible with those reported by mass spectrometric methods. Moreover, a precision and accuracy of the method of ± 0.5 ‰ for the evaluated spectral region around 437.1 nm is reported here. This accuracy and precision is comparable with those obtained by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) and multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) for boron isotope ratio measurements.
Mass spectrometric Methods MC-ICP-MS and TIMS) are without doubt the working horse of stable isotope analysis. However, drawbacks of these methods include the high costs for instruments and their operation, experienced operators and elaborate chromatographic sample preparation which are time consuming.
Optical spectrometric methods are proposed as faster and low-cost alternative for the analysis of isotope ratios of selected elements by means of high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-MAS) and laser ablation molecular isotopic spectrometry (LAMIS). First, stable isotope amount compositions of boron (B) and magnesium (Mg) were determined based on the absorption spectra of in-situ generated heteronuclear diatomic molecules (MH or MX) in graphite furnace HR-CS-MAS. The use of a modular simultaneous echelle spectrograph (MOSES) helps to find the maximal isotope shift in the diatomic molecular spectra produced in a graphite furnace by using isotopic spike solutions. Isotopes of boron (10B and 11B) were studied via their hydrides for the electronic transition X 1Σ+ → A 1Π. The spectrum of a given sample is a linear combination of the 10BH molecule and its isotopologue 11BH. Therefore, the isotopic composition of samples can be calculated by a partial least square regression (PLS). For this, a spectral library was built by using samples and spikes with known isotope composition. Boron isotope ratios measured by HR-CS-MAS are identical with those measured by mass spectrometric methods at the 0.15 ‰ level. Similar results were obtained for a multiple isotope system like Mg (24Mg, 25Mg, and 26Mg), where isotope shifts of their isotopologues can be resolved in the MgF molecule for the electronic transition X 2Σ → A 2 Πi. Finally, the application of molecular spectrometry via emission by LAMIS is compared and discussed.
An alternative method for lithium isotope analysis by using high-resolution atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-AAS) is proposed herein. This method is based on monitoring the isotope shift of approximately 15 pm for the electronic transition 22P←22S at around the wavelength of 670.8 nm, which can be measured by state-of-the-art HR-CS-AAS. Isotope analysis can be used for (i) the traceable determination of Li concentration and (ii) isotope amount ratio analysis based on a combination of HR-CS-AAS and spectral data analysis by machine learning (ML).
In the first case, the Li spectra are described as the linear superposition of the contributions of the respective isotopes, each consisting of a spin-orbit doublet, which can be expressed as Gaussian components with constant spectral position and width and different relative intensity, reflecting the isotope ratio in the sample. Precision was further improved by using lanthanum as internal spectral standard. The procedure has been validated using human serum-certified reference materials. The results are metrologically comparable and compatible with the certified values.
In the second case, for isotope amount ratio analysis, a scalable tree boosting ML algorithm (XGBoost) was employed and calibrated using a set of samples with 6Li isotope amount fractions ranging from 0.06 to 0.99 mol mol−1. The training ML model was validated with certified reference materials. The procedure was applied to the isotope amount ratio determination of a set of stock chemicals and a BAM candidate reference material NMC111 (LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2), a Li-battery cathode material. These determinations were compared with those obtained by MC-ICP-MS and found to be metrologically comparable and compatible. The residual bias was −1.8‰, and the precision obtained ranged from 1.9‰ to 6.2‰. This precision was sufficient to resolve naturally occurring variations. The NMC111 cathode candidate reference material was analyzed using high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry with and without matrix purification to assess its suitability for technical applications. The results obtained were metrologically compatible with each other.
Magnesium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in several mineral forms in the earth crust. This element presents three stable isotopes 24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg with a natural abundance of 79%, 10%, and 11% respectively. It is due to their relatively large mass difference (~8% between 24Mg and 26Mg) that isotope fractionation leads to slight isotope amount ratio variations n(26Mg)/n(24Mg) in biological and geological samples. Traditionally, isotope amount ratios have been measured by mass spectrometric methods. However, drawbacks of these methods include the high costs for instruments and their operation, experienced operators and elaborate chromatographic sample preparation which are time-consuming. Recently, optical spectrometric methods have been proposed as faster and low-cost alternative for the analysis of isotope ratios of selected elements by means of high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) and laser ablation molecular isotopic spectrometry (LAMIS). For the determination of Mg isotope amount ratios, the molecular spectrum of the in-situ generated MgF and MgO molecules were studied. In the case of HR-CS-GFMAS, the absorption spectrum was recorded for MgF for the electronic transitions X 2Σ → A 2 Πi and X 2Σ → B 2Σ+ around wavelengths 358 nm and 268 nm respectively. In the case of LAMIS, it was studied the MgF molecule for the electronic transitions A 2Πi → X 2Σ as well as the MgO molecule for the electronic transition A 1Π+ → X 1Σ around 500 nm. The MgF and MgO spectra are composed by the linear combination of their isotopic components or isotopologues: 24MgF, 25MgF, and 26MgF for the MgF and 24MgO, 25MgO, and 26MgO for the MgO (F is monoisotopic, and the isotope composition of O is assumed as constant). By HR-CS-GFMAS the analysis of Mg was done by deconvolution of the MgF spectrum by a partial least square regression (PLS) calibrated with enriched isotope spikes. The isotope amount ratios in rock samples with and without matrix separation were analyzed. Resulting delta values were obtained with precisions ranging between 0.2-0.5 ‰. On the other hand, LAMIS allows the direct analysis of solid samples with the extended possibility of in-situ analysis. Main advantages, limitations, and scopes of both optical techniques are going to be discussed and compared with MC-ICP-MS.
Magnesium is a major element in the hydrosphere and biosphere and plays important roles in (bio-) geochemical and physiological cycles. Mg has three stable isotopes, 24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg. It is due to their relatively large mass difference (~8% between) that isotope fractionation leads to slight variations of isotope amount ratios in biological, environmental and geological samples. Traditionally, isotope amount ratios are measured by mass spectrometric methods. Their drawbacks include the high costs for instruments and their operation, experienced operators and elaborate time-consuming chromatographic sample preparation. Recently, an optical spectrometric method has been proposed as faster and low-cost alternative for the analysis of isotope ratios: high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS).
For the determination of Mg isotope ratios in selected rock reference materials, the high-resolution molecular absorption spectrum of in-situ generated MgF molecule was studied applying multivariate analysis and the results compared with MC-ICP-MS. Samples were dissolved by acid digestion and Mg isotopes analyzed with and without matrix. The absorption spectra were recorded for MgF for the electronic transition X 2Σ → B 2Σ+. The MgF spectrum is described as the linear combination of their isotopic components or isotopologues: 24MgF, 25MgF, and 26MgF. The isotope analysis was done by deconvolution of the MgF spectrum by partial least square regression (PLS). A PLS model was built and calibrated with enriched isotope spikes and certified reference materials. Spectra data was preprocessed by a derivate of second order and venetian blinds cross-validation was employed for finding the optimum latent variables. Finally, the model was refined by a genetic algorithm which identified the best subset of variables for a precise and accurate regression. Results are compatible with those obtained by MC-ICP-MS with an accuracy of ± 0.3‰ with uncertainties ranging between 0.02 to 0.6‰.
Heavy alcohol induces several chronic diseases, including cirrhosis. Consequently, cirrhotic patients need liver transplantation. However, alcoholic patients are not suitable for this. How can be physicians sure of non-alcohol consumption of a potential organ receptor? Monitoring of biomarkers by mass spectrometric techniques is today the most suitable option. This subject was discussed at the Graduate School of Analytical Science Adlershof (SALSA) in Berlin, as a part of a lecture series in analytical science.
The mechanism of action of zirconium permanent modifiers on graphite surfaces was investigated in order to understand its influence on the analytical signal in atomic and molecular absorption spectrometry (AAS/MAS). For this, the molecule formation of CaF was studied, which is used for the indirect analytical determination of fluorine in high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS). The kinetics of this reaction was established by monitoring its molecular spectrum at different atomisation temperatures. An Arrhenius plot showed a pseudo-first order reaction with respect to fluorine (n = 1). An intermediate state was isolated, and its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods: scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEMEDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES and EXAFS), and Raman microspectroscopy. We propose here a mechanism, where ZrO2 acts as a heterogeneous catalyst: after a pyrolytic step, an intermediate state of ZrO(OCaF) is activated, and at higher temperatures, CaF(g) is released from the zirconium-coated graphite surface. No evidence of the formation of zirconium carbide was found. Consequently, as the CaF formation is catalysed by a heterogeneous catalyst, surface modifications with ZrO2 nanoparticles and ZrO xerogels were investigated in order to increase the surface area. Their influence was evaluated in the molecule formation of CaF, CaCl, CaBr, and CaI. Graphite furnace modification with zirconium oxide nanoparticles proves to be the best choice for fluorine analysis with a signal enhancement of more than eleven times with respect a non-coated graphite furnace. However, the influence of zirconium modifications in the analytical signals of Cl, and I is lower than the F signals or even negative in case of the Br. Understanding zirconium modifiers as heterogeneous catalysts offers a new perspective to AAS and MAS, and reveals the potential of surface analytical methods for development of improved permanent modifiers and graphite furnace coatings.
Boron isotope amount ratios n(10B)/n(11B) have been determined by monitoring the absorption spectrum of boron monohydride (BH) in a graphite furnace using high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-MAS). Bands (0→0) and (1→1) for the electronic transition X1Σ+ → A1Π were evaluated around wavelengths 433.1 nm and 437.1 nm respectively. Clean and free of memory effect molecular spectra of BH were recorded. In order to eliminate the memory effect of boron, a combination of 2% (v/v) hydrogen gas in argon and 1% trifluoromethane in argon, an acid solution of calcium chloride and mannitol as chemical modifiers was used. Partial least square regression (PLS) for analysis of samples and reference materials were applied. For this, a spectral library with different isotopes ratios for PLS regression was built. Results obtained around the 433.1 nm and 437.1 nm spectral regions are metrologically compatible with those reported by mass spectrometric methods. Moreover, for the evaluated region of 437 nm, an accuracy of 0.15‰ is obtained as the average deviation from the isotope reference materials. Expanded uncertainties with a coverage factor of k = 2 range between 0.15 and 0.44‰. This accuracy and precision are compatible with those obtained by mass spectrometry for boron isotope ratio measurements.
A fast and simple method for sulfur quantification in crude oils was developed by using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS). For this, heavy crude oil samples were prepared as microemulsion (shake) and injected into a graphite furnace (shut). Finally, the concentration of sulfur was determined by monitoring in situ the transient molecular spectrum of GeS at wavelength 295.205nm after adding a germanium solution as molecular forming agent (and go). Zirconium dioxide in the form of nanoparticles (45–55nm) was employed as a permanent modifier of the graphite furnace. Calibration was done with an aqueous solution standard of ammonium sulfate, and a characteristic mass (m0) of 7.5ng was achieved. The effectiveness of the proposed method was evaluated analizing, ten heavy crude oil samples with Sulfur amounts ranging between 0.3 and 4.5% as well as two NIST standard reference materials, 1620c and 1622e. Results were compared with those obtained by routine ICP-OES analysis, and no statistical relevant differences were found.
High-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GF-MAS) was employed for determining adsorbable organic chlorine (AOCl) in water. Organic chlorine was indirectly quantified by monitoring the molecular absorption of the transient aluminum monochloride molecule (AlCl) around a wavelength of 261.42 nm in a graphite furnace. An aluminum solution was used as the molecularforming modifier. A zirconium coated graphite furnace, as well as Sr and Ag solutions were applied as modifiers for a maximal enhancement of the absorption signal. The pyrolysis and vaporization temperatures were 600 °C and 2300 °C, respectively. Non-spectral interferences were observed with F, Br, and I at concentrations higher than 6 mg L-1, 50 mg L-1, and 100 mg L-1, respectively. Calibration curves with NaCl, 4-chlorophenol, and trichlorophenol present the same slope and dynamic range, which indicates the chlorine atom specificity of the method. This method was evaluated and validated using synthetic water samples, following the current standard DIN EN ISO 9562:2004 for the determination of the sum parameter adsorbable organic halides (AOX) for water quality. These samples contain 4-chlorophenol as the chlorinated organic standard in an inorganic chloride matrix. Prior to analysis, organic chlorine was extracted from the inorganic matrix via solid-phase extraction with a recovery rate >95%. There were no statistically significant differences observed between measured and known values and for a t-test a confidence level of 95% was achieved. The limits of detection and characteristic mass were found to be 48 and 22 pg, respectively. The calibration curve was linear in the range 0.1–2.5 ng with a correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9986.
An energy-based method to determine material constants in nonlinear rheology with applications
(2016)
Many polymer-type materials show a rate-dependent and nonlinear rheological behavior. Such a response may be modeled by using a series of spring-dashpot systems. However, in order to cover different time scales the number of systems may become unreasonably large. A more appropriate treatment based on continuum mechanics will be presented herein. This approach uses representation theorems for deriving material equations and allows for a systematic increase in modeling complexity. Moreover, we propose an approach based on energy to determine thematerial parameters.This method results in a simple linear regression problemeven for highly nonlinearmaterial equations. Therefore, the inverse problem leads to a unique solution. The significance of the proposed method is that the stored and dissipated energies necessary for the procedure are measurable quantities. We apply the proposed method to a 'semi-solid' material and measure its material parameters by using a simple-shear rheometer.
A controlled, reproducible, gram-scale method is reported for the covalent functionalization of graphene Sheets by a one-pot nitrene [2+1] cycloaddition reaction under mild conditions. The reaction between commercially available 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine and sodium azide with thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRGO) results in defined dichlorotriazine-functionalized sheets. The different reactivities of the chlorine substituents on the functionalized graphene allow stepwise post-modification by manipulating the temperature.
This new method provides unique access to defined bifunctional 2D nanomaterials, as exemplified by chiral surfaces and multifunctional hybrid architectures.
We developed a rapid and robust HPLC-MS/MS (QqQ) method for the quantification of hepcidin-25, a promising new biomarker in iron metabolism, in human samples. The novelty of the method is the use of special HPLC vials to avoid adsorptive losses due to the basic character of the peptide that causes interaction with the silanol groups of the vial’s glass surface. Up to 90% decrease in the MS/MS signal was observed, when commercial HPLC vials were used, while vials treated with 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propylmethyldimethoxysilane or 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane, leading to no losses in the range of physiological hepcidin-25 mean serum levels (10-20 µg/L).
Hepcidin-25 has attracted much attention ever since its discovery in 2001. It is widely recognized that this liver produced peptide hormone plays a major role in the regulation of iron levels in mammals and can reveal important clinical information about several pathological states in patients suffering from iron-related disorders.
With the aim to tackle the current difficulties in hepcidin quantification and improve the status of this promising biomarker in the clinical field, we developed a rapid and robust analytical strategy for the quantification of hepcidin-25 in human samples based on HPLC-MS/MS (QqQ) to be implemented in routine laboratories. The novelty of the method is the use of special HPLC vials to avoid adsorptive losses due to the basic character of the peptide that causes interaction with the silanol groups of the vial’s glass surface. Up to 90% decrease in the MS/MS signal was observed, when commercial HPLC vials were used, while vials treated with 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propylmethyl-dimethoxysilane or 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane, leading to no significant losses in the dynamic range of physiological hepcidin-25 mean serum levels (10-20 µg/L).
Careful analytical validation was performed for determining the reproducibility, repeatability, limit of quantification (0.5 µg/L) and linearity (0.5-40 µg/L) of the method. Serum samples from 9 healthy volunteers were analyzed with a median hepcidin-25 level of 3.3 µg/L, comparable to results reported in the literature.
Hepcidin-25 has attracted much attention ever since its discovery in 2001. It is widely recognized that this peptide hormone plays a major role in the regulation of iron levels in mammals and can reveal important clinical information about several iron-related disorders. However, the development of a reliable assay to quantify hepcidin proved to be problematic and serum hepcidin-25 concentrations determined by various assays differ substantially. Challenges arise in the MS analysis of hepcidin due to the “sticky” character of the peptide and the lack of suitable standards.
With the aim to tackle the current difficulties in hepcidin quantification and improve the status of this promising biomarker in the clinical field, we developed a rapid and robust analytical strategy for the quantification of hepcidin-25 in human samples based on HPLC-MS/MS (QqQ) as a reference method candidate to be implemented in routine laboratories. The novelty of the method is the use of amino- and fluoro-silanized autosampler vials to reduce hepcidin interaction to laboratory glassware surfaces. Furthermore, we have investigated two sample preparation strategies and two chromatographic separation conditions where the use of acidic mobile phases was compared with a novel approach involving solvents at high pH containing 0.1% of ammonia. Both methods were carefully validated and applied to clinical samples in an intra-laboratory comparison of two LC-MS/MS methods using the same hepcidin-25 calibrators with very good correlation of the results.
HPLC-MS/MS quantification of hepcidin-25, a new promising iron biomarker, in human serum samples
(2017)
Hepcidin-25 has attracted much attention ever since its discovery in 2001. It is widely recognized that this liver produced peptide hormone plays a major role in the regulation of iron levels in mammals. Hepcidin levels could reveal important clinical information about several pathological states in patients suffering from iron-related disorders such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) or hereditary haemochromatosis (HH). Despite significant efforts though, the development of a reliable assay to quantify hepcidin proved to be problematic for the last 15 years.
With the aim to tackle the current difficulties in hepcidin quantification and improve the status of this promising biomarker in the clinical field, we developed a rapid and robust analytical strategy for the quantification of hepcidin-25 in human samples based on HPLC-MS/MS (QqQ) to be implemented in routine laboratories. The novelty of the method is the use of special HPLC vials to avoid adsorptive losses due to the basic character of the peptide that causes interaction with the silanol groups of the vial’s glass surface. Up to 90% decrease in the MS/MS signal was observed, when commercial HPLC vials were used, while vials treated with 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propylmethyl-dimethoxysilane or 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane, leading to no significant losses in the dynamic range of physiological hepcidin-25 mean serum levels (10-20 µg/L).
Careful analytical validation was performed for determining the reproducibility, repeatability, limit of quantification (0.5 µg/L) and linearity (0.5-40 µg/L) of the method. Serum samples from 9 healthy volunteers were analyzed with a median hepcidin-25 level of 3.3 µg/L, comparable to results reported in the literature.
Isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC-MS/MS) is emerging in the field of clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine as an alternative to immunoassays and is acknowledged as the MS “gold standard” for small biomolecule quantification. Hepcidin-25, a key iron-regulatory peptide hormone discovered in 2000, has revolutionized the understanding of iron disorders and its quantitative determination in biological samples should advance the management of iron-related pathology (diagnosis, prognosis and treatment). This study applied LC-MS/MS, using the triple quadrupole (QqQ) mass spectrometer, in a rapid and robust analytical strategy for the quantification of hepcidin-25 in human serum, to be implemented in routine laboratories. For this purpose, two sample preparation strategies and two complementary chromatographic separation conditions were investigated, where the use of acidic mobile phases (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) was compared with a novel approach involving solvents at high pH (containing 0.1% ammonia). The application of these LC-MS/MS methods to human samples in an intra-laboratory comparison, using the same hepcidin-25 calibrators, yielded a very good correlation of the results. The LC-MS/MS employing trifluoroacetic acid-based mobile phases was selected as a highly sensitive (limit of quantification LOQ of 0.5 μg/L) and precise (coefficient of variation CV<15%) method and was recommended as a reference method candidate for hepcidin-25 quantification in real samples (in the dynamic range of 0.5-40 μg/L). One of the novel aspects of the methodology was the use of amino- and fluoro-silanized autosampler vials to reduce the interaction of the 25-residue peptide to laboratory glassware surfaces. Moreover, this LC-MS/MS method was used for an international round robin study, applying a secondary reference material as a calibrator. By determining the degree of equivalence between the results of the ten participating methodologies, the performance of the method developed in this study was found to be in the optimal range as defined by the International Consortium for Harmonization of Clinical Laboratory Results (ICHCLR). In this work, the formation of hepcidin-25 complexes with copper(II) was investigated. The first reversed-phase chromatographic separation of hepcidin-25/Cu2+ and hepcidin-25 (copper “free”) was achieved by applying mobile phases containing 0.1% of ammonia (pH 11). LC-MS/MS and high-resolution mass spectrometry (Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) MS) were applied for the mass spectrometric characterization of the formed hepcidin-25-Cu(II) species at pH values of 11 and 7.4 respectively. A new species corresponding to hepcidin-25 complexed with two copper ions was identified at high pH.