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The changes in the sonic surface wave velocity of concrete under stress were investigated in this paper. Surface wave velocities at
sonic frequency range were measured on a prismatic concrete specimen undergoing several cycles of uniaxial compression. The
loading was applied (or removed) gradually in predefined small steps (stress-controlled). The surface wave velocity was measured
at every load step during both loading and unloading phases. Acoustic Emission (AE) test was conducted simultaneously to
monitor the microcracking activities at different levels of loading. It was found that the sonic surface wave velocity is highly stress
dependent and the velocity-stress relationship follows a particular trend. The observed trend could be explained by a combination
of acoustoelasticity and microcracking theories, each valid over a certain range of applied stresses. Having measured the velocities
while unloading, when the material suffers no further damage, the effect of stress and damage could be differentiated. The slope
of the velocity-stress curves over the elastic region was calculated for different load cycles. This quantity was normalized to yield a
dimensionless nonlinear parameter. This parameter generally increases with the level of induced damage in concrete.
When dealing in ultrasonic testing with inhomogeneous material structure
data interpretation can be rather difficult. This is especially the case when using
anisotropic dissimilar welds made from austenitic steel or nickel based alloys, which are
currently used for modern power plant concepts. For better understanding of the
complex interaction between the sound field and the component under test, the
visualization of sound propagation in solids is a substantial task to increase the
probability of detection of relevant defects. However, there exist only a small number of
appropriate techniques published today, such as scanning laser interferometer,
piezoelectric and optical approaches in case of transparent solids. In this work we
present an electrodynamic technique providing a simple use and a high signal to noise
ratio. By detecting the grazing beam with an electrodynamic probe with a size smaller
than 10 mm, we measured the particle displacement as a function of time with a spatial
resolution in the order of 1 mm. Adapting the electrodynamic probe and its coil
alignment allows for measuring the displacement components in all three dimensions.
This comprises the detection of the horizontal and vertical particle displacement with
respect to the surface and thus also the transformation from longitudinal waves into
transversal waves and vice versa is possible. A SNR of higher than 36 dB could be
achieved within ferromagnetic and high conductive chrome steel when using a
transversal wave generated by an angled beam transducer. We report on measurements
of the sound field in complex weld joints. One example shows a 10 mm thick narrowgap
weld joining a nickel alloy with a chrome steel yielding a substantial anisotropy of
the weld structure. The test system enables us to visualize the wave propagation within
the weld and indicates the reflection scenario and the energy losses due to both the
anisotropic structure and material defects.