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The sintering behavior and the thermoelectric performance of Ca3Co4O9 multilayer laminates were studied, and a multilayer thermoelectric generator was fabricated. Compacts and multilayer samples with anisotropic microstructure and residual porosity were obtained after conventional sintering at 920 °C, whereas dense and isotropic multilayer samples were prepared by firing at 1200 °C and reoxidation at 900 °C. A hot-pressed sample has a dense and anisotropic microstructure. Samples sintered at 920 °C exhibit low electrical conductivity due to the low density, whereas the Seebeck coefficient is not sensitive to preparation conditions. However, thermal conductivity of multilayers is very low, and, hence acceptable ZT values are obtained. A ransversal multilayer thermoelectric generator (TMLTEG) was fabricated by stacking layers of Ca3Co4O9 green tapes, AgPd conductor printing, and co-firing at 920 °C. The TMLTEG has a power output of 3 mW at ΔT =200 K in the temperature interval of 25 °C to 300 °C.
The development of competitive thermoelectric generators using oxide ceramics and multilayer technology requires the investigation of suitable sintering procedures. The sintering of Ca3Co4O9, which is the most promising p-type oxide regarding its figure of merit, is a special challenge, as the material starts to decompose at 926 °C. Pressure-assisted sintering (PAS), as known from large-scale production of low temperature co-fired ceramics, was used to sinter multilayers of Ca3Co4O9 green tape at 900 °C with different pressures and dwell times. In-situ shrinkage measurements, microstructural investigations and electric measurements were performed. Relative density increases from 57.4 % after free sintering for 24 h to 93.7 % after 2 h of PAS with 10 MPa axial load. The combination of tape casting and PAS induces a pronounced alignment of the anisotropic grains. In comparison to freely sintered multilayers, the electrical conductivity in the casting direction is thereby strongly increased by a factor of 5. With respect to dry-pressed bars, the improvement amounts to a factor of 15. This study shows that PAS is a proper technique to produce dense Ca3Co4O9 panels with good thermoelectric properties similar to hot-pressed tablets, even in large-scale production.
Zur Messung der Sinterschwindung keramischer Folien und daraus aufgebauter Bauteile wurden an der BAM zwei Verfahren entwickelt. Beide Verfahren erlauben die Messung von Prüfkörpern mit praxisrelevanten Abmessung (200 mm x 200 mm) bzw. Realbauteilen bis 1000 °C. Die Hochtemperatur-Laserprofilometrie ist ein berührungsloses Verfahren und eignet sich besonders zur Bewertung der Schwindungsanisotropie und zur in-situ Charakterisierung von Verwölbung. Die Sinterpresse mit in-situ Dickenmessung ist sehr gut geeignet, um Schwindungsverhalten im Drucksinterprozess unter verschiedenen Atmosphären zu untersuchen. Der Aufbau beider Messsysteme wird erläutert und Anwendungsbeispiele mit wissenschaftlichem Hintergrund und direktem Industriebezug werden vorgestellt.
The slip-rolling resistance of DLC, a-C and ta-C thin film coatings was improved considerably in the last years, but there is still room for improvements in relation to (a) the temperature stability and (b) initial surface roughness after deposition. This paper presents a novel coating-substrate system in comparison to recently developed DLC coatings in a bench-mark test procedure exerting slip-rolling conditions in the presence of liquid lubricants. One of the Zr-based thin film coatings can withstand at least 1 million cycles under initial Hertzian contact pressures of up to P0max = 3500 MPa and oil temperatures of at least 120 °C associated with low coefficients of friction under mixed/boundary conditions or ten million of cycles under P0max = 2940 MPa. In comparison, some of the newly developed DLC coatings are slip-rolling resistant for at least up to 10 million cycles at RT (some of them also at 120 °C oil temperature) under Hertzian contact pressures of Pmax = 2600/2940 MPa. In general, Zr-based thin film coatings do not require special formulated oil formulations and Zr(C,N) bear on a straight coating architecture suited for mass production with nanosized layers.
Slip-rolling resistance of novel Zr(C,N) thin film coatings under high Hertzian contact pressures
(2010)
The present work was carried out within the framework of my four years activities as a scientific co-worker in the Working Group Tribological Optimization; Failure Analysis; Extreme Exposure in the division Tribology and Wear protection (VI.2) of the BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and testing in Berlin, Germany and generously funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG WO521/6-1). First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my supervisor Dr.-Ing. Mathias Woydt, head of the aforementioned working group, who gave me the opportunity to start my professional development, initiated and intensively supported this PhD work as well as accepted to take part in thesis committee. Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Walter Reimers, Chairman of the Institute for Materials Science and Technology of the Technical University of Berlin (TU Berlin), is also gratefully thanked for his interest in the thesis subject, for helpful comments and suggestions as well as for agreeing to participate in the referee of this work. I would like to thank also Prof. Dr.-Ing. Claudia Fleck, Chairman of the Material Engineering Department (Fachgebiet Werkstofftechnik) of the Technical University Berlin (TU Berlin), for assuming the chairmanship of the thesis committee. All the staff of the tribology division is also greatly acknowledged for bringing a pleasant working environment. Dr. Dirk Spaltmann is particularly thanked for the helpful discussions as well as for his assistance in English formulation. Dipl.-Ing. Manuel Reichelt and my bureau colleague Dr.-Ing. Géraldine Theiler will find here my many thanks for promoting constantly a good working atmosphere. Sigrid Binkowski and Dipl.-Ing. Norbert Kelling are also gratefully acknowledged for their constant and helpful technical support. André Otto is also thanked for his substantial administrative support. My sincere thanks go to Dr. rer. nat. (and “by the way” world and olympic champion in eights rowing) Ilona Dörfel (BAM V.1, Composition and Microstructure of Engineering Materials) for performing the highly relevant TEM investigations as also Heidemarie Rooch, and Ing. Wolfgang Gesatzke for the specific preparation of the samples. Furthermore, I greatly appreciate the contributions of Dr.-Ing. Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba, Birgid Strauß, Sigrid Benemann and Dipl.-Phys. Thomas Wirth (BAM VI.4) for their valuable contributions in microscopy analysis and to Dr.-Ing. Eric Wild (TU Berlin) for the substantial residual stress analysis of the coatings. Acknowledgement is also due to Dr. Thomas Chudoba from ASMEC GmbH for performing hardness measurements with his QCSM module. Thanks are surely extended to Fundación Tekniker, specifically Josu Goikoetxea and Dr. Javier Barriga for the manufacturing of the coatings in industrial deposition chambers and to the machining shop BAM Z.5 for the specimens preparation. Last, but by no means the least, I would like to thank all my friends for their support and to all the people who helped me directly or indirectly in my doctoral work and/or for my pleasant German adaptation. My very special thanks (du fond du coeur) go to my beloved parents Marie-Hélène (What is Tribology?) and Gérard (I miss you so much) and “of course” to my bright (and sometimes nerve-racking) sister Sophie, for everlasting encouragement and plenty of good advices in a wide range of domains. Ania, especially for your contribution in the decision of pursuing my “German experiment”.
A Round Robin (RR) exercise on selected coated materials has been carried out with the aim of finding the optimal conditions for the analysis of nitride layers with GD-OES. Such pre-normative work is necessary for the evaluation of parallel development of the production of nitride layers as certified reference materials (CRMs). Two types of samples, TiN layer and VN layer, respectively, with chemical compositions close to stoichiometry and a thickness of ~3 µm, deposited on a steel substrate, have been provided to the RR participants. Additionally, another type of sample, a (100 nm CrNi/100 nm Cu) multilayer (ML) stack deposited on silicon wafer has also been included in the RR. This sample can be used as a CRM for checking GD spectrometer conditions and it has been proved helpful in further development of GDS instrumentation and methodology. The RR exercise has been performed in the frame of the EC Thematic Network on Glow Discharge Spectroscopy for Spectrochemical Analysis (GDS-Net).
The sintering behavior of sub-micron Ni0.30Cu0.20Zn0.52Fe1.98O3.99 ferrite with and without Bi2O3 addition was studied. Ferrites with 0.5 wt% Bi2O3 exhibit enhanced shrinkage at T < 900 °C with significant grain growth. Additive-free ferrite powders also sinter to high density at 900 °C, however, grain growth is very limited. Both ferrites exhibit a permeability of µ = 400–450. Multilayers consisting of ferrite and low-k dielectric LTCC layers were prepared by co-firing at 900–915 °C. The shrinkage and thermal expansion characteristics of ferrite and LTCC tapes are similar. However, the permeability of integrated ferrite layers, made from ferrite tapes with Bi2O3 additive, significantly drops after co-firing with LTCC layers compared to separately fired monolithic ferrite multilayers. Contrarily, the permeability of integrated, Bi2O3-free ferrite layers, co-fired with dielectric tapes, is identical to that of monolithic ferrite multilayers. This finding is an important step toward ferrite integration into complex LTCC multilayer architectures.
Ti/TiN multilayer coatings with multilayer periods in the range 550 nm and a final thickness of 2 µm were deposited on steel substrates by cyclic modulation of nitrogen gas flow into the chamber of a PVD sputtering device. Coating characterization was performed by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, glancing-angle X-ray diffraction and instrumental indentation testing. Individual a-titanium and titanium nitride layers were always observed, although for the finer microstructures, the TiN layers were thicker than the Ti layers by a factor three. The plastic hardness of the films increased steadily with decreasing layer spacing, following a HallPetch relationship. Finally, a hardness value of 42 GPa was reached, which is similar to that of a thick TiN monolayer, prepared under the same coating conditions.
Thermoelectric materials can convert waste heat directly into electrical power by using the Seebeck effect. Calcium cobaltite Ca3Co4O9 is a promising p-type oxide thermoelectric material for applications between 600 °C and 900 °C in air. The properties and morphology of Ca3Co4O9 are strongly anisotropic because of its crystal structure of alternating layers of CoO2 and Ca2CoO3. By aligning the plate-like grains, the anisotropic properties can be assigned to the component. Pressure-assisted sintering (PAS), as known from large-scale production of low temperature co-fired ceramics, was used to sinter multilayers of Ca3Co4O9 green tape at 900 °C with different pressures and dwell times. In-situ shrinkage measurements, microstructural investigations and electric measurements were performed. Pressure-less sintered multilayers have a 2.5 times higher electrical conductivity at room temperature than dry pressed test bars with randomly oriented particles. The combination of tape casting and PAS induces a pronounced alignment of the anisotropic grains. Relative density increases from 57 % after free sintering for 24 h to 94 % after 2 h of PAS with 10 MPa axial load. By applying a uniaxial pressure of 10 MPa during sintering, the electrical conductivity (at 25°C) improves by a factor of 15 compared to test bars with randomly oriented particles. The high temperature thermoelectric properties show the same dependencies. The smaller the applied axial load, the lower the relative densities, and the lower the electrical conductivity. Longer dwell times may increase the density and the electrical conductivity significantly if the microstructure is less densified as in the case of a small axial load like 2 MPa. At higher applied pressures the dwell time has no significant influence on the thermoelectric properties. This study shows that PAS is a proper technique to produce dense Ca3Co4O9 panels with good thermoelectric properties similar to hot-pressed tablets, even in large-scale production.