Viktor Mechtcherine, Shravan Muthukrishnan, Annika Robens-Radermacher, Rob Wolfs, Jelle Versteege, Costantino Menna, Onur Ozturk, Nilufer Ozyurt, Josef Roupec, Christiane Richter, Jörg Jungwirth, Luiza Miranda, Rebecca Ammann, Jean‑François Caron, Victor de Bono, Renate Monte, Iván Navarrete, Claudia Eugenin, Hélène Lombois‑Burger, Bilal Baz, Maris Sinka, Alise Sapata, Ilhame Harbouz, Yamei Zhang, Zijian Jia, Jacques Kruger, Jean‑Pierre Mostert, Mateja Štefančič, Lucija Hanžič, Abdelhak Kaci, Said Rahal, Manu Santhanam, Shantanu Bhattacherjee, Chalermwut Snguanyat, Arun Arunothayan, Zengfeng Zhao, Inka Mai, Inken Jette Rasehorn, David Böhler, Niklas Freund, Dirk Lowke, Tobias Neef, Markus Taubert, Daniel Auer, C. Maximilian Hechtl, Maximilian Dahlenburg, Laura Esposito, Richard Buswell, John Kolawole, Muhammad Nura Isa, Xingzi Liu, Zhendi Wang, Kolluru Subramaniam, Freek Bos
- Traditional construction techniques, such as in-situ casting and pre-cast concrete methods, have well-established testing protocols for assessing compressive strength and modulus of elasticity, including specific procedures for sample preparation and curing. In contrast, 3D concrete printing currently lacks standardized testing protocols, potentially contributing to the inconsistent results reported in previous studies. To address this issue, RILEM TC 304-ADC initiated a comprehensive interlaboratory study on the mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete. This study involves 30 laboratories worldwide, contributing 34 sets of data, with some laboratories testing more than one mix design. The compressive strength and modulus of elasticity were determined under three distinct conditions: Default, where each laboratory printed according to their standard procedure followed by water bath curing; Deviation 1, which involved creating a cold joint by increasing the time interval betweenTraditional construction techniques, such as in-situ casting and pre-cast concrete methods, have well-established testing protocols for assessing compressive strength and modulus of elasticity, including specific procedures for sample preparation and curing. In contrast, 3D concrete printing currently lacks standardized testing protocols, potentially contributing to the inconsistent results reported in previous studies. To address this issue, RILEM TC 304-ADC initiated a comprehensive interlaboratory study on the mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete. This study involves 30 laboratories worldwide, contributing 34 sets of data, with some laboratories testing more than one mix design. The compressive strength and modulus of elasticity were determined under three distinct conditions: Default, where each laboratory printed according to their standard procedure followed by water bath curing; Deviation 1, which involved creating a cold joint by increasing the time interval between printing layers; and Deviation 2, where the standard printing process was used, but the specimens were cured under conditions different from water bath. Some tests were conducted at two different scales based on specimen size—“mortar-scale” and “concrete-scale”—to investigate the size effect on compressive strength. Since the mix design remained identical for both scales, the only variable was the specimen size. This paper reports on the findings from the interlaboratory study, followed by a detailed investigation into the influencing parameters such as extraction location, cold joints, number of interlayers, and curing conditions on the mechanical properties of the printed concrete. As this study includes results from laboratories worldwide, its contribution to the development of relevant standardized testing protocols is critical.…


Metadaten| Autor*innen: | Viktor MechtcherineORCiD, Shravan MuthukrishnanORCiD, Annika Robens-RadermacherORCiD, Rob WolfsORCiD, Jelle VersteegeORCiD, Costantino MennaORCiD, Onur OzturkORCiD, Nilufer OzyurtORCiD, Josef Roupec, Christiane RichterORCiD, Jörg JungwirthORCiD, Luiza MirandaORCiD, Rebecca AmmannORCiD, Jean‑François CaronORCiD, Victor de BonoORCiD, Renate MonteORCiD, Iván NavarreteORCiD, Claudia EugeninORCiD, Hélène Lombois‑BurgerORCiD, Bilal BazORCiD, Maris SinkaORCiD, Alise SapataORCiD, Ilhame HarbouzORCiD, Yamei ZhangORCiD, Zijian JiaORCiD, Jacques KrugerORCiD, Jean‑Pierre MostertORCiD, Mateja ŠtefančičORCiD, Lucija HanžičORCiD, Abdelhak KaciORCiD, Said RahalORCiD, Manu SanthanamORCiD, Shantanu BhattacherjeeORCiD, Chalermwut SnguanyatORCiD, Arun ArunothayanORCiD, Zengfeng ZhaoORCiD, Inka MaiORCiD, Inken Jette RasehornORCiD, David BöhlerORCiD, Niklas FreundORCiD, Dirk LowkeORCiD, Tobias NeefORCiD, Markus TaubertORCiD, Daniel AuerORCiD, C. Maximilian HechtlORCiD, Maximilian DahlenburgORCiD, Laura EspositoORCiD, Richard BuswellORCiD, John KolawoleORCiD, Muhammad Nura IsaORCiD, Xingzi LiuORCiD, Zhendi WangORCiD, Kolluru Subramaniam, Freek BosORCiD |
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| Dokumenttyp: | Zeitschriftenartikel |
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| Veröffentlichungsform: | Verlagsliteratur |
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| Sprache: | Englisch |
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| Titel des übergeordneten Werkes (Englisch): | Materials and Structures |
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| Jahr der Erstveröffentlichung: | 2025 |
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| Organisationseinheit der BAM: | 7 Bauwerkssicherheit |
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| 7 Bauwerkssicherheit / 7.7 Modellierung und Simulation |
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| Veröffentlichende Institution: | Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) |
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| Verlag: | Springer Nature |
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| Jahrgang/Band: | 58 |
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| Ausgabe/Heft: | 5 |
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| Aufsatznummer: | 181 |
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| Erste Seite: | 1 |
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| Letzte Seite: | 30 |
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| DDC-Klassifikation: | Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften / Ingenieurwissenschaften / Ingenieurbau |
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| Freie Schlagwörter: | Additive manufacturing; Compressive strength; Digital fabrication; Hardened concrete; Young's modulus |
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| Themenfelder/Aktivitätsfelder der BAM: | Infrastruktur |
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| Infrastruktur / Green Intelligent Building |
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| DOI: | 10.1617/s11527-025-02688-9 |
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| URN: | urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-634672 |
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| ISSN: | 1871-6873 |
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| Verfügbarkeit des Dokuments: | Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access") |
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| Lizenz (Deutsch): | Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International |
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| Datum der Freischaltung: | 25.06.2025 |
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| Referierte Publikation: | Ja |
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| Datum der Eintragung als referierte Publikation: | 16.07.2025 |
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| Schriftenreihen ohne Nummerierung: | Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM |
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