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Resolving the Subsurface Residual Stress Maximum in Laser Powder Bed-Fused 316L Stainless Steel by Diffraction-Based Analysis
- Laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) is a metal additive manufacturing process. Due to the complex nature of the layer-wise, repeated heating and cooling cycles, it tends to generate high-magnitude residual stresses. If not correctly understood and mitigated through in- or post-process approaches, these residual stresses can be detrimental as they are often tensile at the surface. However, determining the magnitude and location of peak tensile residual stresses is not trivial as they are often located subsurface. This work focuses on determining the magnitude and location of these deleterious tensile residual stresses in a PBF-LB/316L specimen. Two diffraction-based Methods are used to reveal the relationship between the residual stresses and the underlying microstructure. On the one hand, high spatial resolution Neutron diffraction is used to determine triaxial stresses from the bulk to a depth of 0.15 mm. On the other hand, laboratory X-ray diffraction coupled with electrolytical layerLaser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) is a metal additive manufacturing process. Due to the complex nature of the layer-wise, repeated heating and cooling cycles, it tends to generate high-magnitude residual stresses. If not correctly understood and mitigated through in- or post-process approaches, these residual stresses can be detrimental as they are often tensile at the surface. However, determining the magnitude and location of peak tensile residual stresses is not trivial as they are often located subsurface. This work focuses on determining the magnitude and location of these deleterious tensile residual stresses in a PBF-LB/316L specimen. Two diffraction-based Methods are used to reveal the relationship between the residual stresses and the underlying microstructure. On the one hand, high spatial resolution Neutron diffraction is used to determine triaxial stresses from the bulk to a depth of 0.15 mm. On the other hand, laboratory X-ray diffraction coupled with electrolytical layer removal allows the biaxial residual stress depth profile to be probed from the surface to a depth of about 0.6 mm. The results show a good agreement between the two methods. The peak residual stress is shown to be 500 MPa, which appears as a plateau between 0.08 and 0.35 mm in depth.…


| Autor*innen: | Alexander Evans, Jakob Schröder, T. Pirling, Alexander Ulbricht, Patricia Suárez Ocaño, Giovanni BrunoORCiD |
|---|---|
| Dokumenttyp: | Zeitschriftenartikel |
| Veröffentlichungsform: | Verlagsliteratur |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Titel des übergeordneten Werkes (Englisch): | JOM - The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) |
| Jahr der Erstveröffentlichung: | 2025 |
| Organisationseinheit der BAM: | 5 Werkstofftechnik |
| 5 Werkstofftechnik / 5.2 Metallische Hochtemperaturwerkstoffe | |
| 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung | |
| 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung / 8.5 Röntgenbildgebung | |
| Veröffentlichende Institution: | Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) |
| Verlag: | Springer Nature |
| Jahrgang/Band: | 77 |
| Ausgabe/Heft: | 12 |
| Erste Seite: | 9726 |
| Letzte Seite: | 9737 |
| DDC-Klassifikation: | Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften / Ingenieurwissenschaften / Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten |
| Freie Schlagwörter: | 316L; AGIL; Additive manufacturing; Diffraction; Laser Powder Bed Fusion; Microstructure; Residual stress |
| Themenfelder/Aktivitätsfelder der BAM: | Material |
| Material / Additive Fertigung | |
| DOI: | 10.1007/s11837-025-07719-y |
| URN: | urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-652138 |
| ISSN: | 1543-1851 |
| Verfügbarkeit des Dokuments: | Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access") |
| Lizenz (Deutsch): | Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International |
| Datum der Freischaltung: | 22.12.2025 |
| Referierte Publikation: | Ja |
| Datum der Eintragung als referierte Publikation: | 22.12.2025 |
| Schriftenreihen ohne Nummerierung: | Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM |


