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Paper des Monats
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Grouted connections are intensively used in offshore rigs, platforms as well as jacket and monopile offshore wind turbine structures. Being located in remote offshore conditions, these connections can experience considerable adverse loading during their lifetimes. Degradation was reported inside similar connections, which were installed in the last three decades. Grouting in the offshore sites may often be proven difficult, which eventually leads to reduced load-bearing capacity of connections in the long run. Thus, repair and rehabilitation of such connections should be planned ahead to minimize operational delays and costs. In this study, scaled grouted connections were manufactured using a novel mould, whose integrity were monitored using digital image correlation (DIC). The connections were loaded under static load to visualize the main failure pattern using distributed fibre optic sensors and acoustic emission (AE) analysis. Grouted connections were then repaired using a cementitious injectable grout. The effectiveness of the grout injection was monitored using dye penetration technique. Finally, specimens are reloaded to identify the potential of such repair for grouted connections.
Für die Installation von Offshore-Windenergie-Anlagen der 5-Megawattklasse vor der Küste Deutschlands in der Nordsee ist es erforderlich, Gründungsstrukturen in hoher Stückzahl wirtschaftlich herstellen zu können. Für den Wassertiefenbereich der Nordsee wird im Rahmen dieses Aufsatzes der Konstruktions-typ Jacket hinsichtlich dynamischer Eigenschaften untersucht.
Darüber hinaus wird über Stahlgussbauteile berichtet, die in den hochbelasteten Knotenpunkten des Jackets verbaut werden. Derzeit ist es üblich, Jackets aus handelsüblichen Stahlhohlprofilen zu fertigen, die an den Enden zu einer Knotenverbindung miteinander verschweißt werden. Diese Lösung besitzt jedoch eine Vielzahl von Nachteilen, über die nachfolgend berichtet wird.
Bauteile aus Stahlguss hingegen weisen unter anderem die Vorteile auf, universell einsetzbar und in Form bzw. Gestaltung völlig frei wählbar zu sein. Um das komplexe Tragverhalten dieser Stahlgussbauteile bewerten zu können, wurden neben Simulationsrechnungen auch Laborversuche durchgeführt. Es wurde das Tragverhalten unter statischer Belastung am Stahlgussbauteil im 1:1-Modell und das Ermüdungsverhalten an Stahlgussproben getestet.
Load bearing behaviour of cast steel components in offshore wind turbines under fatigue and static loads.
The installation of offshore wind turbines of the 5-megawatt class in deep water of the North Sea makes it economically necessary to build foundations in high quantities.
Constructions of this kind are a major technical challenge in terms of design, manufacturing and operation. In this paper the dynamic behaviour of jacket constructions in the North Sea are investigated. Currently jacket structures are constructed with steel pipes that are welded at the connecting nodes. This procedure implies several disadvantages.
In contrast cast steel elements are universally applicable and designable. To verify the load bearing behaviour numerical simulations and laboratory tests are done. Laboratory tests include the testing of the ultimate load bearing capacity. In a large scale setup and fatigue tests at small cast steel specimen.
As onshore installation capacity is limited, the increase in the number of offshore wind turbines (OWT) is a major goal. In that connection, the OWTs continuously increase in size and weight and demand adequate foundations concepts like monopiles or tripods. These components are typically manufactured from welded mild steel plates with thickness up to 200 mm. The predominant welding technique is submerged arc welding (SAW). In accordance with the standards, the occurrence of hydrogen-assisted cracking is anticipated by either a minimum waiting time (MWT, before non-destructive testing of the welded joint is allowed) at ambient or a hydrogen removal heat treatment (HRHT) at elevated temperatures. The effectiveness of both can be estimated by calculation of the diffusion time, i.e., diffusion coefficients. In this study, these coefficients are obtained for the first time for a thick-walled S420G2+M offshore steel grade and its multi-layer SAW joint. The electrochemical permeation technique at ambient temperature is used for the determination of diffusion coefficients for both the base material and the weld metal. The coefficients are within a range of 1025 to 1024 mm2/s (whereas the weld metal had the lowest) and are used for an analytical and numerical calculation of the hydrogen diffusion and the related MWT. The results showed that long MWT can occur, which would be necessary to significantly decrease the hydrogen concentration. Weld metal diffusion coefficients at elevated temperatures were calculated from hydrogen desorption experiments by carrier gas hot extraction. They are within a range of 1023 mm2/s and used for the characterization of a HRHT dwell-time. The analytical calculation shows the same tendency of long necessary times also at elevated temperatures. That means the necessary time is strongly influenced by the considered plate thickness and the estimation of any MWT/HRHT via diffusion coefficients should be critically discussed.
Bei Monopfahlgründungen von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen wird die Verbindung zwischen Monopfahl und Übergangsstück als geschraubter Ringflansch ausgeführt. Die zunehmende Leistungsfähigkeit der Windenergieanlagen führt zu immer größeren Schnittgrößen in diesem Anschluss. In der Folge erhöhen sich nicht nur die Querschnittsabmessungen, sondern es kommen auch zunehmend größere Schrauben zum Einsatz. Da die einschlägigen Regelwerke zur Bemessung dieser Verbindungen nicht für Schrauben der Größen M64 oder M72 konzipiert wurden, stellt sich die Frage der Übertragbarkeit auf solche Anwendungsfälle.
Im Rahmen des Aufsatzes werden Einflüsse diskutiert, die eine Herabsetzung der Schraubentragfähigkeit verursachen könnten. Diese Einflüsse, vornehmlich geometrische Imperfektionen, werden systematisch untersucht und ergänzend in praxisrelevanten Beispielen bewertet. Die somit gewonnenen Erkenntnisse werden für die abschließende Beurteilung der großen Schrauben in Ringflanschverbindungen herangezogen.
Offshore wind turbines (OWT) are a major goal of the energy strategy of Germany encompassing the increase of the installed wind power. OWT components are manufactured from welded steel plates with thicknesses up to 200 mm. The underlying standards and technical recommendations for construction of OWTs encompass specifications of so-called minimum waiting time (MWT) before non-destructive testing of the weld joints is allowed. Reason is the increased risk of time-delayed hydrogen assisted cold cracking as hydrogen diffusion is very slow due to the very thick plates. The strict consideration of those long MWT up to 48 h during the construction of OWTs leads to significant financial burden (like disproportionately high costs for installer ships as well as storage problems (onshore)). In this study, weld joints made of S355 ML were examined in comparison with the offshore steel grade S460 G2+M. The aim was to optimize, i.e., reduce, the MWT before NDT considering varied heat input, hydrogen concentration and using self-restraint weld tests. This would significantly reduce the manufacturing time and costs of OWT construction. To quantify the necessary delay time until hydrogen-assisted cold cracks appear, acoustic emission analysis was applied directly after welding for at least 48 h.