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Mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete: a RILEM 304-ADC interlaboratory study – compressive strength and modulus of elasticity

  • Traditional construction techniques, such as in-situ casting and pre-cast concrete methods, have well-established testing protocols for assessing compressive strength and modulus of elasticity, including specific procedures for sample preparation and curing. In contrast, 3D concrete printing currently lacks standardized testing protocols, potentially contributing to the inconsistent results reported in previous studies. To address this issue, RILEM TC 304-ADC initiated a comprehensive interlaboratory study on the mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete. This study involves 30 laboratories worldwide, contributing 34 sets of data, with some laboratories testing more than one mix design. The compressive strength and modulus of elasticity were determined under three distinct conditions: Default, where each laboratory printed according to their standard procedure followed by water bath curing; Deviation 1, which involved creating a cold joint by increasing the time interval betweenTraditional construction techniques, such as in-situ casting and pre-cast concrete methods, have well-established testing protocols for assessing compressive strength and modulus of elasticity, including specific procedures for sample preparation and curing. In contrast, 3D concrete printing currently lacks standardized testing protocols, potentially contributing to the inconsistent results reported in previous studies. To address this issue, RILEM TC 304-ADC initiated a comprehensive interlaboratory study on the mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete. This study involves 30 laboratories worldwide, contributing 34 sets of data, with some laboratories testing more than one mix design. The compressive strength and modulus of elasticity were determined under three distinct conditions: Default, where each laboratory printed according to their standard procedure followed by water bath curing; Deviation 1, which involved creating a cold joint by increasing the time interval between printing layers; and Deviation 2, where the standard printing process was used, but the specimens were cured under conditions different from water bath. Some tests were conducted at two different scales based on specimen size—“mortar-scale” and “concrete-scale”—to investigate the size effect on compressive strength. Since the mix design remained identical for both scales, the only variable was the specimen size. This paper reports on the findings from the interlaboratory study, followed by a detailed investigation into the influencing parameters such as extraction location, cold joints, number of interlayers, and curing conditions on the mechanical properties of the printed concrete. As this study includes results from laboratories worldwide, its contribution to the development of relevant standardized testing protocols is critical.zeige mehrzeige weniger

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Autor*innen:Viktor MechtcherineORCiD, Shravan MuthukrishnanORCiD, Annika Robens-RadermacherORCiD, Rob WolfsORCiD, Jelle VersteegeORCiD, Costantino MennaORCiD, Onur OzturkORCiD, Nilufer OzyurtORCiD, Josef Roupec, Christiane RichterORCiD, Jörg JungwirthORCiD, Luiza MirandaORCiD, Rebecca AmmannORCiD, Jean‑François CaronORCiD, Victor de BonoORCiD, Renate MonteORCiD, Iván NavarreteORCiD, Claudia EugeninORCiD, Hélène Lombois‑BurgerORCiD, Bilal BazORCiD, Maris SinkaORCiD, Alise SapataORCiD, Ilhame HarbouzORCiD, Yamei ZhangORCiD, Zijian JiaORCiD, Jacques KrugerORCiD, Jean‑Pierre MostertORCiD, Mateja ŠtefančičORCiD, Lucija HanžičORCiD, Abdelhak KaciORCiD, Said RahalORCiD, Manu SanthanamORCiD, Shantanu BhattacherjeeORCiD, Chalermwut SnguanyatORCiD, Arun ArunothayanORCiD, Zengfeng ZhaoORCiD, Inka MaiORCiD, Inken Jette RasehornORCiD, David BöhlerORCiD, Niklas FreundORCiD, Dirk LowkeORCiD, Tobias NeefORCiD, Markus TaubertORCiD, Daniel AuerORCiD, C. Maximilian HechtlORCiD, Maximilian DahlenburgORCiD, Laura EspositoORCiD, Richard BuswellORCiD, John KolawoleORCiD, Muhammad Nura IsaORCiD, Xingzi LiuORCiD, Zhendi WangORCiD, Kolluru Subramaniam, Freek BosORCiD
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenartikel
Veröffentlichungsform:Verlagsliteratur
Sprache:Englisch
Titel des übergeordneten Werkes (Englisch):Materials and Structures
Jahr der Erstveröffentlichung:2025
Organisationseinheit der BAM:7 Bauwerkssicherheit
7 Bauwerkssicherheit / 7.7 Modellierung und Simulation
Veröffentlichende Institution:Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
Verlag:Springer Nature
Jahrgang/Band:58
Ausgabe/Heft:5
Aufsatznummer:181
Erste Seite:1
Letzte Seite:30
DDC-Klassifikation:Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften / Ingenieurwissenschaften / Ingenieurbau
Freie Schlagwörter:Additive manufacturing; Compressive strength; Digital fabrication; Hardened concrete; Young's modulus
Themenfelder/Aktivitätsfelder der BAM:Infrastruktur
Infrastruktur / Green Intelligent Building
DOI:10.1617/s11527-025-02688-9
URN:urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-634672
ISSN:1871-6873
Verfügbarkeit des Dokuments:Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")
Lizenz (Deutsch):License LogoCreative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International
Datum der Freischaltung:25.06.2025
Referierte Publikation:Ja
Datum der Eintragung als referierte Publikation:16.07.2025
Schriftenreihen ohne Nummerierung:Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM
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