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- Hydrogen embrittlement (4)
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Organisationseinheit der BAM
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (10)
Industry faces a growing demand for high-strength structural steels with yield strengths of up to 1,300 MPa in order to cope with increasingly higher strength requirements in engineering. Higher strength levels are achieved by a special coordinated production process and an adapted chemical composition. Nevertheless, disastrous damage cases with high-strength steels have occurred in the past. The sensitivity to mechanical property degradation by hydrogen increases dramatically with strength. This phenomenon leads to hydrogen-assisted cold cracking. T-joints with fillet welds made from one side with an included angle of 60° were examined for their cold cracking behavior. Based on the T-joint, a modified heat input, even interpass temperature, plate thickness, and length ones were examined. The diffusion behavior and the effectiveness of different post-weld heat treatments in joints were simulated. The results of post-weld heat treatments are illustrated in practical hydrogen removal heat treatment diagrams. It is noticed that the T-joint is subject to a very high risk of hydrogen-assisted cold cracking (HACC). Contrary to other joints, its most critical area for cracking is not the weld metal but the heat-affected zone surrounding area of the root pass. The simulation shows that HACC in the T-joint can only be avoided by applying a sufficient post-weld heat treatment.
Hydrogen can have an extreme degradation effects in steels, particularly concerning the mechanical properties. These effects can lead to hydrogen-assisted cracking in microalloyed high-strength steels during fabrication and/or operation in industrial applications. In order to study these effects, electrochemically charged tensile specimens were tested to elucidate the degradation of their properties. The carrier gas hot extraction (CGHE) method, which functionally combines a mass spectrometer with a thermal desorption analysis (TDA) process, was used for the detection of ultra-low diffusible hydrogen concentrations in the material specimens. The mass spectrometer provided rapid and automatic determination of hydrogen concentration, whereas the TDA presented the activation energy within the respective test specimen at the specific temperature. Additionally, specimen temperature was carefully monitored to reduce the evaluation error for local effusion peaks. A quenching and deformation dilatometer was used for the analysis of typical heat-affected zones during the welding process for a high reproducibility of the homogenous microstructures that were studied. The present work shows the interaction between hydrogen and lattice defects in different microalloyed materials and heat-affected zones of weldable fine-grained steels. These steels were prepared in a quenched and tempered condition and in a thermo-mechanically rolled condition. These preparations were made according to German standard DIN EN 10025-6 and to DIN EN 10149-2, respectively. The trapping characteristics of two steel grades, S690QL and S700MC, were studied with respect to the activation energy dependent on carbon content and microalloying elements such as Ti, Nb, Mo, Cr, and V. The two steel grades exhibited several types of traps: carbide formations, dislocations, and/or grain boundaries were common, which can influence activation energy and hydrogen solubility. The type and dimension of inclusions or particles also affected the hydrogen trapping behavior. A decrease of carbon and specific alloying elements in thermo-mechanically hot rolled steels led to a change in the activation energy binding the trapped hydrogen. This thermo-mechanically hot rolled steel revealed an increased interaction between hydrogen and precipitations. The higher carbon content in the quenched and tempered steel led to a higher interaction between hydrogen and iron carbide, specifically in the martensitic phase. Furthermore, the trapping behavior in heat-affected zones showed a significant increase in activation energy, especially in the coarse-grained microstructure. These previously mentioned various effects were studied to better understand the degradation of mechanical properties in these two steels.
High-energy synchrotron study of the stress-strain behavior of hydrogen-charged high strength steel
(2012)
Untersuchungen der wasserstoffbedingten Eigenschaftsdegradation höherfester Feinkornbaustähle
(2015)
Eigenschaftsdegradation durch Wasserstoff in schweißgeeigneten höherfesten Feinkornbaustählen
(2015)
Höherfester Feinkornbaustahl (FKB) mit Streckgrenzen ≥ 690 MPa ist als Konstruktionswerkstoff in vielen Industriebranchen unentbehrlich geworden. Anzuführen sind bspw. der Kran-, Nutzfahrzeug-, Brücken-/Anlagenbau und zunehmend auch der allgemeine Stahlbau. Wesentliche Schwerpunkte sind die Maximierung der Nutzlasten (z.B. Trage-, Hublasten usw.) und damit verbundene Ressourceneinsparungen. Eine Werkstoffsubstitution der niederfesten (S235) mit höherfesten Stahlgüten ermöglicht bei gleicher Beanspruchbarkeit eine Reduzierung des Werkstoffeinsatzes von bis zu 70% und kann zu einem Schweißkostenverhältnis von 6 zu 1 führen. Mit zunehmender Festigkeit der FKB werden deutlich höhere Anforderungen an deren schweißtechnische Verarbeitung gestellt. Dies betrifft die Wärmeführung beim Schweißen und die damit verbundene Kaltrissvermeidung. So kam es in der Vergangenheit leider immer wieder zu Schadensfällen, weil gerade die Sensibilität gegenüber einer Degradation der mechanischen Eigenschaften der höherfesten FKB, durch den im Lichtbogen aufgenommenen Wasserstoff, mit steigender Festigkeit signifikant zunimmt und zu wasserstoffunterstützten Kaltrissen führen kann. Für konventionelle MSG-Schweißprozesse liegen bereits Erfahrungen und Regelwerke zur Wärmeführung und entsprechende Wasserstoffgrenzwerte vor. Diese Kenntnisse sind jedoch nicht auf moderne Lichtbogenprozesse mit modifizierten Sprühlichtbogen (mod. SLB) aufgrund deren Prozesscharakteristik übertragbar.
Three high strength Nb-, Ti- and Ti+V- bearing S690QL steels were welded to investigate and compare the effects of microalloy addition on HAZ toughness. Charpy V notch impact tests from three microalloyed welds under different cooling rates have been performed. Fractographic examination shows that several factors including large-sized grain, upper bainite or hard second phase, interact to determine the brittle fracture mode and impaired toughness of Nb bearing weld at high heat input. In contrast to this reduced toughness, Ti bearing welds exhibits satisfied toughness regardless of at a fast or slow cooling rate as a result of limited austenite grain and refined favourable intragranular acicular ferrite structure. Moreover, in the case of such refined structure as matrix, TiN particles are found to be irrelevant to the fracture process and crystallographic misorientation results also confirms that high angle boundaries between fine ferrites plates provide much effective barrier for crack propagation and contribute to improved toughness.