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- ESR (1) (entfernen)
Radical species like CO-2,CO-3, SO-2, and SO-3 can be created by exposing natural and synthetic calcium carbonates to sunlight or to the light of a Hg(Xe) lamp. This poses as a risk for ESR dating of these materials, because the radicals formed by light exposure cannot be distinguished from those generated by radioactivity. Furthermore, paramagnetic centers like SO-2, electrons trapped near Zn2+ or Cd2+ ions, surface defects, and radicals with g?=2.0040, can be bleached in ?-irradiated samples by light and show conversion effects.